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IE 5331, Fall 2012Sustainable Engineering
Texas Tech UniversityAdvanced Manufacturing Laboratory
September 6, 2 12
!hapter "# Life !yc$e %nventory
Hong C. Zhang
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Life Cycle InventoryOUTLINE
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&efinition of Life !yc$e%nventory'L!%(
!ontent of L!%)$o* diagram of the processes
&ata co$$ection p$an!o$$ect data
+va$uate and report resu$ts
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Life Cycle InventoryWhat is Life Cycle Inventory?
A Life !yc$e %nventory is a process of uantifyingenergy and ra* materia$ re uirements,atmospheric emission, *aterborne emission, so$id*aste, and other re$eases for the entire $ife cyc$e
of a product, process, or activity-
%n the $ife cyc$e inventory phase of an L!A, a$$re$evant data is co$$ected and organi.ed-
"
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Life Cycle InventoryWhy conduct an LCI?
/ecause *e need the data to support our study0e need the data to support governmentagencies-0e need the data to support our engineering,product, process design-0e need data to
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Key step of life Cycle Inventory)our 3ey steps to conduct an L!%#
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Step 1 Develop flow diagram
Step 2 Data sources & type
Step 3 Collect data
Step 4 Results evaluate &report
Life Cycle Inventory
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 1: Develop a flow diagram
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Generic Unit Process
Process
ElectricityWaterGas
Transportation
MaterialsPartsComponents
Finished PartsComponents
Non-Hazardous MaterialOutputs
Hazardous MaterialOutputs
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)$o* diagrams are used to mode$ a$$ a$ternativesunder consideration-
The more comp$ex the f$o* diagram, thegreater the accuracy and usefu$ of the resu$ts-
/oundary exp$ication is again a cha$$enge *or3 inthis step-
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Life Cycle Inventory
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Generic Unit Process
Hazardous Material Outputs
inished Parts!Co"ponents
#ransportation
ManufacturingProcess
$on%Hazardous Material Outputs
Materials!Parts!Co"ponents
&lectricity 'ater Gas
Boundary Clarification
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&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
Boundary Clarification
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&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MaterialsProduction
Boundary Clarification
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&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
)u*iliary
MaterialsProduction
MaterialsProduction
Boundary Clarification
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1"
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nviron"entalConditioning
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
)u*iliary
MaterialsProduction
MaterialsProduction
Boundary Clarification
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&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nviron"entalConditioning
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
)u*iliary
MaterialsProduction
MaterialsProduction
MaterialsPurificationProduction
Boundary Clarification
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8ybrid %nput 9utput Ana$ysis+transportation, capital e(uip"ent, other "aterials, co""ercial-uildings /
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nergyConversion
)u*. MfgProcess&(uip"ent
&nviron"entalConditioning
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
&nergyConversion
)u*iliaryMaterialsProduction
MaterialsProduction
)lt.MaterialsProduction
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Life Cycle InventoryCo-product from the process should be indentifiedand quantified
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Process
ElectricityWaterGas
Transportation
MaterialsParts
ComponentsFinished PartsComponents
Non-Hazardous MaterialOutputs
Hazardous MaterialOutputs
Co-product
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0tep 12 3evelop an 4CI data collection plan
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Life Cycle Inventory
0hen :0hat :
0here :0hom :8o*:
The chec3$ist andspreadsheet areusua$$y app$ied in thisstep
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3ata 5uality Indicators #/enchmar3 to va$idate *hether the co$$ected datausefu$-
!riteria#;recision
Life Cycle Inventory
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Indentify data source and types'easy to say, hard to do(
Too many, too much, too *ide, too $arge, too$itt$e, too rough, too , too and faci$ity>specific!ompositeAggregated%ndustry>average?eneric
Life Cycle Inventory
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Life Cycle Inventory0tep 6 3ata Collection
&ata co$$ection efforts invo$ve a combination ofresearch, site>visits and direct contact *ithexperts, *hich generates $arge uantities of data-
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Energy
Materials
WaterGas
Atmospheric +mission
So$id 0astes
0aterborne 0astes
Co-product
Transportation
;rocess
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
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Inputs in the Product 4ife%Cycle Inventory)nalysisThe decision on *hich ra*@intermediate materia$re uirements to inc$ude in a $ife>cyc$e inventory iscomp$ex, but severa$ options are avai$ab$e-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
2"
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%ncorporate a$$ re uirements, no matter ho* minor, on theassumption that it is not possib$e a priori to decide to exc$udeanything-
0ithin the defined scope of the study, exc$ude inputs of $essthan a predetermined and c$ear$y stated thresho$d-
0ithin the defined scope of the study, exc$ude inputsdetermined $i3e$y to be neg$igib$e, re$ative to the intended useof the information, on the basis of a sensitivity ana$ysis-
0ithin the defined scope, consistent$y exc$ude certain c$asses ortypes of inputs, such as capita$ e uipment rep$acement-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
2
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
!onsider the examp$e of a refinery- Most of the refinery soutput is so$d for production of petro$eum>based materia$s-8o*ever, a sma$$ portion, say eight percent, is used to runthe refinery- This portion, termed the parasitic fraction, ismathematica$$y re$ated to the refinery output as#
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=efinery;rocess
1 1
B
%nputCM'1Df(
%nputCM'1DfDfE2(
M is the output product andf is the parasitic fraction ' - (
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&nergy+nergy represents a combination of energyre uirements for the subsystem- Threecategories of energy are uantifiab$e# process,transportation, and energy of materia$ resources
'inherent energy(-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
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&nergyT*o a$ternatives exist for incorporating energyinputs in a subsystem modu$e- 9ne is to reportthe actua$ energy forms of the inputs, e-g-,3i$o*att>hours '30h( of e$ectricity or cubic feet
of natura$ gas- The other is to inc$ude thespecific uantities of fue$s used to generate theproduced energy forms in the modu$e-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
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&nergy!omputationa$ mode$s current$y used to perform$ife>cyc$e inventories of e$ectricity in the UnitedStates are based on the fue$ mix in regiona$ gridsor on a nationa$ average- %n many cases *here
an industry is scattered throughout the UnitedStates, the fue$ mix for the nationa$ grid'avai$ab$e from the U-S-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
2
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Fuel Gigawatt-hours (GWh)
Percent
Coal 1,976,333 50
Nuclear 788,556 19.9Hydro 261,545 6.6
Natural Gas 714,600 18.1
Oil 117,591 3
Biomass 60,042 1.5
Other* 34,741 0.9
Total 3,953,408 100
U.0. $ational &lectrical Grid uel Mi* for 1778
%n recognition of this
fact, specific regiona$grids or data from on>site faci$ities arecommon$y used for$ife>cyc$e inventories ofthe e$ectroprocessingindustries-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
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)t"ospheric &"issionsAtmospheric emissions are reported in units of *eight andinc$ude a$$ substance c$assified as po$$utants per unit*eight of product output-
Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data
'ater-orne 'astes
0aterborne *astes are reported in units of *eight andinc$ude a$$ substances genera$$y regarded as po$$utants perunit of product output-
0olid 'asteSo$id *aste inc$udes a$$ so$id materia$ that is disposed froma$$ sources *ithin the system- So$id *astes typica$$y arereported by *eight-
"
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 3 Collect Data#ransportation
The $ife>cyc$e inventory inc$udes the energyre uirements and emissions generated by thetransportation re uirements among subsystemsfor both distribution and disposa$ of *astes-
Transportation data are reported in mi$es or3i$ometers shipped-Transportation is eva$uated for the product$eaving each subsystem- This method ofeva$uating transportation avoids any inadvertentdoub$e>counting of transportation energy oremissions-
"1
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Life Cycle InventoryOUTLINE
"
Step 1 Develop flow diagram
Step 2 Data sources & type
Step 3 Collect data
Step 4 Results evaluate &Step 4 Results evaluate &report report
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 4 Evaluate and Document the LCI Results
&valuate and 3ocu"ent the 4CI 9esultsLife>cyc$e inventory studies generate a great dea$of information, often of a disparate nature- Theana$yst needs to se$ect a presentation formatand content that are consistent *ith the purpose
of the study and that do not arbitrari$y simp$ifythe information so$e$y for the sa3e of presentingit- %n thin3ing about presentation of the resu$ts,it is usefu$ to identify the various perspectivesembodied in $ife>cyc$e inventory information-+specia$$y for some subsystems and componentsthat are significant to the fina$ resu$t-
"4
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 4 Evaluate and Document the LCI Results
"6
The presentation format inc$uding thesedimensions#
9vera$$ product system=e$ative contribution of stages to the overa$$ system
=e$ative contribution of product components to theovera$$ system&ata categories *ithin and across stages&ata parameter groups *ithin a category&ata parameters *ithin a group?eographic regiona$i.ation if re$evant to the studyTempora$ changes
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 4 Evaluate and Document the LCI Results
"5
Ho matter *hat format of the presentation isse$ected 'tabu$ar or graphica$(, the presentationmust be designed as obIect>oriented
presentation- A$$ the data and resu$ts must bec$ear$y presented-
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Life Cycle InventoryStep 4 Evaluate and Document the LCI Results
"
!urrent$y, chec3$ist, spread sheet, bar chart andpie chart are often used- 8o*ever, *hat % *ou$d$i3e to remind you is that, L!A has the potentia$
function to be a simu$ation too$- %n that case, theresu$ts *ou$d be exp$icit$y presented, and *henchange decision, the system *i$$ present differentimpacts-
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3. Data Resources
Tool Vendor URL
BEES 3.0 NIST Building and FireResearch Laboratoryhttp://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html
Boustead Model5.0 Boustead Consulting
http://www.boustead-consulting.co.uk/products.htm
CMLCA 4.2 Centre of EnvironmentalSciencehttp://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/cmlca/i
ndex.ht
Dubo-CalcNetherlands Ministry ofTransport, Public Worksand Water Management
http://www.rws.nl/rws/bwd/home/www/cgi-bin/index.cgi?site=1&doc=1785
eiolca.net Carnegie Mellon University http://www.eiolca.net
GaBi 4 PE Europe GmbH and IKPUniversity of Stuttgart http://www.gabi-software.com/software.html
SimaPro 6.0 PR Consultants http://www.pre.nl/simapro.html
Ecoinvent 1.2 Swiss Centre for Life CycleInventories http://www.ecoinvent.ch
EnvironmentalImpact Indicator
ATHENA SustainableMaterials Institute http://www.athenaSMI.ca
GREET 1.7 DOEs Office of
Transportation
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GRE
ET/index.html
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Eco-Indicator 99(By PRe Consultants)
Acidification
Eutrophication
Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Ecotoxicity
Fossil fuel depletion
Minerals depletion
Carcinogenic substances
Respiratory (organic)
Respiratory(inorganic)
Ionising radiation
Land use
GaBi(By PE/U.of Stuttgart)
Acidification
Eutrophication
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Toxicity
Summer Smog
Resources
TRACI(By US EPA)
Acidification
Eutrophication
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Ecotoxicity
Fossil Fuel use
Photochemical smog
Human Health Cancer
Human Health Noncancer
Human Health Criteria
=
k k
sss
k
R
E CF V impact )(
Different
Less common
Common
Different
Less common
Common)or impact assessment, the +co>%ndicator 77 is the most*ide$y used method by L!A practitioners '!ooper J )ava2 6(
!ombination ofthree steps#
Life Cycle Inventory
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
1
Rolled Biscuit recipeadapted from The Joy of Cooking, Rombauer
%ngredients#
2 grams f$our2 tsp ba3ing po*der1 Tsp sugarK tsp sa$t4 grams butter
cup mi$3
/a3e 1 minutes at 24 )
Ma3es 1 medium biscuits
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
2
An input>outputtab$e $ists materia$s
f$o*ing in and outof a process ?
e n e
r i c
p r o c e s s
A
/
!
&
+
)
?
8
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
Input a"ount Output a"ountf$our 2 grams biscuits 1
/a3ing po*der 2 tspsugar 1 TspSa$t K tsp
/utter 4 gramsMi$3 cup+$ectricity 1-4 30h
"
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
Input a"ount Output a"ountf$our 2 grams biscuits 1
/a3ing po*der 2 tsp !92 12 grams
sugar 1 Tsp ariousorganics
2 grams
Sa$t K tsp/utter 4 gramsMi$3 cup+$ectricity 1-4 30h
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
4
1-4 30h e$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
6
-14 30h e$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
5
-14 30h e$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
"-4 bi$$ion 30he$ectricity
1- " mi$$iontons coa$
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
-14 30h e$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
-14 30he$ectricity61g coa$
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
7
-14 30he$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
61g coa$
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
4
-14 30he$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
61g coa$
)$ourMi$$
-"6 mi$$iontons f$our
-5 mi$$iontons *heat
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
41
-14 30he$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
61g coa$
)$ourMi$$
"7g *heat
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
42
-14 30he$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
61g coa$
)$ourMi$$
"7g *heat
- 5 L
diese$1-1 g Hit-
- 2biscuit
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Life Cycle InventoryCase Study
4"
-14 30he$ectricity
2 g f$our
1 biscuits
N g coa$
)$ourMi$$
O g *heat
- 5 L
diese$1-1 g Hit-
- 2biscuit
:Circularity effect;
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Homework for Chapter 2&3!hapter 2# 0hat is the Ffunction>unitG ')U(in this $ecture: 0hy )U must be e uiva$ent,Uni ue, and !omparab$e:!hapter "# ;$ease discuss *hy thefo$$o*ing criteria are important for dataco$$ection in L!%
;recision!omp$eteness=epresentativeness!onsistency=eproducibi$ity
4
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Life Cycle Inventory
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