Industrial

Revolution

INCREDIBLE

INVENTIONS

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution (industrialization)= moving from an agricultural society to one based on industry (creating machine made goods)

• Begins in England– Moves to Europe & America– Starts with farming– People are living longer

-Advances in medicine, hygiene and agriculture improved the quality and length of people’s lives.

The Start of the Industrial Revolution-By 1750, the Agricultural Revolution had led to a large increase in

Europe’s population.-93% of people in Europe lived in rural areas

-Wealthy landowners buy up land from village farmers-experiment with new farming methods

-build enclosures: fences closing off land-crop rotation & seed drill

-requires less labor so farmers move to cities to find jobs-new methods produce more crops!

Estimated Population of England 1066 to 1900

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

1066 1100 1150 1200 1215 1348 1350 1570 1603 1700 1851 1901Year

Population

NormanInvasion Black

Death

AgriculturalRevolution

Industrial Revolution

Why Did it Start in England?• Natural Resources

1. Water power & coal to fuel new machines

2. Iron ore to make machines, tools, buildings

3. Rivers & harbors for transportation4. Good Banking System

• best in Europe -loans5. Stable Government

• Fought many wars during 1700s, victories=positive attitude

• None on British soil• Government encouraged business

• Britain had all the Factors of Production1. Land2. Labor3. Capital (wealth)

Inventions, Inventions Inventions!!!• Textile Industry– Flying Shuttle– Spinning Jenny– Water Frame– Power Loom– Set up machines in large

buildings called factories• Needed water power so

built near rivers & streams

– England got cotton from American South• Cotton gin

More Inventions• Watt’s Steam Engine

– Made travel more efficient– Entrepreneur: person who organizes,

manages, and takes on risks of business

• Water Transportation– American inventor Robert Fulton

used steam engine to propel boats– Canals (human-made waterways)

made transportation more economical

• Road Transportation– Built roads for profit (tolls)

• Railroads– Steam engine on wheels =D– Revolutionizes life in Britain

From the Country to the City

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

35000000

1700 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901

The population of England rose slowly, by less than two million people, during the 100 years from 1700 to 1800. The population then increased sharply from 1801 to 1901, increasing by over 22 million. Many people moved into the cities looking for work.

Population of England1700 – 1901

Steam Engine

Railroads

steamboat

Light Bulb

Pasteurization

Cotton gin

ELI WHITNEY

Spinning Jenny

Flying shuttle

Water frame

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization

• Urbanization: people moving to cities• Factories emerge around power sources– Near water & coal

• People come in search of jobs & better life• Urbanization causes many problems

Living Conditions

• England’s cities grew so rapidly that cities were not adequately planned

• Lacked adequate housing, education, police– Slums– Crowded living conditions

• Pollution, unsanitary conditions (no drains– Disease spread

• Life expectancy drops (17!)

Working Conditions

• Dangerous & many injuries• Dirty & made some workers very sick• Very long hours, low wages• Women were paid less than men• Child labor!• Bosses exercised harsh discipline• Most workers lived in horrible poverty

Positive Long Term Effects– Industry creates new jobs– New inventions & technological progress– Creates enormous wealth for countries– Increased production of goods– Workers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours,

better working conditions– Improvements in education– Better housing, diet, clothing & other consumer goods

–Rise in STANDARD OF LIVING(better overall quality of life)

Class Tensions• The Industrial Revolution created

enormous wealth in Britain – Who had the money? factory

owners, shippers, etc.– Most workers lived in extreme

poverty• UPPER CLASS– Wealthy industrial/factory

owners & businessmen• MIDDLE CLASS– Small business owners,

lawyers, other professionals• WORKING CLASS – Factory workers & other

workers– Workers suffered until they

fought for reform

Labor Unions• By 1800s workers started uniting to

improve conditions

• UNIONS: organizations that speak for the workers– Most workers belong to a union today– Strategies used:1. Collective Bargaining: negotiating between workers & bosses

2. Strike: refusing to work until demands are met• At first, governments denied workers the

right to form unions (threat to social order & stability?)

• Union movement grew & workers win better hours, pay, conditions

Other Reforms• Slavery Abolished

– William Wilberforce: member of British Parliament who led the fight to abolish slavery (1833)

– Industry more $ than slavery• Women’s Rights

– Women fight for better pay (1/3 of men’s wages) & conditions…UNIONS

– Eventually win right to vote (1920)• Free Universal Education

– Horace Mann-favored free public education for all children– He was a child laborer– “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not

enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic (will be destroyed)”

– Late 1800s most Western Europe & US provided free public schooling

Industrialization Spreads• British sneak out plans & bring

them to U.S. & Europe• U.S., Japan, Germany & other

European countries industrialize

• Competition between countries

• Leads to industrialized countries colonizing non-industrialized countries to seize their raw materials & resources

• IMPERIALISM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!