Chapter 12-Renaissance and Reformation

7/31/2019 Chapter 12-Renaissance and Reformation

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Renaissance and

Reformation, 1350-1600

The Renaissance

The Intellectual andArtistic Renaissance

The ProtestantReformation

The Spread ofProtestantism and the

Catholic Response

The Renaissance

Objectives:1.Explain why, between1350 and 1550, Italianintellectuals believedthey entered a new ageof human achievement2. Characterize city-states, which were

centers of political,economic, and sociallife in Renaissance Italy


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The Italian Renaissance

The word renaissancemeans rebirthof the

ancient Greek andRoman worlds

began in Italy andspread to the rest of

Europe

Renaissance Italy waslargely an *urban society

Within this growing urbansociety, a *secular, or

worldly, viewpoint emerged;material things came to

dominate many peoplesminds

This was the age of recoveryfrom the disasters of the 14th

century

A new view of humanbeings emerged

A high regard forhuman worth and arealization of whatindividuals could

achieve created thisnew social ideal

*Leonardo da Vinci, a

painter, sculptor,architect, inventor, andmathematician


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The churches,wealthy homes,

and publicbuildings were

decorated with artthat celebratedreligious and

secular themes, the

human body, andclassical antiquity

The Italian States

During the MiddleAges, Italy had failed to

develop a centralizedmonarchical state

city-states in northernand central Italy to

remain independent*Milan, *Venice, and

*Florence

Milan

Milan, located in northernItaly at the cross roads of the

main trade routes fromItalian coastal cities to theAlpine passes, was one of

the richest city-states in Italy

*Francesco Sforza became

one of its important leaders

*mercenaries were usedextensively


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Venice

Another major northernItalian city-state was the

republic of Venice

Officially Venice was arepublic with an elected

leader called a Doge

Venices trade empire wastremendously profitable and

made Venice aninternational power

Florence

The republic of Florencedominated the region of

Tuscany

In 1434, *Cosimo de Medicitook control of the city

*Lorenzo de Medici, hisgrandson, dominated the

city at a time when Florencewas the the cultural center

of Italy

The Italian Wars

The growth of powerfulmonarchical states in therest of Europe eventually

led to trouble for the Italianstates

French king Charles VIII,conquest of southern Italy

Spanish king Charles I

The sack of Rome in 1527


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Machiavelli and the New

Statecraft

*Niccolo Machiavelli, The

Prince

The central argument: how to

acquire and keep political

power

How rulers ought to behave

based on human nature, not onChristian principles

A prince acts on behalf of the

state, not his conscience

Renaissance Society

In the MiddleAges, society wasdivided into three

estates

Changes occurredin the following

centuries

The Nobility

Nobles were faced withdeclining incomes duringthe greater part of the the14th and 15th centuries

By this time, the noble, oraristocrat, was expected to

fulfill certain ideals

The Book of the Courtier,

Italian BaldassareCastiglione


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Character, grace, andtalent

Perform military andphysical exercises

To gain a classicaleducation and enrich his

life with arts

The aim of the perfectnoble was to serve his

prince in a effective andhonest way

The Intellectual and

Artistic Renaissance

Objectives:1. Discuss humanismthe most importantintellectual movementassociated with theRenaissance2. Identify the greatartists and sculptorsproduced by the

Renaissance, such asMichelangelo, Raphael,and Leonardo da Vinci


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Italian Renaissance

Humanism

Secularism and an emphasis

on the individual

characterized the

Renaissance

A key intellectual movement

of the Renaissance was

*humanism

Humanism was based on

the study of the classics, the

literary works of ancient

Greece and Rome

*Petrarch, the father ofItalian Renaissance

humanism, did more than

any other individual inthe 14th century

Emphasis on using pureclassical Latin, not

medieval church Latin

Humanists rejectedfamily and a life of action

Vernacular Literature

Some writers wrote inthe vernacular

In the 14th century, theliterary works of the

Italian author *Dante,the English author

Geoffrey Chaucer, andthe FrenchwomanChristine de Pizan


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Divine Comedy

The Canterbury Tales

The Book of the City of Ladies

Education in the Renaissance

The humanist movement had aprofound effect on education

At the core of humanist schoolswere the liberal studies

According to the humanists,students should study history,moral philosophy, eloquence,letters, poetry, mathematics,

astronomy, and music

Following the Greekideal of a soundmind in a soundbody, humanisteducators also

stressed physicaleducation

Its aim was not to

create great scholarsbut complete

citizens


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The Artistic

Renaissance in Italy

Renaissance artists soughtto imitate nature in their

works

They wanted onlookers tosee the reality of the

objects or events theywere portraying

New Techniques in Painting

frescospainting done on

fresh, wet plaster withwater-based paints

By mastering the laws ofperspective, which enabledhim to create the illusion of

three dimensions,Masaccio developed a new,

realistic style of painting

Sculpture and Architecture

Roman style of sculptureand realism

Cathedrals and the newItalian style

By the end of the fifteenth

century, Italian painters,sculptors, and architectscreated a new artistic

world


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Masters of the High

Renaissance

1490 - 1520, the HighRenaissance emerged

Leonardo da Vinci,Raphael, and Michelangelo

Leonardo mastered the artof realistic painting

It was Leonardos goal to

create idealized forms thatwould capture the

perfection of nature andthe individual

Raphael, VaticanPalace

School of Athens

*Michelangelos figureson the ceiling of the

Sistine Chapel in Romereveal an ideal type of

human being withperfect proportions

The Northern

Artistic Renaissance

In the north, the Gothiccathedrals with their stainedglass windows did not allow

for frescoes

Wooden panels for altarpieces

The most important northernschool of art in the 15th

century found in *Flanders

*Jan van Eyck, oil paint:Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride


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One German artistwho was greatlyaffected by the

Italians was *AlbrechtDrer

Adoration of the Magi

Drer did not reject

the use of minutedetails characteristic

of northern artists

The Protestant

Reformation

Objectives:1. Discuss the majorgoal of humanism innorthern Europe,which was to reformChristendom2. Explain how MartinLuthers religiousreforms led to theemergence ofProtestantism


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Erasmus and

Christian Humanism

The ProtestantReformation is the name

given to the religiousmovement that divided the

western Church intoCatholic and Protestant

Groups

*Martin Luther began theReformation and set the

stage for religious change

During the 15th century,new classical learning

emerged in Christianity

*Christian HumanismNorthern Renaissance

humanism

Christian humanistsbelieved in the ability ofhuman beings to reasonand improve themselves


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In order to change society,

Christian Humanist must

first change the human

beings who make it up

*Desiderius Erasmusthe

philosophy of Christ

Christianity should show

people how to live good

lives on a daily basis rather

than provide a system of

beliefs that people have to

practice to be saved

He sought toprovide education,criticize the abuses

in the Church

The Praise of Folly a critical work onChristian society

Erasmus soughtreform with theCatholic Church


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Religion on the Eve

of the Reformation

Corruption in theCatholic ChurchThe

Renaissance popes failedto meet the Churchs

spiritual needs

Concerned with Italian

politics and worldlyinterests than withspiritual matters


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Julius II, the warrior-pope personally led

armies against hisenemies

Many church officialswere also concerned

with money and used

their church offices toadvance their careersand their wealth

Collections of relics grewmore popular as a means

to *salvation

Relics were used to gainan indulgencereleasefrom all or part of the

punishment for sin

Frederick the Wise5,000relics reducing purgatory

by 1,443 years

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a

monk and a professor at

the University of

Wittenberg, in Germany,

where he lectured on the

Bible

Catholic teaching had

stressed that both faith

and good works wereneeded to gain personal

salvation


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Luther argued that onecould never do enough

good works to earnsalvation

Luther came to believethat humans are notsaved through their

good works but through

their faith

God Grants salvationbecause God is merciful

Justification byfaith alone

The Bible becamefor Luther, as for

all otherProtestants, theonly source ofreligious truth

The Ninety-Five These

Luther was greatlyupset by the wide-spread selling of

indulgences

Monk Johann Tetzelsold indulgences withthe slogan As soon as

the coin in the cofferrings, the soul frompurgatory springs


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Martin Luther sent a listof Ninety-Five Theses

(arguments) to the localbishop

Thousands of copies ofthe Ninety-five Theses

were printed and spreadto all parts of Germany

Pope Leo X did not takeLuther seriously, calling

him a drunk German

A Break with the Church

By 1520, Luther hadbegun to move toward

a more definite breakwith the Catholic

Church

Luther also attackedthe Churchs system ofsacramentskeepingonly baptism and the

Eucharist

Luther continued toemphasize his new

doctrine of salvation

The Churchexcommunicated him

in 1521

By the *Edict ofWorms, martin

Luther was made anoutlaw within the

empire


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The Rise of Lutheranism

Luthers religious movementbecame a revolution

The doctrine developed byLuther soon became known asLutheranismthe first among

the protestant faith

To him, the state and its rulerswere called by God to maintain

the peace necessary for thespread of the gospel

Politics in the German

Reformation

The fate of Luthers movement

was closely tied to political

affairs

Charles V, the Holy Roman

emperor ruled an immense

empire in Spain and its

colonies, Austrian lands,

*Bohemia, *Hungary, Milan,

and Naples

The Hapsburg dynasty

problems in his empiredistracted Charles andgave Lutherans time to

organize

The advance of theOttoman Turks into theeastern part of Charles

empire forced theemperor to send forces

to the east


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An end to religious warfarein Germany came in 1555

with the peace of Augsburg

The German states werenow free to choose between

Catholicism andLutheranism

Subjects could not choosetheir own religion, onlyGerman rulers chose the

faith of their region

The Spread of Protestantism and

the Catholic Response

Objectives:1. Summarize thedifferent forms ofProtestantism thatemerged in Europeas the Reformationspread2. Summarize thereligious rebirth ofthe CatholicChurch


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With the Peace ofAugsburg, the

ideal of Christianunity was forever

lost

Even unityamong

Protestants wasfractured

The Zwinglian

Reformation

*Ulrich Zwingli was a

priest in *Zrich

Relics and images were

abolished. All paintings

and decorations were

removed form the churches

and replaced by

whitewashed walls

scripture reading, prayer,

and sermons replaced the

Catholic mass

Zwingli could not agreewith Luther on the

meaning of theEucharist (Communion)

His enemies killed him,cut up his body, andburned the pieces,scattered the ashes

Leadership passed to*John Calvin


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Calvin and Calvinism

In 1536, John Calvin wroteInstitutes of the Christian Faith,

a summary of Protestantthought

Calvin and Luther agreed onmost doctrines

Calvin emphasized the all-powerful nature of Godthepower, grace, and glory of

God

Calvin alsoemphasized the idea of

*predestinationtheeternal decreethatGod determined in

advance who would besaved and who would

be damned

This in turn made hisfollowers determinedto spread their faith

In 1536, Calvin beganworking on reform the

city of *Genevaaccording to his

theological principles

Citizens were punishedfor various crimes

such as dancing, sining,

obscene songs,drunkenness, swearing,

and playing cards


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Calvinism hadreplaced Lutheranismas the most importantand dynamic form of

Protestantism

The Reformation in

England

The English Reformation

was rooted in politics,not religion. King HenryVIII wanted to divorcehis first wife, Catherineof Aragon and marry

Anne Boleyn

The Pope refused togrant him an annulment

The Act of Supremacy of1534 declared that the kingwas taken, accepted, andreputed the only supreme

head on earth of theChurch of England

In matters of doctrine,Henry remained close toCatholic teachingshe

just wanted England andhis throne independent of

the Pope

Th A b ti t


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The Anabaptists

Reformers such as Lutherhad allowed the state toplay an important role in

church affairs

To the Anabaptists, thetrue church was a

community of adultsbelievers who chose to

follow Christ

Adult baptism separatedthem from all others

They considered all believers

to be equal, a belief they

based on the accounts of early

Christian communities

Anabaptists refused to hold

political office or bear arms

Their political beliefs caused

the Anabaptists to be

regarded as dangerous

radicals who threatened the

very fabric of sixteenth-

century society

The Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Church alsohad a revitalization in the

16th century

The Catholic Reformationwas supported by threechief pillars: the Jesuits,

reform of the papacy, andthe council of Trent


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The Society of Jesus, theJesuits, was founded by

the Spanish nobleman*Ignatius of Loyota

Jesuits used education tospread their message

Jesuit missionaries

restored Catholicism toparts of Germany and

eastern Europe


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A Reform Commission in

1537, issued by Pope Paul

III, blamed the Churchs

problems on the corrupt

policies of the pope

The Council of Trent met for

18 yearsconfirmed that

both faith and good works

were necessary for salvation

The selling of indulgences

was forbidden

Chapter 12-Renaissance and Reformation

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