MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS HISTORY HISTORY POWERPOINT POWERPOINT

CHAPTERS 20-22CHAPTERS 20-22THE CIVIL WAR AND THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

KEYS TO THE UNITKEYS TO THE UNIT

• Ft. Sumter and the start of the warFt. Sumter and the start of the war

• Border StatesBorder States

• Foreign Nation IssuesForeign Nation Issues

• Draft IssuesDraft Issues

• Greenbacks and Monetary IssuesGreenbacks and Monetary Issues

• The Battles The Battles

• ReconstructionReconstruction

Ft. Sumter and the Start of the Ft. Sumter and the Start of the WarWar

• Lincoln inauguration March 4Lincoln inauguration March 4thth, 1861: , 1861: insists that there cannot be two insists that there cannot be two nationsnations

• Ft. Sumter is important is running out Ft. Sumter is important is running out of supplies. of supplies.

• Lincoln informs south he is sending Lincoln informs south he is sending supplies but no military itemssupplies but no military items

• South attacks anyway on April 12South attacks anyway on April 12thth, no , no one dies except a horseone dies except a horse

• The North’s reaction to the fall of FortThe North’s reaction to the fall of Fort – Rallied North against the South Rallied North against the South

– Lincoln called for 75,000 troops & gets them Lincoln called for 75,000 troops & gets them

– Lincoln orders blockade of Southern ports Lincoln orders blockade of Southern ports

• The South responds to the call for troopsThe South responds to the call for troops– See this as an aggressive attack on SouthSee this as an aggressive attack on South

– 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina) join original 7 in Tennessee, North Carolina) join original 7 in Confederacy Confederacy •Richmond, Virginia became capitalRichmond, Virginia became capital

Seceding StatesSeceding States

Border States are the KeyBorder States are the Key

Lincoln must keep four key border Lincoln must keep four key border states:states:1.Missouri1.Missouri2. Kentucky2. Kentucky3. Maryland3. Maryland4. Delaware4. Delaware

* Later W. Virginia will split away from * Later W. Virginia will split away from Virginia and join the Union.Virginia and join the Union.

• Dealing with the Border StatesDealing with the Border States

– Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland and sent in federal troopsand sent in federal troops

– Ex Parte Milligan ruling Ex Parte Milligan ruling (civilian courts (civilian courts required) will go against Lincoln but to required) will go against Lincoln but to late to matter late to matter

– Lincoln declared North was fighting to Lincoln declared North was fighting to keep Union together, keep Union together, notnot against against slaveryslavery

ADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES• South only had to fight defensively South only had to fight defensively

and had higher moral and enthusiasm and had higher moral and enthusiasm for warfor war

• South has greater/better generalsSouth has greater/better generals

• North has greater economyNorth has greater economy

• North has more peopleNorth has more people

• North has greater industrialized powerNorth has greater industrialized power

• North controls the seas and coast lineNorth controls the seas and coast line

Population and Economic Resources of Population and Economic Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Foreign National IssuesForeign National Issues

• South wanted help from Britain or FranceSouth wanted help from Britain or France

– Elites in Britain and France were openly Elites in Britain and France were openly supportive of South supportive of South

– Working classes in Britain and France Working classes in Britain and France strongly favored Northstrongly favored North

•Wanted abolition; believed that if North Wanted abolition; believed that if North won, slavery would be abolished won, slavery would be abolished

• Britain depended on South for 75% of their Britain depended on South for 75% of their cotton; but doesn’t need all their cotton:cotton; but doesn’t need all their cotton:– Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave Britain Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave Britain

surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of warsurpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of war– India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857– By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had

announced emancipation, putting English announced emancipation, putting English working class firmly behind Northworking class firmly behind North

• North sent wheat and corn to England North sent wheat and corn to England – North had plentiful harvests; Britain had series North had plentiful harvests; Britain had series

of bad harvests and If England broke Northern of bad harvests and If England broke Northern blockade, US would cut off shipments of corn blockade, US would cut off shipments of corn and wheatand wheat

• Late 1861 – the Trent affairLate 1861 – the Trent affair– Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2 Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2

Confederate diplomats going to EuropeConfederate diplomats going to Europe– Angry British prepared for war but slow Angry British prepared for war but slow

communications allowed passions to cool downcommunications allowed passions to cool down– Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war at a Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war at a

time”) time”)

• British-built Confederate commerce raidersBritish-built Confederate commerce raiders– British laws allowed the ships to be built in England, British laws allowed the ships to be built in England,

sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns later sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns later – Alabama was most famous; captured over 60 US Alabama was most famous; captured over 60 US

merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864 merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864 – Over 250 US ships captured by raidersOver 250 US ships captured by raiders

• Mexico Mexico – 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied

Mexico and put Maximilian into power Mexico and put Maximilian into power •Flagrant violation of Monroe DoctrineFlagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine

– Napoleon had hoped that US would Napoleon had hoped that US would lose war and be unable to stop France lose war and be unable to stop France

– 1865 – US threatened war against 1865 – US threatened war against France if French did not withdraw France if French did not withdraw

– Napoleon withdrew French Army; Napoleon withdrew French Army; Maximilian overthrown and killedMaximilian overthrown and killed

President Davis Versus LincolnPresident Davis Versus Lincoln

• Davis as a leaderDavis as a leader– Stubborn leader who sometimes defied Stubborn leader who sometimes defied

public public

– Micromanaging every detail of war Micromanaging every detail of war

– Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS CONFEDERATES who often refused to CONFEDERATES who often refused to help confederacy outside of their own help confederacy outside of their own statesstates

• Lincoln as leader had problems, but less serious Lincoln as leader had problems, but less serious than Davisthan Davis– North had recognized and legitimate government North had recognized and legitimate government – Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm – Demonstrated charity to South and forgiveness to Demonstrated charity to South and forgiveness to

attacks from opponents in the North attacks from opponents in the North

• Lincoln went around some provisions of Lincoln went around some provisions of Constitution to keep the United States Constitution to keep the United States united united – Congress generally confirmed Lincoln’s Congress generally confirmed Lincoln’s

actions actions – Lincoln’s increases in authority were only to Lincoln’s increases in authority were only to

continue as long as war continued continue as long as war continued

THE DRAFT ISSUESTHE DRAFT ISSUES

• Northern army at first was volunteerNorthern army at first was volunteer– States had quota based on States had quota based on

population population • 1863 – Congress passed first national 1863 – Congress passed first national

conscription (draft) lawconscription (draft) law– Unfair to poor; rich could pay $300 Unfair to poor; rich could pay $300

for exemption for exemption • 1863 – draft riot in New York City 1863 – draft riot in New York City

– Poor and anti-black (Irish) rioted Poor and anti-black (Irish) rioted against the draft and killed black against the draft and killed black citizens citizens

• 90% of Union soldiers were 90% of Union soldiers were volunteersvolunteers– Toward end of war, bounties (up to Toward end of war, bounties (up to

$1,000) paid to volunteers$1,000) paid to volunteers

• ““bounty jumpers” would enlist, get bounty jumpers” would enlist, get the bounty, desert, and then re-enlist the bounty, desert, and then re-enlist

• About 200,000 deserted from Union About 200,000 deserted from Union army (not only bounty jumpers) army (not only bounty jumpers)

• South at first also relied on volunteersSouth at first also relied on volunteers– Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier than Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier than

Union (April 1862) Union (April 1862) – Willing to take almost anyone, including Willing to take almost anyone, including

young and old (17 – 50) young and old (17 – 50)

• Confederate draft very unjust Confederate draft very unjust – Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an

exemption exemption – Slave owners or overseers with 20 or more slaves Slave owners or overseers with 20 or more slaves

could claim exemption could claim exemption – Many poor, Southerners felt they were fighting so Many poor, Southerners felt they were fighting so

rich could keep slaves rich could keep slaves

•““a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

The Economic IssuesThe Economic Issues

• Taxation Taxation – Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol – Income tax levied for first time by Income tax levied for first time by

Congress Congress

• TariffsTariffs– 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act passed 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act passed

- Raised tariffs 5% to 10%, to gain - Raised tariffs 5% to 10%, to gain revenuerevenue

– Tariffs continued to go up as war costs Tariffs continued to go up as war costs increased & Republican Party becomes increased & Republican Party becomes recognized as party of big businessrecognized as party of big business

• Paper moneyPaper money– Greenbacks printed ($450 million) Greenbacks printed ($450 million) – Not backed by gold so no constant value Not backed by gold so no constant value – lead to large inflation issueslead to large inflation issues

BorrowingBorrowing– $2.6 billion raised (net) through sale of $2.6 billion raised (net) through sale of

bonds bonds

– Treasury sold bonds through private Treasury sold bonds through private

banking house of Jay Cooke and Company banking house of Jay Cooke and Company

• National Banking System Passed in 1863National Banking System Passed in 1863 – Purpose to stimulate sale of government Purpose to stimulate sale of government

bonds and establish standard bank-note bonds and establish standard bank-note currency currency •(to replace different worthless notes issued by (to replace different worthless notes issued by

different banks) different banks)

– Banks would purchase government bonds Banks would purchase government bonds and then issue money backed by the bondsand then issue money backed by the bonds

– A 10% tax was placed on notes issued by A 10% tax was placed on notes issued by state banks to tax them out of existence state banks to tax them out of existence

– First unified banking network since Jackson First unified banking network since Jackson killed the Bank of the US in 1836 killed the Bank of the US in 1836

– Lasted until 1913 when FED establishedLasted until 1913 when FED established

• SOUTH HAS HUGE ECONOMIC SOUTH HAS HUGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

$400 million in Confederate bonds sold $400 million in Confederate bonds sold

• States’ righters opposed direct taxationStates’ righters opposed direct taxation– Only 1% of CSA’s revenue came from taxesOnly 1% of CSA’s revenue came from taxes

• Confederate paper dollarConfederate paper dollar– Printed without backingPrinted without backing

– Runaway inflation Runaway inflation (9,000%) over course of (9,000%) over course of war; Confederate dollar worth only 1.6 cents war; Confederate dollar worth only 1.6 cents when war endedwhen war ended

• NORTH EXITS WAR RICHER THAN IT STARTEDNORTH EXITS WAR RICHER THAN IT STARTED

• New Factories and technology improvementsNew Factories and technology improvements1859 – oil discovered in Pennsylvania1859 – oil discovered in Pennsylvania

• 300,000 pioneers continued to move West300,000 pioneers continued to move West– Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and desire Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and desire

to avoid draft led many to go Westto avoid draft led many to go West

• Only major industry to be hurt during war was Only major industry to be hurt during war was ocean tradeocean trade– Because of Alabama and other Confederate raiders Because of Alabama and other Confederate raiders

• Opportunities for women during the warOpportunities for women during the war– Women moved into industrial jobs to make Women moved into industrial jobs to make

war supplies (especially sewing uniforms war supplies (especially sewing uniforms and shoes) and shoes)

– Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1stst female doctor) female doctor)•Trained nurses, collected medical Trained nurses, collected medical

supplies for hospitals supplies for hospitals

– Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained nurses nurses

– Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers wounded Confederate soldiers

THE BATTLES OF THE WARTHE BATTLES OF THE WAR• North (and South) expected a quick warNorth (and South) expected a quick war

– Thus Lincoln only called for 90 day Thus Lincoln only called for 90 day volunteersvolunteers

• Summer 1861 – Union soldiers at Summer 1861 – Union soldiers at Washington move to attack smaller Washington move to attack smaller Confederate army at Confederate army at Bull Run Bull Run (Manassas (Manassas Junction), 30 miles south in Virginia July Junction), 30 miles south in Virginia July 18611861– If Union successful strength would be If Union successful strength would be

demonstrated and Union could move to demonstrated and Union could move to Richmond Richmond

• Effects of Bull Run Effects of Bull Run

– South’s victory increased overconfidence South’s victory increased overconfidence

•Soldiers believed war was over Soldiers believed war was over

•Enlistment rates decreased; preparations for Enlistment rates decreased; preparations for long-term war slowed long-term war slowed

•Andrew Stonewall Jackson earns his Andrew Stonewall Jackson earns his nicknamenickname

– North’s defeat was better (long-term) for the North’s defeat was better (long-term) for the UnionUnion

•Ended belief that war would be over quicklyEnded belief that war would be over quickly

•Caused Northerners to prepare for long warCaused Northerners to prepare for long war

•Congressman embarrassed by retreat Congressman embarrassed by retreat

• Late 1861 – Gen. George B. McClellan given Late 1861 – Gen. George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac (main army) command of Army of the Potomac (main army) – Excellent organizer and drillmaster Excellent organizer and drillmaster – Extremely cautiousExtremely cautious

• Lincoln would grow impatient with his refusal to ever Lincoln would grow impatient with his refusal to ever attackattack

• June 26 – July 2, 1862 – June 26 – July 2, 1862 – Seven Days’ BattlesSeven Days’ Battles – General Lee counterattacked McClellan, General Lee counterattacked McClellan,

driving Union back to sea driving Union back to sea

• Lincoln relieved McClellan of command Lincoln relieved McClellan of command – Campaign was not total failure, since South Campaign was not total failure, since South

had lost 20,000 men, to Union’s 10,000had lost 20,000 men, to Union’s 10,000

• Union turned to 6-part strategy of total warUnion turned to 6-part strategy of total war

– Suffocate South by Suffocate South by blockadingblockading its ports its ports

– Free the slavesFree the slaves to undermine economy to undermine economy

– Cut Confederacy in 1/2Cut Confederacy in 1/2 by control of M. by control of M. RiverRiver

– Cut Confederacy into small piecesCut Confederacy into small pieces

– Take Confederate capitalTake Confederate capital at Richmond at Richmond

– Engage the enemy everywhereEngage the enemy everywhere

• Merrimack vs. the MonitorMerrimack vs. the Monitor – 1862 – South rebuilt old US warship (the 1862 – South rebuilt old US warship (the

Merrimack); used old iron rails to plate Merrimack); used old iron rails to plate its sides; ship renamed the Virginia its sides; ship renamed the Virginia

– March 9, 1862 – Monitor (a small Union March 9, 1862 – Monitor (a small Union iron ship) fought Merrimack to standstill iron ship) fought Merrimack to standstill

– Confederates destroyed Merrimack to Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from being captured by Union keep it from being captured by Union

• August 29/30, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull August 29/30, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull RunRun – Lee attacks and defeats boastful Gen. Lee attacks and defeats boastful Gen.

Pope Pope

-Over confidence by Lee would have him -Over confidence by Lee would have him march North to Maryland and the battle of march North to Maryland and the battle of Antietam in hopes of forcing a peaceful Antietam in hopes of forcing a peaceful resolution with North, securing foreign resolution with North, securing foreign assistance, and having those in Maryland assistance, and having those in Maryland rise up and join him but plan will failrise up and join him but plan will fail

AntietamAntietam

• September 17, 1862September 17, 1862 – Antietam Creek, MD. – Antietam Creek, MD.– Northern soldiers found a copy of Lee’s Northern soldiers found a copy of Lee’s

battle plans wrapped around 3 cigars battle plans wrapped around 3 cigars dropped by mistakedropped by mistake

– McClellan stopped Lee’s advance on the McClellan stopped Lee’s advance on the bloodiest day of the war (3,600 dead on bloodiest day of the war (3,600 dead on both sides, over 20,000 wounded) both sides, over 20,000 wounded)

– McClellan relieved of command for not McClellan relieved of command for not pursuing Lee’s retreating army pursuing Lee’s retreating army

Dead Soldiers after AntietamDead Soldiers after Antietam

• Importance of Antietam Importance of Antietam – Most decisive battle of Civil War; South had Most decisive battle of Civil War; South had

come very close to victory but loss proves costlycome very close to victory but loss proves costly• British and French governments remain neutralBritish and French governments remain neutral

– Lincoln finally ready to issue emancipation Lincoln finally ready to issue emancipation proclamation after a victory proclamation after a victory

Said that on Jan. 1, 1863 would issue final proclamation Said that on Jan. 1, 1863 would issue final proclamation

– Did not actually free any slavesDid not actually free any slaves•Declared “forever free” slaves in Confederate Declared “forever free” slaves in Confederate

states not conquered by Union states not conquered by Union

•Did not affect slaves in Border States or areas Did not affect slaves in Border States or areas of South the Union had conquered of South the Union had conquered

•Feared emancipation would cause disunion in Feared emancipation would cause disunion in Union-controlled areas if carried out fullyUnion-controlled areas if carried out fully

• Effect of Emancipation ProclamationEffect of Emancipation Proclamation – Moral cause of the North strengthened Moral cause of the North strengthened

•South’s moral position weakened South’s moral position weakened

– Showed that slavery was over in all of Showed that slavery was over in all of South when North won the war South when North won the war

– Changed nature of the war because there Changed nature of the war because there was no chance of negotiation to end the was no chance of negotiation to end the warwar

• Southern reaction to the Proclamation Southern reaction to the Proclamation – Lincoln trying to cause slave insurrection Lincoln trying to cause slave insurrection

• Northern reaction to the ProclamationNorthern reaction to the Proclamation – Moderate abolitionists praised LincolnModerate abolitionists praised Lincoln– Radicals believed he did not go far enough Radicals believed he did not go far enough – Many Northerners believed he had gone to Many Northerners believed he had gone to

far far – Fall 1862 elections went against Fall 1862 elections went against

Republicans (although they kept control of Republicans (although they kept control of Congress) Congress)

– Desertions in Union army increased; Desertions in Union army increased; soldiers (especially from Border States) soldiers (especially from Border States) fought to preserve the Union, not free fought to preserve the Union, not free slaves slaves

• Union took blacks in Army as white Union took blacks in Army as white numbers ran low but originally had not let numbers ran low but originally had not let them fightthem fight– Whites in North and South protest black Whites in North and South protest black

service but 180,000 blacks did serveservice but 180,000 blacks did serve– Allowed blacks to fight for slaves’ Allowed blacks to fight for slaves’

freedom and strengthen their claim to full freedom and strengthen their claim to full citizenship at end of war citizenship at end of war

• Black resistance in the South Black resistance in the South – Fear of rebellion forced many white Fear of rebellion forced many white

“home guards” to stay in South “home guards” to stay in South

• General Burnside replaced McClellan after General Burnside replaced McClellan after Antietam Antietam

• December 13, 1862 – Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862 – Fredericksburg, Va. Va. – Burnside launched frontal assault on Lee’s Burnside launched frontal assault on Lee’s

entrenched position and 10,000 Union entrenched position and 10,000 Union casualties lead Lincoln to casualties lead Lincoln to

relieve Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hookerrelieve Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hooker

• May 2 – 4, 1863 – ChancellorsvilleMay 2 – 4, 1863 – Chancellorsville, Va. , Va. – Union army defeated Union army defeated – Costly for Lee because Jackson mistakenly Costly for Lee because Jackson mistakenly

killed by his own men that eveningkilled by his own men that evening– Hooker relieved of command; General George Hooker relieved of command; General George

G. Meade put in command of Union Army G. Meade put in command of Union Army

The Road to The Road to Gettysburg, Gettysburg, December December 1862–July 1862–July 1863 and 1863 and Lee’s Last Lee’s Last Hope for Hope for end to warend to war

• July 1 – 3, 1863 – GettysburgJuly 1 – 3, 1863 – Gettysburg

– Battle went back and forth over 3 days Battle went back and forth over 3 days

– Gen. George Pickett’s charge against Union Gen. George Pickett’s charge against Union lines driven back, breaking Confederate lines driven back, breaking Confederate advance, forcing Lee to retreatadvance, forcing Lee to retreat

• Importance of Gettysburg Importance of Gettysburg – Confederate peace delegation (moving Confederate peace delegation (moving

toward Washington from south, while it toward Washington from south, while it was hoped victorious Confederate Army was hoped victorious Confederate Army advanced on Washington from north) advanced on Washington from north) rejected by Lincoln rejected by Lincoln

– Final chance for Southern victory; South Final chance for Southern victory; South fought lost cause for 2 more years fought lost cause for 2 more years

• November 19, 1863 – Gettysburg November 19, 1863 – Gettysburg Address Address – 2-minute address (following 2 hour address 2-minute address (following 2 hour address

by a former president of Harvard -Evert) by a former president of Harvard -Evert)

– Not appreciated at the time; now seen as Not appreciated at the time; now seen as one of the greatest speeches in US historyone of the greatest speeches in US history

– Purpose that day was to create a national Purpose that day was to create a national park/burial ground for all the dead still park/burial ground for all the dead still therethere

– FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO……FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO……

Victories in West brings Grant to Victories in West brings Grant to LincolnLincoln• Grant’s backgroundGrant’s background

– Mediocre student at West Point Mediocre student at West Point – Had fought in Mexican WarHad fought in Mexican War– Stationed in isolated western posts Stationed in isolated western posts

•Boredom and loneliness drove Boredom and loneliness drove Grant to drinkingGrant to drinking

– Grant still drank, but Lincoln refused Grant still drank, but Lincoln refused to punish him because of his to punish him because of his successes successes

• April 6 – 7, 1862 – ShilohApril 6 – 7, 1862 – Shiloh– Grant attempted to capture Corinth, MississippiGrant attempted to capture Corinth, Mississippi– Confederate force stopped Grant at Shiloh, just across Confederate force stopped Grant at Shiloh, just across

Tennessee border from CorinthTennessee border from Corinth– Showed that war in West would not be won quickly or Showed that war in West would not be won quickly or

easily easily – Lincoln refused to remove Grant after lossLincoln refused to remove Grant after loss

• ““I can’t spare this man; he fights.” I can’t spare this man; he fights.”

• July 4, 1863 – Vicksburg July 4, 1863 – Vicksburg (Mississippi)(Mississippi)– General Grant laid siege to city for several General Grant laid siege to city for several

months, starving out the city months, starving out the city – Confederates inside ate rats and mules to Confederates inside ate rats and mules to

survive survive – Vicksburg surrendered to Grant day after Vicksburg surrendered to Grant day after

Confederate defeat at Gettysburg Confederate defeat at Gettysburg

The The MississipMississippi River pi River and and TennesseTennessee1862-63e1862-63

General William Tecumseh General William Tecumseh ShermanSherman• Conquest of Georgia Conquest of Georgia

– September 1864 – Atlanta capturedSeptember 1864 – Atlanta captured– November 1864 – Atlanta burned November 1864 – Atlanta burned -Nov.– Dec. 1864 – -Nov.– Dec. 1864 – March to the sea March to the sea

– 60K Union soldiers lived off the land60K Union soldiers lived off the land

– Union burned buildings, railroads and destroyed Union burned buildings, railroads and destroyed allall

– ““War…is all hell” (Sherman) War…is all hell” (Sherman) •Purpose was to destroy supplies and morale Purpose was to destroy supplies and morale

of South of South

ShermanSherman's March 's March 1864-651864-65

• Dec. 1864 – April 65 – Sherman turns Dec. 1864 – April 65 – Sherman turns north to South Carolina and North north to South Carolina and North CarolinaCarolina– South Carolina blamed for South Carolina blamed for

provoking war (first state to provoking war (first state to secede) secede)

– Destruction in South Carolina even Destruction in South Carolina even worse than in Georgia worse than in Georgia

– ““Forty Acres and a Mule” order was Forty Acres and a Mule” order was not approved by Lincoln and would not approved by Lincoln and would be rescinded after the warbe rescinded after the war

The Politics of WarThe Politics of War

• Republicans in North divided before Republicans in North divided before election of 1864 and Lincoln faces election of 1864 and Lincoln faces challengeschallenges

– Radicals, including Secy. of Treasury Radicals, including Secy. of Treasury Salmon Chase Questioned Lincoln’s Salmon Chase Questioned Lincoln’s abilities as commander-in-chief and abilities as commander-in-chief and commitment to abolitioncommitment to abolition

•Democrats in North even more Democrats in North even more dangerous than Republicans but were dangerous than Republicans but were very dividedvery divided

• ““War Democrats” War Democrats” – Supported Lincoln and the war Supported Lincoln and the war

• ““Peace Democrats” Peace Democrats” – Did not support the warDid not support the war

• CopperheadsCopperheads– Named for poisonous snakeNamed for poisonous snake– Radicals who opposed the war and openly Radicals who opposed the war and openly

sympathized with the South sympathized with the South – Attacked the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation Attacked the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation – Strong in Southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana Strong in Southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana

The Election of 1864The Election of 1864

• Lincoln depended on his defeating Lincoln depended on his defeating the Peace Democrats and the Peace Democrats and Copperheads Copperheads

– Republicans joined with War Democrats Republicans joined with War Democrats to form the Union Party (in existence for to form the Union Party (in existence for only that election) to gain more votes only that election) to gain more votes and support and support

– Republican Party not on ballot in SouthRepublican Party not on ballot in South

The Election of 1864The Election of 1864

• Vice-presidential nominee Andrew JohnsonVice-presidential nominee Andrew Johnson– War Democrat from Tennessee and War Democrat from Tennessee and

small slave owner small slave owner

– On ticket to gain Democratic votes from On ticket to gain Democratic votes from War Democrats and Border States War Democrats and Border States

• Democrats nominate Gen. George Democrats nominate Gen. George McClellanMcClellan

• Late 1863 – Grant takes commandLate 1863 – Grant takes command– Meade removed for not pursuing Lee Meade removed for not pursuing Lee – Grant’s strategy was to attack on all Grant’s strategy was to attack on all

frontsfronts

•Led to bloody and brutal warfare, Led to bloody and brutal warfare, but ended warbut ended war

– Northern public opinion turned Northern public opinion turned against Grant after bloody losses in against Grant after bloody losses in 1864 but Lee actually to blame for 1864 but Lee actually to blame for much of it.much of it.

•Lee’s loss rate double that of Lee’s loss rate double that of Grant’s Grant’s

• April, 1865 – North captured April, 1865 – North captured Richmond and on the 9Richmond and on the 9thth Lee Lee surrenders at surrenders at Appomattox Appomattox Court Court House in Virginia House in Virginia – Lincoln traveled to Richmond Lincoln traveled to Richmond

right after surrender right after surrender

•Recognized by freed slaves as Recognized by freed slaves as their emancipator their emancipator

•Some small battles continue Some small battles continue until word is spreaduntil word is spread

• Good Friday, April 14, 1865 Good Friday, April 14, 1865

Lincoln’s assassinationLincoln’s assassination – 5 days after Lee’s surrender 5 days after Lee’s surrender – John Wilkes Booth, a pro-Southern actorJohn Wilkes Booth, a pro-Southern actor– Lincoln died the next morningLincoln died the next morning– Seward also attacked but survivesSeward also attacked but survives– Johnson a target but he avoids attackJohnson a target but he avoids attack

• Impact of Lincoln’s deathImpact of Lincoln’s death– Lincoln’s faults minimized; he became hero Lincoln’s faults minimized; he became hero – His death was a disaster for much of the His death was a disaster for much of the

South South •He was moderate and reasonable, & would He was moderate and reasonable, & would

have led Reconstruction better than Johnson have led Reconstruction better than Johnson could could

The Assassination of Abraham The Assassination of Abraham LincolnLincoln

The Escape of John Wilkes The Escape of John Wilkes BoothBooth

The Results of the WarThe Results of the War

• Federal Government begins to grow in size Federal Government begins to grow in size at expense of State powerat expense of State power

Casualties of warCasualties of war– 600K men died and 400K were wounded 600K men died and 400K were wounded – More Americans killed than any other More Americans killed than any other

war America will be involved in.war America will be involved in.Monetary costMonetary cost– $15 billion in direct costs $15 billion in direct costs – More money needed for continuing More money needed for continuing

expenses (pensions, interest on national expenses (pensions, interest on national debt) debt)

Civil War Deaths Compared to Civil War Deaths Compared to U.S. Deaths in Other WarsU.S. Deaths in Other Wars

4 Questions of Reconstruction (1865-4 Questions of Reconstruction (1865-1877)1877)• How would the South be rebuilt?How would the South be rebuilt?

• How would liberated blacks fare as How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? free men and women?

• How would the Southern states be How would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? reintegrated into the Union?

• Who would direct the process of Who would direct the process of Reconstruction – the Southern states, Reconstruction – the Southern states, the president, or Congress? the president, or Congress?

• Southerners after the warSoutherners after the war– Planter aristocracy humbled Planter aristocracy humbled

temporarily temporarily

•Gutted and burned mansions, lost Gutted and burned mansions, lost investments, worthless land investments, worthless land

•Slaves (primary wealth) were goneSlaves (primary wealth) were gone– Remained defiant and angry Remained defiant and angry

•Viewed D.C. as separate government Viewed D.C. as separate government

•Believed secession was rightBelieved secession was right

•Planters resisted end to slavery until Planters resisted end to slavery until state legislatures or Supreme Court state legislatures or Supreme Court declared emancipation was the law declared emancipation was the law

• Black churches become important Black churches become important – Provide aid and assistance to blacks in Provide aid and assistance to blacks in

need need

• Blacks had always been denied Blacks had always been denied education education – Freedmen raised money to buy land, build Freedmen raised money to buy land, build

schoolhouses, and hire teachersschoolhouses, and hire teachers•Demand too great for supply so Demand too great for supply so

Northern volunteers and federal Northern volunteers and federal government provide educationgovernment provide education

• Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau created by created by Congress in March, 1865Congress in March, 1865– Purpose to provide food, clothing, medical Purpose to provide food, clothing, medical

care, education to freedmen and whites care, education to freedmen and whites – Headed by Gen. Oliver O. HowardHeaded by Gen. Oliver O. Howard

•Later founded black Howard University even Later founded black Howard University even though he was whitethough he was white

• Successes and failures {ended in 1872}Successes and failures {ended in 1872}– Taught 200,000 blacks to read Taught 200,000 blacks to read – Failed to deliver promised 40 acres to Failed to deliver promised 40 acres to

blacks blacks – Conspired with planters to get blacks to Conspired with planters to get blacks to

sign work contractssign work contracts

Andrew Johnson as PresidentAndrew Johnson as President

• Johnson’s background Johnson’s background – Born poor and never attended schoolBorn poor and never attended school

– Taught himself to read and do simple math Taught himself to read and do simple math – Active in politics in Tennessee Active in politics in Tennessee – Refused to secede with TennesseeRefused to secede with Tennessee– Appointed governor of Tennessee when the Appointed governor of Tennessee when the

state was “redeemed” by Northern armystate was “redeemed” by Northern army– 1864 – Johnson ran with Lincoln as vice 1864 – Johnson ran with Lincoln as vice

president to gain support from War Democratspresident to gain support from War Democrats

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

• Lincoln’s 10 percent plan Lincoln’s 10 percent plan (1863)(1863)– Believed South never legally left the Union Believed South never legally left the Union – A state could be reintegrated into Union A state could be reintegrated into Union

when 10% of its voters in the presidential when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 took an oath of allegiance to election of 1860 took an oath of allegiance to US US • Then formal state government would be Then formal state government would be

established established

• Then president would recognize the new Then president would recognize the new governmentgovernment

– Congress, especially as it gains more radical Congress, especially as it gains more radical republicans , will be against this. republicans , will be against this.

• Congress’s reaction to the 10 percent planCongress’s reaction to the 10 percent plan– Republicans feared restoration of planter Republicans feared restoration of planter

aristocracy aristocracy – 1864 – Wade-Davis Bill passed1864 – Wade-Davis Bill passed

•50% of a state’s voters had to take 50% of a state’s voters had to take oath of allegiance for states to be oath of allegiance for states to be readmitted to Union readmitted to Union

•Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln

– Angry Republicans refused to seat Angry Republicans refused to seat Louisiana delegation to Congress (that Louisiana delegation to Congress (that had reorganized its government, had reorganized its government, following Lincoln’s plan)following Lincoln’s plan)

• Differences between president & Congress: Differences between president & Congress: – Congress says the seceding states had left the Congress says the seceding states had left the

Union and had given up all rights as statesUnion and had given up all rights as states•Could only be readmitted as “conquered provinces” Could only be readmitted as “conquered provinces”

under conditions outlined by Congressunder conditions outlined by Congress

- President believed that none of the rebelling states President believed that none of the rebelling states had never left the Union officially and thus could be had never left the Union officially and thus could be easily restored to their former positionseasily restored to their former positions

REPUBLICANS WANT TO INSURE THEIR CONTINUED REPUBLICANS WANT TO INSURE THEIR CONTINUED POWER IN CONGRESS AND THUS MUST LIMIT POWER IN CONGRESS AND THUS MUST LIMIT RETURN OF SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS AND INSURE RETURN OF SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS AND INSURE THAT BLACKS CAN VOTE SINCE THEY WILL VOTE THAT BLACKS CAN VOTE SINCE THEY WILL VOTE REPUBLICANREPUBLICAN

– May 29, 1865 – Johnson issued his own planMay 29, 1865 – Johnson issued his own plan•Disenfranchised leading Confederates Disenfranchised leading Confederates

and those with over $20,000 in taxable and those with over $20,000 in taxable property (although they could petition to property (although they could petition to him for pardons)him for pardons)

•Special state conventions would repeal Special state conventions would repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate ordinances of secession, repudiate Confederate debts, and ratify 13Confederate debts, and ratify 13thth amendment amendment

• Late 1865 – Confederate states Late 1865 – Confederate states moved to carry out Johnson’s plan moved to carry out Johnson’s plan – Johnson enjoyed having planters Johnson enjoyed having planters

begging for pardons but Republicans begging for pardons but Republicans angered over lack of fundamental angered over lack of fundamental change in new states change in new states

• Black codes Black codes passed by new state passed by new state governments in South as they are governments in South as they are brought into Union under Johnson’s brought into Union under Johnson’s planplan– Designed to regulate lives of freed Designed to regulate lives of freed

blacks blacks – Blacks forbidden to serve on juries Blacks forbidden to serve on juries – Prohibited blacks from renting or leasing Prohibited blacks from renting or leasing

land land – ““idle” blacks can be forced to serve on idle” blacks can be forced to serve on

chain gangchain gang– No blacks were allowed to vote No blacks were allowed to vote

• SharecroppingSharecropping– Poor, uneducated blacks (and Poor, uneducated blacks (and

some whites) with no capital, some whites) with no capital, became sharecroppers became sharecroppers

– Rented land from owners, Rented land from owners, borrowed money for seed and borrowed money for seed and tools, and paid off rent and tools, and paid off rent and loans at harvest time loans at harvest time

– Few sharecroppers ever got out Few sharecroppers ever got out of debt or paid off rent, leading of debt or paid off rent, leading to cycle of debt and poverty to cycle of debt and poverty

SharecroppersSharecroppers

• December 1865 – Congressional December 1865 – Congressional delegations from newly formed Southern delegations from newly formed Southern states came to Washington, DCstates came to Washington, DC– Many former Confederate leaders Many former Confederate leaders – South had voted for their experienced political South had voted for their experienced political

leaders, who also had led South during leaders, who also had led South during rebellion rebellion

• Republican reaction to South’s Republican reaction to South’s congressional delegation congressional delegation – Angry that ex-Confederates to be back in office Angry that ex-Confederates to be back in office – Don’t want Southern Democrats back into US Don’t want Southern Democrats back into US

too quickly since they would challenge balance too quickly since they would challenge balance of powerof power

Clash between Congress and Clash between Congress and Johnson inevitableJohnson inevitable

• February 1866 – Johnson vetoed extension of February 1866 – Johnson vetoed extension of Freedman’s Bureau (later passed over his Freedman’s Bureau (later passed over his veto) veto)

• March 1866 – Congress passed Civil Rights March 1866 – Congress passed Civil Rights BillBill– Gave blacks citizenship and attacked black Gave blacks citizenship and attacked black

codes codes – Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress

again passed it over his vetoagain passed it over his veto

Johnson Johnson Vetoing Vetoing the the Freedman'Freedman's Bureau, s Bureau, Kicking a Kicking a Dresser Dresser Full of Full of African African Americans Americans Down the Down the StepsSteps

• 1414thth Amendment Amendment – Passed to write principles of Civil Rights bill into Passed to write principles of Civil Rights bill into

Constitution Constitution – Gave civil rights (including citizenship) to blacks Gave civil rights (including citizenship) to blacks – Reduced representation of a state in Congress Reduced representation of a state in Congress

and Electoral College if it denied vote to blacks and Electoral College if it denied vote to blacks – Former Confederate officers and leaders Former Confederate officers and leaders

disqualified from federal and state officesdisqualified from federal and state offices– Guaranteed the federal debt & repudiated Guaranteed the federal debt & repudiated

Confederate debts Confederate debts – Radicals refused to allow former Confederate Radicals refused to allow former Confederate

states back into Union without ratifying the states back into Union without ratifying the amendment; all but Tennessee refused to do soamendment; all but Tennessee refused to do so

Elections of 1866Elections of 1866

• Johnson campaigned in support of his Johnson campaigned in support of his “easy” re-admission strategy but he losses “easy” re-admission strategy but he losses and is ridiculedand is ridiculed

• Republicans now have veto-proof Congress Republicans now have veto-proof Congress and control of Reconstruction policyand control of Reconstruction policy

– Radicals and moderate Republicans disagree Radicals and moderate Republicans disagree on how to carry out Reconstruction on how to carry out Reconstruction

• Radical Republicans Radical Republicans – Led in Led in SenateSenate by by Charles SumnerCharles Sumner– Thaddeus Stevens Thaddeus Stevens led Radicals in led Radicals in HouseHouse– Wanted to change South (economically Wanted to change South (economically

and socially) using federal powerand socially) using federal power•Tried to keep South out of Union as long as Tried to keep South out of Union as long as

possible to allow Republicans to change South possible to allow Republicans to change South

• Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans – More sympathetic to views of states’ More sympathetic to views of states’

rights rights – Wanted to restrain states from abridging Wanted to restrain states from abridging

citizens’ rights but avoid federal citizens’ rights but avoid federal government in people’s lives government in people’s lives

The Anti-The Anti-Freedmen Freedmen Riot in Riot in New New Orleans, Orleans, 1866 1866 showed showed need for need for military military occupatiooccupationn

Reconstruction by Sword not the voteReconstruction by Sword not the vote• March 2, 1867 – March 2, 1867 – Reconstruction Act Reconstruction Act

– Divided South into 5 military districtsDivided South into 5 military districts– Each district under command of a generalEach district under command of a general– 20K troops sent to enforce federal power 20K troops sent to enforce federal power – Temporarily disenfranchised tens of Temporarily disenfranchised tens of

thousands of former Confederates thousands of former Confederates

– ACT PUSHED BY THE RADICAL ACT PUSHED BY THE RADICAL REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS

• Congress’s conditions for readmission Congress’s conditions for readmission – States required to ratify 14States required to ratify 14thth Amendment Amendment

– State constitutions had to guarantee full State constitutions had to guarantee full voting rights for black males voting rights for black males

– Influenced by moderates, did not give Influenced by moderates, did not give freedmen land or education freedmen land or education 1515thth AmendmentAmendment

– Passed because Radicals feared Passed because Radicals feared Southern constitutions could be Southern constitutions could be amended after re-admittance to take amended after re-admittance to take vote away from blacks vote away from blacks

– Passed by Congress in 1869; ratified in Passed by Congress in 1869; ratified in 18701870

• By 1870 – all states had been readmitted By 1870 – all states had been readmitted into Union with full rights into Union with full rights

• Federal troops removed when Republican Federal troops removed when Republican governments (in South) seemed firmly in governments (in South) seemed firmly in powerpower

• But when troops left South returned to But when troops left South returned to white Democratic governmentswhite Democratic governments

• Blacks would be denied right to voteBlacks would be denied right to vote• 1877 – all federal troops left South as part 1877 – all federal troops left South as part

of “deal”of “deal”– ““solid” Democratic South would remain until solid” Democratic South would remain until

1960s 1960s

Reconstruction Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments

• The complex story of blacks gaining right to The complex story of blacks gaining right to vote vote

– Lincoln and Johnson had proposed to give Lincoln and Johnson had proposed to give blacks right to vote gradually blacks right to vote gradually

•1414thth Amendment (most important Amendment (most important Reconstruction Amendment) saw blacks Reconstruction Amendment) saw blacks as citizens but not voters (like women) as citizens but not voters (like women)

– 1867 – Republicans decided that blacks had 1867 – Republicans decided that blacks had to be given right to vote to be given right to vote

•Most Northern had outlawed black voting Most Northern had outlawed black voting before 15before 15thth Amendment also; South says Amendment also; South says North hypocritical for forcing black voteNorth hypocritical for forcing black vote

• Whites angered by former slaves’ new political Whites angered by former slaves’ new political power; attacked blacks’ and their white allies power; attacked blacks’ and their white allies – ““scalawagsscalawags” – Southerners (former ” – Southerners (former

Unionists or Whigs) who supported the North Unionists or Whigs) who supported the North over Southover South

– ““carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers” – Northerners who ” – Northerners who brought everything they owned in carpet brought everything they owned in carpet bags to come South for money and power bags to come South for money and power

• Some Southern whites used violence to Some Southern whites used violence to oppose Reconstructionoppose Reconstruction– Most well-known organization was the Ku Most well-known organization was the Ku

Klux Klan, organized in Tennessee in 1866Klux Klan, organized in Tennessee in 1866

A Warning to CarpetbaggersA Warning to Carpetbaggers

• Force Acts of 1870 and 1871Force Acts of 1870 and 1871– Passed by Congress to use federal troops Passed by Congress to use federal troops

to put down Klan to put down Klan

• Until 1960s, South openly ignored 14Until 1960s, South openly ignored 14thth and 15and 15thth Amendments Amendments

– Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses used to keep blacks from votingclauses used to keep blacks from voting

– Civil Rights movement would finally bring Civil Rights movement would finally bring reforms to education, voting and equalityreforms to education, voting and equality

• Why more Reconstruction was not done Why more Reconstruction was not done – Racism Racism – American beliefs against government American beliefs against government

interference with property rights interference with property rights – Principle of local self-government Principle of local self-government – Indifference in North to blacks’ situation Indifference in North to blacks’ situation

• Moderate Republicans underestimate Moderate Republicans underestimate effort necessary to make slaves equal in effort necessary to make slaves equal in South South

– If radical program had been passed, situation If radical program had been passed, situation for blacks might have been different for blacks might have been different

Blacks Unwanted in North and SouthBlacks Unwanted in North and South

• Tenure of Office Act Tenure of Office Act (1867) (1867) – Passed over Johnson’s vetoPassed over Johnson’s veto– Required president get approval of Required president get approval of

Senate before removing appointees Senate before removing appointees that had required approval of Senate that had required approval of Senate

•Contrary to precedent since Contrary to precedent since WashingtonWashington

– Purpose was to keep Secretary of Purpose was to keep Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in office War Edwin Stanton in office

•Appointed by Lincoln; secretly Appointed by Lincoln; secretly worked with Radicals worked with Radicals

• Early 1868 – Johnson removed Early 1868 – Johnson removed Stanton from office Stanton from office – House voted 126 to 47 to impeach House voted 126 to 47 to impeach

Johnson Johnson

• Senate tried Johnson for his crimes Senate tried Johnson for his crimes – Defense argued that Act was Defense argued that Act was

unconstitutional (Supreme Court agreed, unconstitutional (Supreme Court agreed, 58 years later) 58 years later)

• May 16, 1868 – Johnson not removed May 16, 1868 – Johnson not removed by 1 vote {needed 2/3rds to convict}by 1 vote {needed 2/3rds to convict}– 7 Republican Senators voted against 7 Republican Senators voted against

impeachment impeachment

Johnson’s Trial in the Senate was Johnson’s Trial in the Senate was hottest ticket in townhottest ticket in town

• Why impeachment failed:Why impeachment failed:– Fear of creating destabilizing precedentFear of creating destabilizing precedent

– Ben Wade, radical Republican, president Ben Wade, radical Republican, president pro temp of the Senate would become pro temp of the Senate would become president president •Vice presidency was vacant – procedure Vice presidency was vacant – procedure

had not been set up yet to choose new had not been set up yet to choose new vice president when office empty vice president when office empty

•Wade was unpopular with moderate Wade was unpopular with moderate Republicans and business communityRepublicans and business community

– Johnson (through attorney) told Johnson (through attorney) told Republicans he would stop obstructing Republicans he would stop obstructing their agenda if allowed to remain in officetheir agenda if allowed to remain in office

The Purchase of Alaska in 1867The Purchase of Alaska in 1867

• Russians want to sell AlaskaRussians want to sell Alaska– Fur production had been greatly reduced Fur production had been greatly reduced – Wanted to sell to US to strengthen US Wanted to sell to US to strengthen US

against Russia’s rival, Britain against Russia’s rival, Britain

• 1867 – US buys Alaska for $7.2 million1867 – US buys Alaska for $7.2 million– Negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward Negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward – Called “Seward’s Folly” by shortsighted critics at Called “Seward’s Folly” by shortsighted critics at

timetime

– Seward and others thought there would Seward and others thought there would be natural resources (oil, etc.) and were be natural resources (oil, etc.) and were rightright

Alaska and the Lower Forty-eight Alaska and the Lower Forty-eight States (a size comparison)States (a size comparison)