Chapter 22The Industrial

RevolutionPart 1

The Industrial Revolution 1780-1850

Part of the Dual Revolution (the other part is the French Revolution)

Machines began to replace human and animal power in the manufacture and production of goods

The use of the steam engine for textile productin in the 1780’s was the turning point

Europe gradually changed

From an agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society

In the 1830’s only a small segment of British working people were employed in factories

By 1850, industrialism had spread throughout Europe…20 years!

The Economic Changes

Of the Industrial Revolution did more to revolutionize life in Europe and Western civilization than any other movement

Society had not experienced such a radical change since the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

The Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)

Spurred great economic growth Brought about the Age of

Exploration

The Price Revolution Inflation stimulated production as

producers could get more money for their goods

The Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

The Rise of Capitalism Increased the use of surplus money for

investment in ventures to make a profit The Middle Class provided the

leadership for the economic revolution (joint-stock companies, chartered companies

The Scientific Revolution: produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

The increase of Europe’s population provided larger markets

Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry

The Merchant-capitalist The Family Unit Unregulated Production Its Problems (for the merchant

capitalist)

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

Proto industrialism Technology 1733 Kay’s Flying Shuttle 1764 Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny:

early units required 6-24 workers 1769 Arkwright’s Water Frame:

could employ as many as 1,000 workers

1779 Crompton’s Spinning Mule Machines too big, required too many

workers to be contained in cottages

England was the first to industrialize

Began in the 1780’s Was complete by 1830’s

Had no impact on European continent until Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815

Why was England First?

Geographic isolation from the continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars

Ample supply of coal and iron From Wales and Northern England No need to rely on foreign

importation of raw materials

Why England First?

Waterways offered a source of alternate power for factories and navigable transport for trade and communication

No part of England is more than 20 miles from navigable water

Was much cheaper to move goods via waterways than over land

Why England First?

England had an expanding role in the 18th century Atlantic economy

The growth of the Royal Navy and increasing number of global ports provided protection from foreign threats to England’s commercial empire

The Agricultural Revolution

Was vital to the Industrial Revolution

Supply of cheap and abundant labor was provided for factories as the enclosure movement forced landless farmers to move to the towns and cities

The Agricultural Revolution made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people

The Population in England

Doubled in the 18th century So demand for goods within the

country inspired increased production

Because of increased food production, more people were freed up to work in factories

The End of Feudalism

People were free to move and seek employment because serfdom and feudalism was long gone in England and gone in Europe

200 years of profitable commercial activity

Meant that capital was available for investment

England could avoid costly continental wars if she chose

The British merchants and gentry often prospered due to the many wars on the continent

The Bank of England 1694

Provided capital for investment in industry

Insurance companies (like Lloyd’s of London) provided a degree of protection from commercial failure

Entrepreneurs

A group of motivated, inventive folks who had technical skill and the willingness to take risks

Were often young men from the gentry class who were interested in careers in business

Members of the middle class found opportunities to rise into the nobility through success in business

The Protestant Work Ethic

Didn’t hurt

England’s Colonial Empire

Gave her access to raw materials Gave her markets for manufactured

goods

England’s Government

Encouraged industrial development Well-established institutions (bank of

England) made loans available The limited monarchy in England

meant that government was not likely to stifle expansion of business and the growth of the middle class (not true in France and Russia)

Government stability did not hurt

England’s Government

England was not devastated by by the Napoleonic Wars

The Rise of the House of Commons became a tool for the rising middle class so the government earned its loyalty

(The French middle class started the revolution)

Strong monarchies stifled the middle class

Parliamentary Legislation favored Big Business

The Bubble Act was repealed to allow (once again) for the creation of joint stock companies

The Lowes Act: allowed for limited liability for business owners

The Repeal of the Navigation Acts

The eventual repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)