Reminder of the French Revolution os#the-french-revolution os#the-french-revolution.
Chapter 22 the french revolution
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Transcript of Chapter 22 the french revolution
The French Revolution
Old Regime• First Estate
• 1% of population • Mostly priests w/ many privileges
• Second Estate• 2% of population• Nobles who owned 25% of land • Had many privileges as well
• Third Estate• 97% of population• Peasants, artists, and bourgeoisie
Discontent Grows• 3rd estate began growing angry
with their social position • Bourgeoisie wanted more
political power• Growing population put strain
on resources and raised prices• Previous kings had put nation
into severe debt (XIV & XV)• Overseas conflicts (Am. Rev.)
Uniting the Estates
• Louis XVI tried to tax the nobility but they refused
• In May 1789 he called an Estates-General to have them implement taxes
• Nobles intended to use the council to weaken the monarchy
National Assembly (1789-1791)
• 3rd Estate wanted to meet as a delegation to best represent people
• They were locked out, so they created the National Assembly
• Wanting equality, the Assembly had heated debates and wanted to write a constitution (Tennis Court Oath)
THE GREAT FEAR
• Assembly mobs stormed the Bastille on July 14th and freed prisoners
• Wave of violence throughout the country side followed, with many nobles being driven from their land
End of the Old Order• In August 1789, nobles voted to
lose power• Declaration of the Rights of Man• Louis XVI refused to accept these
changes• Louis was forced to move to Paris• 1791 Constitution limited
monarchy and created a unicameral legislature
Continued Unrest & Violence• Unrest on the Legislative Assembly
(Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives)• Unrest outside the Assembly
• Émigrés & Sans-Culottes• King & Queen failed to escape to
Austria in June 1791• Fearing the reinstatement of Louis,
war was declared on Austria and Prussia in April 1792 and Louis XVI was arrested (September Massacres)
National Convention Reforms (Sep. 1792-1795)
• Ended monarchy and formed a republic
• Controlled by Radical Jacobins• Implemented the metric system• Beheaded Louis XVI to
legitimize the republic in January 1793
Revolution Spreads
• Radicals won control of the National Convention
• Wanted to end monarchies everywhere and expand France
• Monarchs of Europe became allies• France adopted conscription to
build up the army, angers many
Reign of Terror
• July 1793-July 1794• To stop the civil war in France,
Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety executed “traitors” (40,000)
• Robespierre’s execution ended the “Terror” but also Jacobin power
The Directory (1795-1799)• In 1795, the National Convention
had lost all support• A new constitution created the
Directory, 2-house legislature• Continued food shortages and
inflation doomed the Directory• People began to look for one
strong leader once again
Rise of Napoleon• Napoleon Bonaparte was a
skilled general• Gained fame by defeating the
Austrians and winning land for France
• He was popular, so when in Paris, he led a coup d´état
Napoleon’s Rule • Established a dictatorship in
1799• Brought order to education and
banking systems• Passed Napoleonic Code of laws• Made peace with the Catholic
Church (Concordat of 1801)
Napoleon’s Empire• By 1812, Napoleon controlled
land all the way to Russia • Continental System• Peninsular War• Angry at Russia, Napoleon
attacked with 420,000 troops• Defeat eroded Napoleon’s power
Napoleon’s Legacy
• Though he was a dictator, he spread Enlightenment ideas of equality, toleration and economic reform
• Nationalism• Ended Holy Roman Empire• Louisiana Purchase allowed
America to become a world Power
Peace in Europe
Congress of Vienna 1814-1815
• Met in 1814 after 25 years of war• Containment, legitimacy, balance
of power• Restored boundaries to 1792
areas• Restored monarchies in France,
Spain, & Portugal• Isolated France with buffer states
Forces change Europe
• Reactionists hoped to stop the spread of liberalism
• Alliances formed to prevent spread of nationalism and democracy
• Concert of Europe met to avoid any more disturbances or conflicts