Chapter 3 - LCI (sustainable development)

8/10/2019 Chapter 3 - LCI (sustainable development)

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IE 5331, Fall 2012Sustainable Engineering

Texas Tech UniversityAdvanced Manufacturing Laboratory

September 6, 2 12

!hapter "# Life !yc$e %nventory

Hong C. Zhang


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Life Cycle InventoryOUTLINE

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&efinition of Life !yc$e%nventory'L!%(

!ontent of L!%)$o* diagram of the processes

&ata co$$ection p$an!o$$ect data

+va$uate and report resu$ts


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Life Cycle InventoryWhat is Life Cycle Inventory?

A Life !yc$e %nventory is a process of uantifyingenergy and ra* materia$ re uirements,atmospheric emission, *aterborne emission, so$id*aste, and other re$eases for the entire $ife cyc$e

of a product, process, or activity-

%n the $ife cyc$e inventory phase of an L!A, a$$re$evant data is co$$ected and organi.ed-

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Life Cycle InventoryWhy conduct an LCI?

/ecause *e need the data to support our study0e need the data to support governmentagencies-0e need the data to support our engineering,product, process design-0e need data to


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Key step of life Cycle Inventory)our 3ey steps to conduct an L!%#

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Step 1 Develop flow diagram

Step 2 Data sources & type

Step 3 Collect data

Step 4 Results evaluate &report

Life Cycle Inventory


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Life Cycle InventoryStep 1: Develop a flow diagram

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Generic Unit Process

Process

ElectricityWaterGas

Transportation

MaterialsPartsComponents

Finished PartsComponents

Non-Hazardous MaterialOutputs

Hazardous MaterialOutputs


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)$o* diagrams are used to mode$ a$$ a$ternativesunder consideration-

The more comp$ex the f$o* diagram, thegreater the accuracy and usefu$ of the resu$ts-

/oundary exp$ication is again a cha$$enge *or3 inthis step-

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Generic Unit Process

Hazardous Material Outputs

inished Parts!Co"ponents

#ransportation

ManufacturingProcess

$on%Hazardous Material Outputs

Materials!Parts!Co"ponents

&lectricity 'ater Gas

Boundary Clarification


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&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent



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&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion


&nergyConversion

MaterialsProduction



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&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion


&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

)u*iliary

MaterialsProduction

MaterialsProduction



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1"

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion


&nviron"entalConditioning

&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

)u*iliary

MaterialsProduction

MaterialsProduction



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&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion



&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

)u*iliary

MaterialsProduction

MaterialsProduction

MaterialsPurificationProduction



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8ybrid %nput 9utput Ana$ysis+transportation, capital e(uip"ent, other "aterials, co""ercial-uildings /

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion

MfgProcess&(uip"ent

&nergyConversion



&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

&nergyConversion

)u*iliaryMaterialsProduction

MaterialsProduction

)lt.MaterialsProduction


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Life Cycle InventoryCo-product from the process should be indentifiedand quantified

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Process

ElectricityWaterGas

Transportation

MaterialsParts

ComponentsFinished PartsComponents

Non-Hazardous MaterialOutputs

Hazardous MaterialOutputs

Co-product


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0tep 12 3evelop an 4CI data collection plan

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0hen :0hat :

0here :0hom :8o*:

The chec3$ist andspreadsheet areusua$$y app$ied in thisstep


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3ata 5uality Indicators #/enchmar3 to va$idate *hether the co$$ected datausefu$-

!riteria#;recision



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Indentify data source and types'easy to say, hard to do(

Too many, too much, too *ide, too $arge, too$itt$e, too rough, too , too and faci$ity>specific!ompositeAggregated%ndustry>average?eneric



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Life Cycle Inventory0tep 6 3ata Collection

&ata co$$ection efforts invo$ve a combination ofresearch, site>visits and direct contact *ithexperts, *hich generates $arge uantities of data-

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Energy

Materials

WaterGas

Atmospheric +mission

So$id 0astes

0aterborne 0astes

Co-product

Transportation

;rocess

Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data


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Inputs in the Product 4ife%Cycle Inventory)nalysisThe decision on *hich ra*@intermediate materia$re uirements to inc$ude in a $ife>cyc$e inventory iscomp$ex, but severa$ options are avai$ab$e-


2"


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%ncorporate a$$ re uirements, no matter ho* minor, on theassumption that it is not possib$e a priori to decide to exc$udeanything-

0ithin the defined scope of the study, exc$ude inputs of $essthan a predetermined and c$ear$y stated thresho$d-

0ithin the defined scope of the study, exc$ude inputsdetermined $i3e$y to be neg$igib$e, re$ative to the intended useof the information, on the basis of a sensitivity ana$ysis-

0ithin the defined scope, consistent$y exc$ude certain c$asses ortypes of inputs, such as capita$ e uipment rep$acement-


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!onsider the examp$e of a refinery- Most of the refinery soutput is so$d for production of petro$eum>based materia$s-8o*ever, a sma$$ portion, say eight percent, is used to runthe refinery- This portion, termed the parasitic fraction, ismathematica$$y re$ated to the refinery output as#

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=efinery;rocess

1 1

B

%nputCM'1Df(

%nputCM'1DfDfE2(

M is the output product andf is the parasitic fraction ' - (


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&nergy+nergy represents a combination of energyre uirements for the subsystem- Threecategories of energy are uantifiab$e# process,transportation, and energy of materia$ resources

'inherent energy(-


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&nergyT*o a$ternatives exist for incorporating energyinputs in a subsystem modu$e- 9ne is to reportthe actua$ energy forms of the inputs, e-g-,3i$o*att>hours '30h( of e$ectricity or cubic feet

of natura$ gas- The other is to inc$ude thespecific uantities of fue$s used to generate theproduced energy forms in the modu$e-


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&nergy!omputationa$ mode$s current$y used to perform$ife>cyc$e inventories of e$ectricity in the UnitedStates are based on the fue$ mix in regiona$ gridsor on a nationa$ average- %n many cases *here

an industry is scattered throughout the UnitedStates, the fue$ mix for the nationa$ grid'avai$ab$e from the U-S-


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Fuel Gigawatt-hours (GWh)

Percent

Coal 1,976,333 50

Nuclear 788,556 19.9Hydro 261,545 6.6

Natural Gas 714,600 18.1

Oil 117,591 3

Biomass 60,042 1.5

Other* 34,741 0.9

Total 3,953,408 100

U.0. $ational &lectrical Grid uel Mi* for 1778

%n recognition of this

fact, specific regiona$grids or data from on>site faci$ities arecommon$y used for$ife>cyc$e inventories ofthe e$ectroprocessingindustries-


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)t"ospheric &"issionsAtmospheric emissions are reported in units of *eight andinc$ude a$$ substance c$assified as po$$utants per unit*eight of product output-


'ater-orne 'astes

0aterborne *astes are reported in units of *eight andinc$ude a$$ substances genera$$y regarded as po$$utants perunit of product output-

0olid 'asteSo$id *aste inc$udes a$$ so$id materia$ that is disposed froma$$ sources *ithin the system- So$id *astes typica$$y arereported by *eight-

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Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data#ransportation

The $ife>cyc$e inventory inc$udes the energyre uirements and emissions generated by thetransportation re uirements among subsystemsfor both distribution and disposa$ of *astes-

Transportation data are reported in mi$es or3i$ometers shipped-Transportation is eva$uated for the product$eaving each subsystem- This method ofeva$uating transportation avoids any inadvertentdoub$e>counting of transportation energy oremissions-

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Life Cycle InventoryOUTLINE

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Step 1 Develop flow diagram

Step 2 Data sources & type

Step 3 Collect data

Step 4 Results evaluate &Step 4 Results evaluate &report report


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Life Cycle InventoryStep 4 Evaluate and Document the LCI Results

&valuate and 3ocu"ent the 4CI 9esultsLife>cyc$e inventory studies generate a great dea$of information, often of a disparate nature- Theana$yst needs to se$ect a presentation formatand content that are consistent *ith the purpose

of the study and that do not arbitrari$y simp$ifythe information so$e$y for the sa3e of presentingit- %n thin3ing about presentation of the resu$ts,it is usefu$ to identify the various perspectivesembodied in $ife>cyc$e inventory information-+specia$$y for some subsystems and componentsthat are significant to the fina$ resu$t-

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The presentation format inc$uding thesedimensions#

9vera$$ product system=e$ative contribution of stages to the overa$$ system

=e$ative contribution of product components to theovera$$ system&ata categories *ithin and across stages&ata parameter groups *ithin a category&ata parameters *ithin a group?eographic regiona$i.ation if re$evant to the studyTempora$ changes


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Ho matter *hat format of the presentation isse$ected 'tabu$ar or graphica$(, the presentationmust be designed as obIect>oriented

presentation- A$$ the data and resu$ts must bec$ear$y presented-


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"

!urrent$y, chec3$ist, spread sheet, bar chart andpie chart are often used- 8o*ever, *hat % *ou$d$i3e to remind you is that, L!A has the potentia$

function to be a simu$ation too$- %n that case, theresu$ts *ou$d be exp$icit$y presented, and *henchange decision, the system *i$$ present differentimpacts-


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3. Data Resources

Tool Vendor URL

BEES 3.0 NIST Building and FireResearch Laboratoryhttp://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html

Boustead Model5.0 Boustead Consulting

http://www.boustead-consulting.co.uk/products.htm

CMLCA 4.2 Centre of EnvironmentalSciencehttp://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/cmlca/i

ndex.ht

Dubo-CalcNetherlands Ministry ofTransport, Public Worksand Water Management

http://www.rws.nl/rws/bwd/home/www/cgi-bin/index.cgi?site=1&doc=1785

eiolca.net Carnegie Mellon University http://www.eiolca.net

GaBi 4 PE Europe GmbH and IKPUniversity of Stuttgart http://www.gabi-software.com/software.html

SimaPro 6.0 PR Consultants http://www.pre.nl/simapro.html

Ecoinvent 1.2 Swiss Centre for Life CycleInventories http://www.ecoinvent.ch

EnvironmentalImpact Indicator

ATHENA SustainableMaterials Institute http://www.athenaSMI.ca

GREET 1.7 DOEs Office of

Transportation

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GRE

ET/index.html


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Eco-Indicator 99(By PRe Consultants)

Acidification

Eutrophication

Climate Change

Ozone Depletion

Ecotoxicity

Fossil fuel depletion

Minerals depletion

Carcinogenic substances

Respiratory (organic)

Respiratory(inorganic)

Ionising radiation

Land use

GaBi(By PE/U.of Stuttgart)

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global Warming

Ozone Depletion

Toxicity

Summer Smog

Resources

TRACI(By US EPA)

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global Warming

Ozone Depletion

Ecotoxicity

Fossil Fuel use

Photochemical smog

Human Health Cancer

Human Health Noncancer

Human Health Criteria

=

k k

sss

k

R

E CF V impact )(

Different

Less common

Common

Different

Less common

Common)or impact assessment, the +co>%ndicator 77 is the most*ide$y used method by L!A practitioners '!ooper J )ava2 6(

!ombination ofthree steps#



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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study

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Rolled Biscuit recipeadapted from The Joy of Cooking, Rombauer

%ngredients#

2 grams f$our2 tsp ba3ing po*der1 Tsp sugarK tsp sa$t4 grams butter

cup mi$3

/a3e 1 minutes at 24 )

Ma3es 1 medium biscuits


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2

An input>outputtab$e $ists materia$s

f$o*ing in and outof a process ?

e n e

r i c

p r o c e s s

A

/

!

&

+

)

?

8


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Input a"ount Output a"ountf$our 2 grams biscuits 1

/a3ing po*der 2 tspsugar 1 TspSa$t K tsp

/utter 4 gramsMi$3 cup+$ectricity 1-4 30h

"


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Input a"ount Output a"ountf$our 2 grams biscuits 1

/a3ing po*der 2 tsp !92 12 grams

sugar 1 Tsp ariousorganics

2 grams

Sa$t K tsp/utter 4 gramsMi$3 cup+$ectricity 1-4 30h


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4

1-4 30h e$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits


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6

-14 30h e$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits


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5

-14 30h e$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

"-4 bi$$ion 30he$ectricity

1- " mi$$iontons coa$


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-14 30h e$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

-14 30he$ectricity61g coa$


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-14 30he$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

61g coa$


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4

-14 30he$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

61g coa$

)$ourMi$$

-"6 mi$$iontons f$our

-5 mi$$iontons *heat


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-14 30he$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

61g coa$

)$ourMi$$

"7g *heat


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-14 30he$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

61g coa$

)$ourMi$$

"7g *heat

- 5 L

diese$1-1 g Hit-

- 2biscuit


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4"

-14 30he$ectricity

2 g f$our

1 biscuits

N g coa$

)$ourMi$$

O g *heat

- 5 L

diese$1-1 g Hit-

- 2biscuit

:Circularity effect;


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Homework for Chapter 2&3!hapter 2# 0hat is the Ffunction>unitG ')U(in this $ecture: 0hy )U must be e uiva$ent,Uni ue, and !omparab$e:!hapter "# ;$ease discuss *hy thefo$$o*ing criteria are important for dataco$$ection in L!%

;recision!omp$eteness=epresentativeness!onsistency=eproducibi$ity

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Chapter 3 - LCI (sustainable development)

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