BTLEW Lesson 1- Your College Years Part Four ENTER.

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Lesson 1- Your College Years

Part FourPart Four

ENTER

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I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III.Word Building

IV. Grammar

Language Language StudyStudy

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I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:

1. affection

2. affirm

3. apply

4. capability

5. contribute

6. counsel

7. distinct

15. inhibition

16. involve

17. observe

18. occur

19. perceive

20. project

21. shrink

8. endeavor

9. endowment

10. ethical

11. excessive

12. handle

13. inherit

14. interpret

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study1. affection

n. a gentle feeling of love and caring

Examples:

Every mother has/feels affection toward her

children.

He is held in great affection.

affectionate a.

He looks at her with affectionate looks.

cf:

affectation

n. 矫饰

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. affirm

v. to declare (usually again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings

Examples: affirm one’s judgment/innocence affirm sth. to sb. affirm that it is true

affirmative a. affirmative reply/nod/reaction

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study

3. apply

v. a. to make a formal and usually written request for a job, position, etc. b. to use a method, law, principle, etc. in a particular situation c. to affect or concern sb. or sth. d. to bring sth. into nearness or contact with sth.

Examples

To be continued on the next page.

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She is applying for a scholarship.

We should apply what we have learned to

practice.

Not all natural laws can apply to human society.

Apply some of this ointment to the swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone.

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4. capability

n. the natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth.

Examples:

He has the capabilities of solving/to solve

practical problems.

It’s quite above his capabilities.

Cf:ability

capacityfaculty


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ability

the power to do sth. well acquired naturally or by learning

More examples

capacity

ability to hold, contain, or learn

faculty

a special ability


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He has the ability to do the work, but he’s too lazy and won’t do it.

The book is within the reading capacity of young readers.

The auditorium has a seating capacity of 300 people.

He has a faculty for painting.

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5. contribute

v. a. to join with others in giving help, money, etc. b. to help to cause or produce Examples:

contribute food and clothing for the refugees

contribute to the Red Cross

Exercises contribute to one’s health.

Drinking contributed to his ruin.

Cf:distributeattribute


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distribute v. to give things to a large number of people; spread sth. over an area

distribute pictures among childrendistribute magazines to subscribersdistribute manure over a field

attribute n. a quality or feature of sb./sth. v. to say or believe that sth. is the result of a particular thing

Politeness is an attribute of a gentleman.He attributes his success to hard work.

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6. counsel

v. (fml.) to advise n. advice; opinion; suggestion

Examples:

counsel care in the forthcoming negotiation

He counseled their giving up/to give up

the plan.

counsellor n. adviser; lawyer

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7. distinct

a. a. clearly different or belonging to a different type b. easily seen, understood; plain

Examples:

Silk is distinct from rayon.

They are similar in form but distinct in kind.

There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation.

He is at a distinct advantage in the competition.

Cf:distinctive

Word formation

n. distinction

ad. distinctly


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distinctive

a. serving to mark a difference or make distinct

Example:

Soldiers wear a distinctive uniform.

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8. endeavor

v. (fml.) to try very hard n. (fml.) effort; attempt

Examples:

He endeavored to calm himself down but

in vain.

His endeavors to persuade her to go with him failed.

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9. endowment

n. a. a quality or ability that someone has naturally b. money, property, etc. given to provide an income

Examples:

They are men of great endowments.

The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have numerous endowments.

Word formation

v. endow


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endow

Examples:

She is endowed with both beauty and brains.

That hospital is privately endowed.

v. a. to possess naturally, be born with b. to give a college, hospital, etc. a large sum of money that will provide it with an income

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10. ethical

a. connected with principles of what is right and what is wrong

Examples:

an ethical principle

an ethical basis for education

Cf:

ethnic


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ethnic

a. a. of race or the races of mankind b. (colloq.) of a particular cultural group

Examples:

ethnic clothes/food/music/restaurants

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study 11. excessive

a. much more than is reasonable or necessary Examples:

excessive rainfall

excessive charges

excess n.

an excess of enthusiasm

That is a city with a population in excess of

two million.

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12. handle

v. a. to touch, lift or turn with the hands b. to operate with the hands c. to manage, control or cope with d. to buy and sell

Examples:This box contains delicate china. Please handle with care.This computer is easy to handle.


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We have to handle the relationship between our two countries carefully.

This shop does not handle imported goods.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study 13. inherit

v. to receive (genetic characters) from one’s

parents Examples:

inherit money/estate/title

She inherited her mother’s good looks and her

father’s bad temper.

n. inheritance

n. heritage

Word formation


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I.I. Word StudyWord Studyinheritance n. the money, property, etc. that you receive from sb. when they die; the fact of receiving sth. when sb. dies

She spent all her inheritance in a year. n. sth. from the past or from your family that affects the way you behave, look, etc.

our artistic/cultural inheritanceheritage n. the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character

national/cultural heritage

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study14. interpret

v. a. to make clear the meaning of (either in words or by artistic performance)

b. to consider to be the meaning of c. to give an immediate oral translation of

Examples:

interpret a difficult passage in a book

We interpreted his silence as a refusal.

Will you interpret for the foreign visitors?

Word formation

n. interpreter

n. interpretation

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study15. inhibition

n. (psych.) a feeling of worry or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want to

Example:Wine weakens a person’s inhibitions.

inhibit v. to hinder; to restrain

inhibit sb. from doing sth.

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16. involve v. a. to include as a necessary part or result b. to affect

Word formation

a. involved

n. involvementExamples:

All reforms involve certain tasks.

The building of the dam involved

relocating almost one million people.

You have to involve every country in the

fight against global warming.

He was deeply involved in the scandal.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study17. observe

v. a. to see or notice; watch carefully b. to say by way of comment

Examples:

The accused was observed trying to force the

lock of the door.

Some scientists observed that global warming is not necessarily related to human activities.

Word formation

n. observation

a. observant

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study18. occur

v. a. to happen b. to come into one’s mind suddenly

Examples:

Over the years many floods have occurred in that area.

It occurred to him that there was a better

way to do it.

I guess it never occurred to him to put aside

some money for a rainy day.

Word formation

n. occurrence

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study19. perceive

v. (fml.) to become aware of, esp. through the eyes or the mind Examples:

Musicians can perceive small differences in sounds.

He gradually perceived that language and culture can’t be separated.

Word formation

n. perception

a. perceptive

a. perceptible

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study20. project

v. a. to plan b. to cause a shadow, an outline, etc. on a surface c. to present sb./sth./yourself to other people in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression

project a dam/a new canalproject a picture on a screenproject the future roles as men or women

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study21. shrink

v. a. to make or become smaller, esp. through wetting b. to move back; show unwillingness to do sth.

Examples:

Will this shirt shrink in the wash?Car sales have been shrinking recently.A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.

Cf:

contract


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I.I. Word StudyWord Studycontract

v. to make or become smaller or shorter;

make or become tighter or narrower

Metals contract as they become cool.

contract one’s muscles/the brows/forehead

The end of Word Study.

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List:

1. be equal to

2. dawn on/upon

3. drag one’s feet

4. for certain

5. freedom/free from

6. go through

7. in turn

8. in/with relation to

9. in a different light

10. independent from/of

11. stand back

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions

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v. to be just as good as; have strength, courage, ability etc. for sth.Examples:

Many of our products are equal to the best in the world.

It is ridiculous to think one race is not equal to another because it has a different skin color.

He is equal to doing this task.

1. be equal to


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v. to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind

Examples:The truth began to dawn on him.

It suddenly dawned on me that there was another thing that contributed to their economic success.

Cf: It occurs to sb. that…

2. dawn on/upon


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v. (figurative usage) to delay deliberately

Examples:

The local authorities are dragging their feet closing these coal mines.

I can understand why they are dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that it will affect their personal interests.

3. drag one’s feet


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ad. certainly; definitely; no doubt

Examples:He is probably an accountant. I don’t know for certain.

I can’t say for certain how much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand yuan.

4. for certain


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no longer having sth. you do not want

Examples:The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom from hunger.

An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppression.

5. freedom/free from


Cf:

freedom of


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freedom from taxation

freedom of press/speech


More examples


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“We look forward to a world founded upon essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want… everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear… anywhere in the world. “

—Franklin D. Roosevelt

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1) to be passed or approved

The Bill did not go through.

6. go through


2) to be concluded

The deal did not go through. 3) to discuss in detail

Let’s go through the arguments again.


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4) to search

The police went through the pockets of the suspected thief.


5) to complete

Let’s go through the exercises. 6) to undergo; suffer

He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through.

To be continued on the next

page.

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7) to consume; use up

It did not take Albert very long to go through his inheritance.


Cf:

pull through

8) to continue firmly to the end

Knowing full well the difficulties the work involved, they were still determined to go through with it.


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1) to make sth. or sb. through by pullingThe eye of the needle is too small and I can’t pull the thread through.

pull through


2) to survive a difficult or dangerous situationThat newly liberated country is going to have a rough time, but it will pull through.

3) to recover or help to recover from illnessHe was badly injured in the accident, but the doctors made every effort to pull him through.

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in successionExample:

The candidates were summoned in turn to see the examiner.

Put the following sentence into English: 理论的基础是实践又反过来服务于实践。

7. in turn


Theory is based on practice and in turn serves

practice.

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as regards; concerning

Examples:

I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.

The project was outlined with relation to

available funds.

8. in/with relation to


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in a different way

Examples:

After I took that course, I began to see the

world in a different light.

What he did made us see him in a different

light.

9. in a different light


More examples


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He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design in the light of the requirements of customers.

in the light of after considering (sth.)


shed/throw a new light on to make sth. clearer; provide new information

These facts shed a new light on the matter.

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not dependent on or controlled by other persons or things

Examples:If you have a car, you are independent from/of trains and buses.

That’s an objective law independent from/of man’s will.

Cf: Promotion is dependent on/upon one’s record of success.

10. independent from/of


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1) to stand to the rearThe child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog.

11. stand back


2) to distance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge betterSometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business to grasp the wider pattern of events.


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3) to withdraw or retreat from making discussions, influencing events, etc.

She ran the family and her husband stood back.

These were vital discussions from which he couldn’t afford to stand back.

The end of Phrases and Expressions.

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III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:

1. Prefix–de, pro

2. Root–ject, volv, gen

3. Suffix–ogy, al

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III.III. Word BuildingWord Building

definitedefinite

prefix

de- 向下，减少，除去，离开，否定

decrease

degrade

devalue

decolour

desalt

decompose

decentralize

decelerate

减少使降级使降值漂白除去盐分使分解使分散使减速


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definitedefiniteroot

-fin(i)-, -finit- 结束，界限

confine

define

definite

finite

infinite

infinity

semifinal

affinity

限制，禁闭下定义；规定明确的；限定的有限的无限的无限，无穷大半决赛（的）密切关系；共鸣


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projectproject

prefix

pro- 向前；支持；代理

proceed

progress

project

promote

propel

provoke

pro-British

pro-consul

前进；着手进步投射促进推进激怒，招惹亲英派的代理领事

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projectprojectroot

-jac(t)-, -ject- 投，射

abject

adjacent

deject

eject

inject

object

projective

subject

凄惨的，可怜的毗邻的，邻近的使沮丧，使气馁逐出，排斥注射，注入反对投影的，突出的使服从，使遭受


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involveinvolveroot

-volv-, -volut- 旋转

evolve

involve

revolve

intervolve

devolve

evolution

revolution

voluble

发展，演化包缠，包含（使）旋转缠绕；使互卷转移，移交（工作，职务）旋转革命易旋转的；健谈的


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geneticgeneticroot

-gen-, -generat- 生（殖）

generate

genetic

genital

genius

ingenious

congenial

eugenic

progenitor

使发生，产生遗传学的生殖的天才机灵的同族的，同类的，相宜的优生学的祖先

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III.III. Word BuildingWord Buildingpsychologypsychology

suffix

-ogy- 学（科）

zoology

geology

ecology

sociology

biology

archeology

physiology

psychology

动物学地理学生态学社会学生物学考古学生理学心理学


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III.III. Word BuildingWord Buildingparentalparental

suffix -al ······ 的（形容词后缀）

organizational

occupational

environmental

experimental

conversational

educational

natural

cultural

personal

The end of Word Building.

organizational skills

occupational disease

environmental protection

experimental work

conversational style

educational policy

natural selection

cultural gap

personal preference

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IV.IV. GrammarGrammarObject Object

Definition: An object is the recipient of an action which often follows a transitive verb or a preposition. What can function as object are nouns, pronouns, numerals, infinitive phrases, gerund, noun clauses, etc.

Example: Do you know where he lives?

“Where he lives“ is the objective clause of “know”.


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During this time, students… are endeavoring to find out who they are and what their strengths and weakness are.

an infinitive phrase used as the object of the verb

ObjectObject

IV.IV. GrammarGrammar


RelatedGrammatical Points

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affordattemptarrangebegchooseclaimdaredecidedecline

Verbs that are often followed by an infinitive Verbs that are often followed by an infinitive phrase as object:phrase as object:



determineexpectfailintendlongmanageofferseekundertake

to do to do

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At the same time, these young adults are learning how to give and receive affection in the adult world.

wh-word plus an infinitive phrase used as an object of the verb

ObjectObject



RelatedGrammatical Points

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askconsiderdecidediscoverdiscussexplainfind outforget

Verbs that are often followed by wh-word plus an inVerbs that are often followed by wh-word plus an infinitive phrase as object:finitive phrase as object:



inquireknowlearnshowtellunderstandwonderundertake

when/where/why/who/whom/how/whether… to do

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Hoffman observed that there are four distinct aspects to psychological separation from our parents.

ObjectObject



“that” clause used as the object of a verb

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All the student should be aware of how they react to new knowledge and new ways of learning…

“how” clause used as the object of a preposition

ObjectObject



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Will there be a painting a reasonably sensitive man can look at without shuddering?

a gerund used as the object of a preposition

ObjectObject



More examples

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admitavoidconsiderdelaydenyescapeexcusefancyimagine

Verbs that are often followed by a gerund Verbs that are often followed by a gerund as object:as object:



mindmissdislikepermitpostponepracticerisksuggestundertake

-ing -ing

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amount tobe up tobe equal tocut down onfeel likegive uplook forward toobject toput offstand up to…

Phrases that are often followed by a gerund Phrases that are often followed by a gerund as object:as object:



-ing

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He was lucky to escape being sent to prison.

the passive of a gerund used as the object of a verb

ObjectObject


The end of Grammar.

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BTLEW Lesson 1- Your College Years Part Four ENTER.

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