Chapter 22: The Civil War

22.1 Introduction

South: voluntarily joined, could voluntarily leave; defend Southern Independence

North: South were traitors, needed to preserve the union

Southern States: SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AK, TN, NC

Northern States: CA, CT, IL, IN, IA, KS, ME, MA, MI, MN, NV, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PN, RI, VT, WI, DE, MD, MO, KT, WV

22.2 North vs. South

Abraham Lincoln: Union Protect the Union, the country had “matured and continued”

Jefferson Davis: Confederacy States rights, “asserted a right which the Dec of Ind defined as unalienable”

The North

North’s Strengths22 million populationTechnological advantages (factories, resources)

BanksMore farms (food) Iron, coal, copper, goldControlled seasRailroad for supplyingLincoln

North’s WeaknessesMilitary Leadership

The South

South’s StrengthsMilitary Leadership (Lee)Size of south made conquering difficult

Defend and protectSouth’s Weaknesses

Could be divided by Mississippi River

Economic and transportation disadvantagesFew factoriesRailroads

22.3 Bull Run

Anaconda Plan Surround South and cut off trade

Divide Confederacy in half Capture Richmond

Bull Run Rose Greenhow supplied information on attack

Stonewall Jackson held firm with Union assault

Huge victory for South, shock for north

Women and the war Spies Ran farms and businesses Nurses, teachers, government workers

Red Cross

22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

The Anaconda Plan North blockades southern ports; Great Britain refuses to push through, hurts Southern economy

Admiral Farragut leads 46 ships down Mississippi, NOLA falls without a shot

General Grant leads forces through KT and TN; “Unconditional Surrender”

22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

The Battle of AntietamLee invades MD, hoping to change allegiance and bring European powers into war

McClellan hammers Lee’s troops for a day, Lee retreats

Between the two forces almost 5,000 were dead and over 20,000 wounded/missing

22.4 Antietam: A Bloody Affair

The New Realities of War Improved weapons; rifles and artillery

Medicine not advance; no understanding of bacteria

Disease in war camps

22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

The Emancipation ProclamationLincoln made goal of Civil War abolition

January 1st, 1863 declared slaves freeConfederate states ignored, states in Union with slaves also ignored

22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

The Battle of GettysburgLee invades the NorthGeneral Meade meets Lee in Pennsylvania, 3 day battle

George Pickett charges to attempt to break Union lines, fails

Lee withdraws and fights defensive the rest of the war, 40,000 dead/wounded on both sides

22.5: Gettysburg: A Turning Point

Opposition on Union Home Front Tired of long war, some looking for peace Copperheads: Democrats more interested in restoring

peace than saving Union Lincoln has to keep order in Maryland

The Gettysburg Address “The Great Civil War” “Conceived in liberty and

dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”

Honor the men who died Everyone must remain devoted to the cause of the Civil

War

22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

AdvancesRailroadTelegraphPhotographsIron-plated ships

22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

Merrimac and MonitorConfederacy put iron plates on wooden ship with powerful ram called the Merrimac (renamed Virginia)

Merrimac attacks wooden ships in the Chesapeake, almost destroys blockade

Union build the Monitor and the two meet and attack

Neither is destroyed; ends wooden ships and changes the navy

22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

Control of the Mississippi Although Union controlled, they could not transport soldiers/supplies safely because of Vicksburg

Siege of Vicksburg Cannons on top of Vicksburg hill could attack ships going down river

For six weeks Union bombards Vicksburg by land and sea

Surrenders July 4th, 1863

22.6: Vicksburg: A Besieged City

Problems on the Confederate Home Front

Blockade=no imported goodsFood scarce, Union often destroyed farmland

Morale slowing failing

22.7 Fort Wagner: African-Americans and the War

54th MassachusettsFirst all black regiment, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw

Paid less, refused to accept money until pay was equal

Fort Wagner, paved way for African Americans to be used in battle

22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

Ulysses S. Grant becomes commander of Union Forces in March of 1864

Grant Invades Virginia Grant and Lee meet at the Wilderness, Cold Harbor and Petersburg

Grant suffers huge losses but can reinforce, Lee cannot

Total War: war on enemy’s ability to fight, massive damage to resources

Sherman invades South; captures Atlanta and burns it

22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

The Reelection of Lincoln Northern Democrats nominate George McClellan

Immediate end to war Sheridan destroys Shenandoah and Sherman capturing Atlanta helps Lincoln

Sherman’s March through Georgia Marches through Georgia to Savannah

Destroy the last untouched supply base in South

Destroys everything useful in 60-mile-wide path

22.8 Appomattox: Total War Brings an End

The War Ends Grant breaks through Petersburg and captures Richmond

April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House

Grant generous with terms

Touched by Fire Slavery and secession had no place in new nation

“The United States are” became “the United States is”

620,000 dead from both sides; billions spent on war

States rights and status of African Americans still an issue

Post War

Lincoln assassinated April 14th, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth

Andrew Johnson becomes president

No Confederate soldiers punished

South must create governments loyal to Union

Begin Reconstruction Era

Chapter Questions

How was the Northern economy helped by the war?

What was the North’s tactic to win the war?

What was the South’s tactic to win the war?

What was the North’s goal in the war?

Why did the North win the war?