Bruce DePalma

7/27/2019 Bruce DePalma

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Bruce DePalmahttp://depalma.pair.com

In loving memory 1935-1997

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http://depalma.pair.com/http://depalma.pair.com/


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1. The Absurdity of Knowledge

A collection of papers by Bruce DePalma

1.1 ON THE NATURE OF THE PRIMORDIAL FIELD

27 February 1997

The description of the Primordial Field is imaginary but that is precisely why it is

correct. The best instrument for the exploration of this question is the human mind.

The representation of reality within our conscious persona is constructed out of the

myriad chemical reactions to the sensory stimuli of "external reality". On this basis

the sensory image is living and we could speculate the external reality was non-

living unless we knew the self-evident proposition that all reality was alive.

Nothing could exist unless the organizing force were more powerful than destructive

& dissipative effects. Consequentially we can view the organizing force as

transcendent and that destruction and dissipation are facets of the constructive

energy.

The most profound manifestation of the creative force in material form are the

thoughts and ideas. Thoughts and ideas are modifiers in the direction and

application of Force. We arrive at the idea that the primordial field is a field of pure

Force.

The detection of an isotropic field consists of distorting it and noting the force

isotropys.

On the highest level of abstraction Force is Intelligence; consequently the primordial

field is intelligent. Within the limits imposed by the capability of my human mind

reality exists as it is. Its architecture is beyond the scope of my discovery.

Nevertheless that architecture forms a basis for the positing and asking of

questions. A dialogue of questions and answers, the field of a design for Physics. Aslong as we remain rational, 'it' remains rational.

The primordial field has all known properties. We understand its force nature

through experiments with charged capacitors, magnets, and gravity. In every case,

a distortion of the primordial field results in an unbalanced force.

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Apparently the primordial field has certain mechanical characterizations which allow

for the propagation of 'waves'. Mechanical characteristics mandate the possibilities

of discrete 'particles'. Both characteristics exist simultaneously. The measuring

instrument asks the question, the Universe provides the answer.

Consequently, in the Universe of the primordial field the Nature or origin of the fieldis unknown being beyond the conception of the minds which are examining it.

The human mind or body is a materialization of an implied tendency in the body of

space. Consequently man can never know his source because only in the

downstream of time is the material manifestation formed.

Can the material manifestation form more subtle connections than itself? Can you

have more subtle thoughts than you can think? The plenum of existence is formed

within the limitations of the human mind.

The existence of the primordial field can be proved by the manifestation of

unbalanced forces through distortion of its normally isotropic condition, i.e. by

electricity, magnetism or gravity.

That the primordial field has certain mechanical characteristics can be shown by the

apparent propagation of waves and the existence of discrete particles.

Mathematics is a facet of the Nature of the intelligent primordial field. The

mathematics we presently use is derived from the counting of integers. This is OK

when counting marbles or money. What is the Nature of the integer? Is an integer

exactly the result of a number or are properties of counting being ignored like the

higher order precessional modes of rotation, i.e. nutation, ..., ..., etc.

Every experiment which is done qualifies and quantifies the primordial field in some

aspect.

If you want chaos you get chaos. For those of us who govern our thoughts with logic

we get logic. Actually logic and chaos are the extrema of what we know as thought.

For those of us who consider ourselves sophisticated we amuse ourselves with a

pastime called Science. This the application of logic (the self-defining reasoning

process in Nature), to Nature. This self-examination in itself has the limitation of the

manifest in attempting to describe the un-manifest.

A final thought. The primordial field is responsible for the inertia of material objects.

Without rotation the manifested inertial mass is isotropic, as is the primordial field.

With rotation anisotropy is established firstly in the existence of directions for the

inertia experiment, i.e. axial motion or motion in the plane of rotation. Apparently

there is a connection, (through time), between the manifest material object and the

primordial field. Consequently, rotation of a material object introduces spatial

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anisotropy of inertial mass measurements into the spatial region surrounding the

rotating object.

It is suggestive that magnetism, a phenomena of spatial anisotropy, could be

introduced into a normally non-magnetic material, i.e. brass, through the influence

of a field of spatial inertia anisotropy. Certain recent experiments of Monstein haveborne this out.

Although as a field it is no more primary than electricity, magnetism, or gravity, the

spatial inertial anisotropy created by a rotating object is called the OD field.

1.2 The Experiment of Existence

6 August 1996

Is God an a priori condition for the existence of reality? What is prior before prior?

The cosmic primordial field exists because it exists. I am because I am is the first

statement of God. "The T.V. screen is the retina of the mind's eye." God is exploring

the inner anatomy of himself. Dive deep into the sea of mind and find the gem of

love.

By approaching that which we seek we lose the sense of reason and bewitch our

minds. The circle is closing and we are no further ahead. God is power and with

power you have no choice. The endless bargain of infinity turns us round again.

For the sake of argument we must assume that consciousness in Nature is the

essence of the mind of God. The why of the why, the sine qua non. This reminds me

of the Platonic dialogue where, Socrates demonstrates the existence of geometric

forms, a priori, i.e. square, circle, triangle in the mind of the student, - without the

necessity for the existence of written diagrams. Socrates shows certain geometric

forms are innate in the mind, preordaining the written diagrams.

So we must accept the natural elements which are given to us as the building

blocks of our world. I would rather serve in Heaven than rule in Hell. I accept the

concepts given to me as the elementary constructions of the mind. God is trapped

in his own existence as no mere mortal can imagine. Why is this true? I have no

answer to this existence.

This presupposes I am God; but I am God. There is no separation from God for God

and his existence go together. If God were separate from his existence a new

interpretation would be possible and offers interesting possibilities.

Something from nothing is only a creative concept, it tells us nothing about the

existence of reality. The best the creative thinkers of this world have been able to

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come up with, and I include myself in that category, is that the cosmic primordial

field cannot be deduced since the logical elements of deduction, i.e. words, are in

themselves inferred natural elementary symbolisms. Since the basis of which we

are arguing is in itself a logical interpretation we are on shifting sands and our

thoughts become indeterminate, undefined.

Logic is a self-justifying system, circularities and tautologies are it's only result.

Consequently nothing can be proved by logic alone. The Universe we exist in exists

because it exists.

The same can be said for the cosmic primordial field. The question is not whether

we have to posit or deduce because it is not in the province of logic to be able to

arrive at the truth.

Truth can only be determined by experiment. The experiment of existence is

something even God cannot try. Because God is the subject of his own experiment.

The fact that this conversation is going on at all is because God is not the only

concept which fills the Universe. There is the imperfection of God which makes man

question his own desires.

1.3 The Absurdity of Knowledge

17 July 1996

I have always been interested in physics. When I went to school in the 60's I was fed

the "standard interpretation" of physical phenomena. I came to believe or accept

the ideas presented in the University and the interpretations thereof. My mind was

blown out after my initial student induced 'pot' experience. I discovered as a directperception that the flow of time was not Universal.

From this it was but a short time before I began to doubt the axioms and truisms of

science. I sensed that if the Universality of time was an incorrect doctrine, all other

scientific reasonings dependent on it were also flawed.

Of course one always searches for a "critical experiment" to prove or disprove a

scientific thought. For those of us who interest ourselves in altering Reality there

has to be a critical experiment which changes everything. Does the photon divide

itself before the double slit experiment -- so that one half goes through one slit and

the remainder through the other? If in the performance of an experiment we createa contradiction, does Reality come crashing down? Maybe only in our heads since

the map is not the territory and we can dream-up anything we want.

For those of us interested in The Pure System, this is a waste of time since it does

not address the problem of survival. If we are trapped within a system of logic there

is no way out unless we recognize certain things cannot be done, i.e. Free Energy,

Anti-Gravity, Space Travel, etc., are implicitly excluded. How do you break the spell,

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the fixation of humanity on conservation, the dividing up of the limited into the

more limited. This book is not for everybody since nobody knows what is true. We

must break the cycle of kindness and face reality.

Loosely returning to the plot. Does the Garden of Eden and the Tree of Knowledge

represent true experience?

It may not be true but it does represent something, a wild idea about the nature of

Reality, anything you want to think up and thump. In searching for a new

experiment we wonder as we wander out under the stars. I think there are certain

simple statements which can be made, i.e. we have discovered 92 natural elements

whose ores precipitate in certain naturally occurring crystallographic groups.

We can say we have discovered three naturally occurring forms of motion, linear

motion, rotation, and streptation. And that all presently existing physics books

attempting to explain all motion simply as a combination of translation and rotation

are wrong. And that might lead us into the insight that the newly recognized form of

streptoid motion might have an experimental description altogether different from

earlier mechanical descriptions of translation and rotation. Fundamental Laws:

mass, inertia, action/reaction, and conservation would alter viz the earlier

descriptions of motion generated out of the motion of non-streptating objects.

Any alteration in the conception of conservation will result either in a situation

where all machines will become less efficient (theoretically) or will exceed the 100%

efficiency level and become self-sustaining.

Once we have examined the theories of Reality we find they are all based on an

assumption. The assumption is we can talk about something if we can convert it

into something which we can understand. This is the Principle of Equivalence which

says you can talk about what you don't know just as long as it is 'equivalent' to

what you do know. Equivalence means there is no discernable test to distinguish

between. The result of Newton's tests on linear motion do not apply to streptoid

motion. There are certain machines where there are no internal changes to indicate

the flow of power through or from the machine.

The Absurdity of Knowledge relates to the fact that Knowledge is an interpretation

of reality. What was known to be true at a certain time can be replaced with "new"

knowledge resulting in a different interpretation. Peace can become war, and love

can become knowledge. The truth is that we do not understand the nature of theworld we live in. We can become what we want to become through the nature of

our thought. Of course, that could return us to the Garden of Eden, but if we again

become fascinated by the allure of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge we expel

ourselves from the peace of God's garden into the excitement of the growth and

build-up of various civilisations. Each society is based on an interpretation. And

when the limitations of that interpretation express themselves in an eventual

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devitalisation of the society so generated, the civilisation fails, and after an

interregnum is replaced by another.

The point is that civilisations in themselves are based on certain interpretations of

ideas. Eventual burn-out is because the map is not the territory. Perhaps this is an

argument for a tribal extended family to replace 'organised civilisation'. The basicquestion is: Do we want to return to the Garden of Eden? The basic injunction of

Star Trek, "May you enjoy your Reality more than our illusions," still applies.

Bruce DePalma graduated from M.I.T. in 1958. He attended graduate

school in Electrical Engineering and Physics at M.I.T. and Harvard

University. At M.I.T. he was a lecturer in Photographic Science in the

Laboratory of Dr. Harold Edgerton and directed 3-D color photographic

research for Dr. Edwin Land of Polaroid Corporation. He commenced his

work in Free Energy through his studies on the gyroscope and the nature

of motion. He invented the N-machine, a free energy electrical generator

in 1977-78. He is widely published. His recent scientific papers areavailable on the Internet. A volume of his current work will appear as: The

Absurdity of Knowledge. He resides near Auckland, New Zealand.

1.4 FREE ENERGY

The Political, Social, and Economic Implications of The N Machine / Space Power

Generator

It is said: "The whole Universe and created world is a thought in the mind of God."

- The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna

If that be the case, wouldn't He want it to be the finest show in town?

As a long time worker in the field of Free Energy physics, and the inventor of the N

machine which extracts energy from the Free Energy field of Space, sooner or later I

would have to face the political nature of progress. It is not simply enough to violate

the established laws of physics with a new experiment. (1)

We are facing at the close of the 20th century a situation unique in the history of

the world. In the past the inventor had to serve the requirements of a vital and

expanding society. The telegraph, the telephone, long distance communication, the

railroad and automobile covered the globe and finally satellite communications

making a truly global and planetary society. With the coming of the global society

the planetary Earth became a floating island in space with only resource wars on

the horizon as a foreshadowing of things to come.

Limitation of resources as opposed to development of uncharted territory poses a

new challenge to the inventor. In the case of Free Energy, it is not a case of being

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able to accomplish something which had not been done before but being able to

accomplish the same things which had been done before without consumption of

gas, coal or oil or the pollution of natural resources by exhaust fumes or combustion

by-products.

Take the case of the electric car. An automobile which could exceed the presentlyaccepted performance while not consuming or burning oil or gas - which could be

switched on before a journey and off after reaching your destination. The power unit

for such a machine would extract its energy directly from space without noise or

pollution.

With the growth of society limited by the finite planetary surface area the Space

Power Generator offers the only hope for avoidance of resource wars. In fact,

planetary renewal can be affected with the availability of unlimited non-

consumptive and non-polluting Space Power. It must be recognized that

advancement in society always means less manual labor and that finally we must

accept the condition of un-employment as the fulfillment of the nature of progressitself. A new source of energy in our society, a new prime mover, can make possible

a new kind of independence. A kind of independence for the common man where he

can take pride that he has fulfilled his role in free society and now he can make his

own life in the certainty of a new source of prime energy which can make him

independent of the feeling that he must take orders from someone else in order to

feel he has a job.

That total un-employment is the ultimate goal of capitalistic society. When all the

natural forces of Nature have been harnessed man is released from the state of

slavery. At this point politics becomes a form of state or option from which he can

launch his platform to the stars.

If energy and transportation costs were zero, society would center around quality of

life, small communities would form in which all basic life support requirements

would be met locally. Money would still be required to purchase manufactured high-

tech items and money could be earned through sale of community grown or

manufactured goods.

A political administration would be elected to provide global planetary coordination

for projects outside the scale of simple community organization. This does not imply

the necessity of a global one-world government; a loose federation of autonomous

states and countries would be sufficient.

In our present 1993 society Mammon has been elevated to the position of a god, i.e.

nothing can be accomplished without money. The challenge is to replace promises

on paper with real quality of life.

When Isaac Newton formulated his "Principia Mathematica"in the late 1600's he

violated his own admonition "Hypotheses non Fingo", "I make no hypotheses"in his

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third law of motion: "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." This

statement implies there is an "equal" and "opposite" reaction to every action. The

statements "equal" and "opposite" are in themselves an hypothesis, since every

experiment in physics would have to be tested, including experiments not yet to be

done, in the future, to substantiate the truth of such a statement. Newton's first two

laws, the law of inertia, and the law of mass, are laws of experimental observationwhich define inertia and mass and do not in themselves include a foreshadowing of

the results of those experiments, to wit equal and opposite. Einstein, whose theories

are based on the definitions of Newton's 1st and 2nd laws and the conservation

laws which grow out of the hypothesis of the third law, are in themselves a

conjecture resting on the hypothesis of equality of action and reaction.

Free Energy transduced through the reactionless self-running electric engine will

replace all other forms of internal combustion machines. Society will reformulate

itself around the new reactionless prime mover. Man and his activities will hitch

themselves to the very wheelwork of the Universe, the forces which cause the

planets to rotate and move in circular orbits around the Sun.

REFERENCES

(1) Magnetism as a Distortion of a Pre-Existent Primordial Energy Field and the

Possibility of Extraction of Electrical Energy Directly from Space, Bruce de Palma;

the proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference

(IECEC), August 4-9, 1992, Boston, Massachusetts; sponsored by The Institute of

Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).

1.5 The Secret of the Force Machine

29 April 1995

In the analysis of Free Energy machines it is shown that spatial distortion created to

elicit electrical power extraction or anti-gravitational effects, results in the

appearance of physical forces in the apparatus. The physical forces which appear

represent the tangible counterpoise of the spatial distortion.

1.5.1 Anti-gravitational Effects

When a real mechanical object, a flywheel, is rotated, forces appear, the centripetal

forces of rotation within the material of the flywheel. These forces are the

counterpoise to the spatial distortion created by the centripetal acceleration applied

to the mass elements of the rotating wheel. Although these forces are not available

for explicit measurement, their presence is evidenced when the wheel is rotated at

a high enough speed such that the forces exceed the tensile strength of the

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flywheel material and an explosion results. The interesting phenomenon is that no

work is required to maintain these forces at arbitrarily high values.

The gravitational field of the Earth is a spatial distortion occasioned by the presence

of mass. The weight of an object is measured by a scale under a condition of

constraint, i.e. no motion, and represents the degree of spatial distortion at thepoint of measurement.

Objects in free fall are not acted on by Newtonian forces, consequently their rate of

"fall" is subordinated to rate of influx of the gravitational flow. A hydro-electric

power station extracts energy from the gravitational energy flow.

Gravitational energy is a flow not a force which distinguishes it from Newtonian

forces arising from the acceleration of masses. Reasoning by analogy with electrical

Free Energy machines within which forces are manifested proportionally as a

counterpoise to the degree of spatial distortion required to elicit a certain level of

output electrical power, we can hypothesize that to paddle upstream in the

gravitational flow a mechanical Free Energy machine would also manifest within

itself such a force counterpoise.

Thus to generalize we can say that in the class of machines known as Free Energy

machines the mode of such apparatus, either in the mechanical or electrical form, is

such that the principle of operation is expressible as an equivalence between the

explicitly manifested mechanical force counterpoise and the power output of the

machine whether it be mechanical, electrical, or other.

The gravitational flow represents mechanical power, because power can only be

extracted from a flow of power. If the mechanical power output of a machine

exceeds the gravitational power flow in the region of its operation then a force will

be developed in the direction opposite to the gravitational flow and an anti-

gravitational effect will be demonstrated.

Actually what is connoted as gravitational power flow and mechanical power output

derived from Free Energy anti-gravitational apparatus is Time-Energy. This subject

is discussed in other of my writings, reference (1).

The archetypal gravitational engine or Free Energy machine is a combination of two

counter-rotating gyroscopes with axles parallel and rotors co-planar. The original

Force Machine was constructed in 1971, figure (1). The total weight of the

apparatus was 276 lbs. The "active" mass at the rim of the flywheels was 10 lbs.

The assembly was suspended from a spring scale and the gyroscopes driven

counter-rotating at 7600 r.p.m. Under these conditions the support cylinder was

driven at 4 r.p.s. to precess the gyros. A consistent set of experiments repeatably

showed 4 - 6 lbs. of weight loss. Although thousands of pounds of force were

developed, expressed as tension and compression in the walls of the support

cylinder, none of this could appear as torque in the precessional axis due to the

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geometry of the machine. Precession more rapid than 4 r.p.s. caused fracture of the

tool steel gyro support axles. It is easy to see how the machine design could be

improved by mounting both gyros on the same axle and supporting the developed

precessional forces by one rotor bearing directly on the other. Other mechanical

improvements would greatly increase the achievable anti-gravitational effect.

Figure (2).

The important observation is that in a Free Energy anti-gravitational Force Machine,

essentially no input mechanical power to the precessional axis is required in the

manifestation of arbitrarily large forces in the walls of the gyro support cylinder.

From the point of view of physics we can say there is an equivalence between the

force explicitly developed in the walls of the machine and the mechanical, time-

energy, power produced. Thus in this machine we have in operation a Force -

Energy equivalence paradigm of great power. In contrast, the consumptive physics

now in vogue can only offer a Work - Energy paradigm expressed in machines which

are said to "convert" raw materials into energy.

1.5.2 Electrical Force Machines

The N-machine

In the construction of an electrical machine analogous to the mechanical Force

Machine use is made of the phenomenon of the Faraday disc. It is known that in

electrical machines consisting of a conducting disc rotated proximate and co-axial

to the magnetic pole of an axially suspended magnet, figure (3), no reaction torques

are transmitted from the driven or driving disc to the magnet supplying the exciting

field. Attachment of the conducting disc to the magnet itself and co-rotation of disc

and magnet elicit an electrical potential between the center and outer edge of the

conducting disc. Electrical power at a high degree of efficiency exceeding the

electro-mechanical equivalent of work may be drawn from this apparatus, (N-

machine).

When the N-machine was originally disclosed to the public, ref. (2), (3), careful

testing revealed output electrical power exceeding equivalent input mechanical

power by 5 - 7.7:1. Theoretical considerations derived from experiments with the

mechanical Force Machine would lead one to expect that power could be extracted

from such a machine almost free, i.e. electrical power could be extracted without

any drag being reflected on the source of driving energy. Many other experimentersattempted to "improve" on the original design. In most cases however while overall

efficiency was greater than unity it rarely exceeded 2:1. What was forgotten was

the withdrawal of electrical energy in itself created a spatial distortion which

interfered with the action of the machine by creating drag.

The high efficiency of the "Sunburst" prototype was due to partial compensation of

field distortion created by current withdrawal. With reference to figure (4), the

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magnetic field created in the rotating current collecting disc was partially cancelled

by current flow in the opposite direction in a fixed conducting plate, situated as

close to the rotating disc as the thickness of the brush assembly would allow.

Indicated schematically in the drawing. An improved machine would position a fixed

compensation plate as close to the rotating disc as physically possible. Thus current

withdrawal would cause the minimum distortion of the exciting magnetic field. Inthis case almost totally free power would be obtained.

The double machine of figure (5) shows an almost ideal configuration where

compensation for the spatial distortion of current withdrawal as well as doubling of

voltage output is accomplished by contra-rotating magnetized rotors supported on a

single shaft. There is a striking similarity between this construction of an N machine

space power generator and the suggested twin counter-rotating gyroscopes

mounted on a single shaft as an anti-gravitational mechanical space power

generator. It is suggested that a mechanical space power generator is converted

into an electrical space power generator simply by magnetization of the gyroscopic

rotators.

In terms of the Force - Energy paradigm the constrained repulsive force generated

between the contra-rotating magnets upon the withdrawal of current represents a

measure of the electrical power output of the machine. In the anti-gravitational

space power machine the torques created in the precession of the counter-rotating

gyroscopes, absorbed one upon the other are representative of the anti-

gravitational effect.

1.5.3 Force - Energy

On the basis of the geometry of both the electrical and mechanical force machines

there should be no drag or resistance to precession of the counter-rotating

gyroscopes or contra-rotation of the magnetic rotors. Force - Energy equivalence

relates to the relationship of internally generated constrained forces and space

power output. What we would call efficiency would relate to the work input to these

machines, i.e. torque x angular velocity compared with the space power output.

Space power is developed out of distortion of the normally isotropic space, the

amount of distortion being represented by the reflected internally constrained

forces explicitly developed in these machines. As yet there is no measure of space

power expressed mechanically as an anti-gravitational effect. Electrically developedspace power can be measured in watts. Consequently the efficiency of an electrical

space power generator can be expressed as electrical watts output divided by the

electrical equivalent of mechanical power required to rotate the magnets.

On the basis of present understandings of electrical and mechanical forces, the

geometries of both the mechanical and electrical space power machines allow of

none of the internally constrained forces developed to appear in the drive axis.

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Consequently space power should be developed as totally free mechanical or

electrical energy.

Measurements on practical machines however do show drag to be present. Because

one torque is neutralized by an equal and opposite mechanical torque or a force of

electrical repulsion is constrained by an equal and opposite mechanical force doesnot mean that the space in which the neutralization occurs is returned to its original

state of isotropicity. I have given a great deal of consideration to this situation.

1.5.4 Defect of Forces

In the conservative physics of the work-energy paradigm the thermodynamic law of

Equi-partition of energy gives some insight of the energy coupling of orthogonal

modes of mechanically interpreted systems. In the physics of energies elicited

through spatial distortion of the cosmic primordial field a useful idea is the concept

of Defect of Forces which can help us understand the properties of situations whose

neutrality is achieved by the balancing of equal and opposing similarly derivedforces.

The idea is that when a force is manifested as a counterpoise to an experimentally

created spatial distortion, i.e. the forces existing in the body of a rotating flywheel,

mutually constrained precessional torques or the balancing of electromagnetic

distortions by the superposition of equal and opposite vector fields; the manifested

force is not perfect.

A perfect force by definition possesses only magnitude and direction. A real force

manifested as a counterpoise to a condition of spatial distortion has a magnitude, a

direction, and something else. The something else would be a property ofimperfection common to the universal manifestation of what we know as Reality.

The philosophical treatment of the innate imperfection of Reality is beyond the

scope of this paper. Suffice it to say, in a physical sense, the defect of forces is a

real entity and is the property held in common by all manifested forces, and

represents a possible mode of coupling between them. For example an explanation

for the phenomena of inertia can be developed out of the coupling of atomic and

nuclear forces to the balance of the mass in the Universe through the mechanism of

defect of forces.

The defect of forces exists, yet is unquantifiable except in terms of itself and has no

known properties in terms of things that exist. Its existence is non-existence yet it is

held in common with all things that exist. I posit that defect is connected and is

responsible for the phenomenon of inertia.

In terms of this paper I posit the drag which appears in the drive axis of orthogonal

machines is a coupling of the force counterpoise of the created spatial distortion

into the drive axis through the mechanism of connectivity of defect.

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1.5.5 Summary

Force - Energy equivalence is a simple expression that in what I call orthogonal

machines a force is manifested proportional to the degree of created spatial

distortion. The primordial cosmic field is pure energy, consequently distorting it to

obtain a polarization from which power is drawn can make available an arbitrarilylarge quantity of energy. The energy available is limited more by the mechanism of

extraction than the cosmic field.

The idea of efficiency applies to the particular configuration of mechanically

realizable extraction apparatus. Force - Energy is a way of characterization of the

degree of spatial distortion achievable with mechanical apparatus. Defect of forces

is a concept to explain why free energy machines are not infinitely efficient. It is

also proposed as a mechanism to explain the phenomena of inertia.

The machines we construct are almost infinitely puny in comparison to the energy

released from the cosmic field observed in the super-nova. The ideas of spatialdistortion, Force - Energy equivalence, and defect of forces may open our eyes

somewhat to the latent and omnipresent power and majesty of the universe.

1.5.6 Addendum

It is constructive to consider the interpretation of familiar phenomena from the

viewpoint of Free Energy. Distortion of the cosmic energy field by the presence of

mass evokes the gravitational flow of time energy. The measure of the created

spatial distortion is the force counterpoise known as weight.

Distortion of the primordial field by a rotating flywheel or gyroscope evokes the odfield of inertial anisotropy. In this case the force counterpoise is not explicitly

available but nonetheless exists centripetally expressed within the body of the

rotating object.

In the interpretation of stellar phenomena the gravitational flow into matter could

result in the liberation of heat. Denser matter would increase in temperature. The

liberation of energy in stars could result simply because of their mass. As stars

became more dense because of gravitational accretion of mass more energy would

be liberated. Under gravitational pressure matter itself might have various stages of

collapse.

The first stage of collapse could precipitate from the cosmic field energy sufficient

to cause a Nova. A second state of collapse could precipitate a Super-Nova. A

normal stable star would operate in a density range where matter would retain its

identity in terms of the series of known elemental configurations. The collapsed

matter stages of the nova or super-nova can only be hypothesized and probably

would not be available for study under terrestrial conditions.

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The important observation is that the explosion of a star is analogous to the

explosion of a flywheel when rotated at sufficient speed such that its internal

cohesion is neutralized by a superabundance of time energy precipitated from the

cosmic field. In this case the invocation is rotation. For stars the invocation is mass

density and the perceived effect is the gravitational flow. What the rotating flywheel

and the star have in common is that an explosion can occur when the internalenergy exceeds the forces of material cohesion. A long and useful life results when

the density of energy invoked from the cosmic field is less than that required for the

disruption of the elemental materials from which they are constructed.

1.5.7 References DePalma, "On the Nature of Electrical Induction", 28 July 1993, Nova

Astronautica, vol. 14, number 59, 1994; Magnets, vol. 7, number 8, August

1993; New Energy News, vol. 1, number 6, October 1993.

DePalma, N-machine D.C. Generator, 24 March 1978, drawing available from

B. E. DePalma, Private Bag 11, Papakura, South Auckland, New Zealand.

Kincheloe, Homopolar "Free Energy" Generator Test, presented at 1986

meeting of the Society for Scientific Exploration, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A., 21

June 1986, revised 1 February 1987. Contains references to earlier DePalma

papers re N-machine

1.5.8 Diagrams 1 - 5

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18 July 1995

That is ScienceBruce DePalma

It is well known that geometrical optics is a mathematical technique for the

design of lenses. Using this theoretical construct diffraction limitedoptical systems may be fabricated. The important point is that diffractionlimited optical systems are limited by the properties of light. The generalinference is that the theoretical construct is correct because what can bedesigned and fabricated is limited by the natural properties of that which isoperated upon by the system. In this case a further refinement in thetheoretical construct would not lead to an increase in the resolution of adiffraction limited system.

The question to be asked is: would further refinement in theoreticalexpressions of electromagnetic forces lead to any improvement in electro-magnetic devices? The other area of concern is in conceptualizations. Is itproper to attribute to the (model of) the electron the results of disparate

experiments, i.e. charge, mass, radius, magnetic moment, "spin". Is anelectric current the movement of discrete "charges".

The Weltanschauung of the theoretical physicist is that there is some overallunifying concept. The use of models, i.e. the 'electron', is a reflection ofthis idea. I hesitate to cite the Einsteinian view of 'equivalence', not onlybecause it is totally wrong but philosophically incorrect. Nevertheless theblind and misguided application of this idea by the Relativists goes on evenwhen confuted by experimental facts.

The real reason why philosophical surds like central order, universal formalprinciples and equivalence persist is because the ambiguities they createoffer endless liebensraum for the creation of pseudo-physical theoretical

dreams by the epigones. None of this, ipso facto, can offer mankind any helpin the rationalization of the physical world.

It is not the fault of electro-magnetism that ten different theories existfor the 'explanation' of electromagnetic forces.

Proper experimental science consists of the design and execution of simpleexperiments in which the result is the unambiguous revelation of a simpletruth. The prismatic dispersion of white light into a spectrum of colors, theattraction or repulsion of parallel current carrying wires. The generatoraction of a rotating magnetized conductor, the numerology of the periodictable of elements and the rationalization of organic chemistry by the benzenering or double-helix are such simple truths.

Some physicists call themselves experimentalists because they take data fromexperiments. Others call themselves theoretical scientists because they dreamthe dreams of the paranoid and schizophrenic.

What is useful for mankind is the simple observation of an experimentalresult which in itself creates a new world from the old.

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The world is round, not flat. The planets revolve around the Sun, not aroundthe Earth. The benzene ring rationalizes organic chemistry. Gravity is a flownot a force. Space consists of pure energy, the distortion of which engendersthe created world.

All of these observations are the result of the examination of many

experiments, the collation of enormous data. If it is said that to read theresults of one year's accumulation of experimental data takes 12 years, thenthe reader has not learned to reject the absurd, to cull out the ineptlytaken experimental data, to exercise discrimination between the real and theunreal.

The complete scientist is a balanced person. He has the discernment anddiscrimination to perceive the underlying truths of nature, hidden beneaththe multiplicity of experimental appearances. He has enough sense not toextend his theoretical expectations beyond the resolution of his experiments.Nor to delude himself into thinking the manipulations of mathematics canoffer him more insight than the conceptualizations on which they are based.

What is required in Science is not the training of more clones or epigones.What is required is the balancing of the individual, the harmonization ofthinking. The development of insight, and observational instincts todiscriminate between the real and the unreal. That is Science.

Bruce DePalma

14 March 1995

The Problem of Free EnergyBruce DePalma

Some inventions are good inventions, others are bad inventions. We all knowwhat the good inventions are, the bad ones are guns, atomic bombs, poisongases, germ warfare, etc.

A good invention is intrinsically good, waxed paper, buttons, phonographrecords, tape cassettes, and so on. A free energy machine falls into thiscategory, it produces energy without consuming it, creates no pollution, andliberates Mankind from centralised control of his freedom. It could

eventually liberate him from money. Because I am the inventor of the N-machine/Space Power Generator my greatest experience lies with this, amachine powerful enough to light cities, propel automobiles, and projectMankind into the exploration of space. There are other free energy machines,but these are only lesser manifestations of the same principle, theextraction of electrical energy directly from space. Although the technicaldetails of these inventions are very interesting, they are covered elsewherein the literature. The point of this essay is why haven't these devices andinventions come into the public domain.

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The reason for this has more to do with the contemporary culture rather thanwith the inventors or the inventions themselves. To illustrate this I offerhistorical evidence, from the beginning with the concept, to its eventualrealisation in a practical machine.

The first person one has to convince of the availability of energy in a free

unalloyed form directly from Nature, is yourself. Having received trainingfrom the best of schools, M.I.T. and Harvard, I started out fullyindoctrinated with the ideas of conservation of energy, the laws of Newton,and the equations of Maxwell. In this there is no free energy. I had tobecome convinced, by direct experimental evidence, of an energetic principlein Nature, a principle that could be tapped if understood, and utilisable insome form of machine whose total output was mechanical or electrical energy,without consumption or burning of fuel of any sort. Needless to say, thisgoal can be achieved by distortion of space itself, but this is anotherstory. In order to obtain milk from the cow, you do have to squeeze and pullon the udder.

I have a very strong background in successful high-tech R&D. Once I haddemonstrated the reality of direct extraction of electrical energy in a smallmodel N-machine, I thought commercial development would be obvious and easy.That was 17 years ago.

__________________________________

We live in a technological world. We tend to think all problems in the worldcan be solved through science and technology. If this were the case, we wouldhave free energy now, and the world would be at peace.

The details of my experiences with the N-machines I have built and

demonstrated have been published elsewhere. Through it all I have had tolearn by direct experience certain realities of the world we live in and theconsequences of introducing a possibly world changing invention to Mankind.

Einstein showed us power was in the existence of all things, and nowhere isthat more true than in the works and activities of the elite groups whoattempt to control society. The nature of these groups and their power hascome to light in the studies of the Tri-lateral Commission, the CFR, theWorld Bank, and Dope Inc. Power and energy, the generation and controlthereof, is the number one business in the world, more powerful than guns anddrugs, food and property. One of my first discoveries, after having graduatedfrom University, was that science and scientists in general were controlledin their activities by managers and political influences originating from

individuals with no intrinsic knowledge of science. The feeling was that ifthere was a job to be done, a specification could be generated, money couldbe offered and technical people would step forward. If there were first ratescientists who felt the job was immoral or impossible, then there werelegions of second and third raters who would step forward and take the money.This ensured the control of science and scientists could be maintained bymoney. In this world nothing was impossible and all things could be done. Assoon as a scientist would step forward and challenge the rationality,viability, or morality of a given program, he could be stopped throughexcommunication.

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In the old days, prior to the second world war, scientists would have toraise money for their researches from wealthy private individuals, Trusts orFoundations. Thus we have the Hale reflecting telescope, the LawrenceLivermore Laboratories, and the Fels Planetarium. With the discovery of thesplitting of the atom and the possibility of military power based on theatomic bomb, the tenor of science changed. Funding came from the governmentand projects were developed along lines consistent with the concept of a NewWorld Order. Not only the character of research but the sequence ofintroduction of new technology was controlled in the interests of themaximisation of profit and the maintenance of a strong, credible militarydeterrent.

Into this best of all possible worlds three factors entered to disturb theimplementation of the Plan. First there was a limitation of materialresources obtained from fossil planetary deposits. Second, the means ofenforcement of a New World Order based on atomic power became flawed becausepeople realised that the carrying out of the threat of its use would destroythe planet. Thirdly, in a world of total centralised control of resources,the population eventually became jaded and unfulfilled. Man does not live bybread alone, and a world without a dream has no spiritual dimension.

Consequently there was total control, but nothing to believe in. Thus thedesire to work and fulfill the orders of the masters withered away. To say welive in a safer, cleaner, more satisfying world now than we did fifty yearsago, before the dawn of the atomic era, is a manifestation of the Orwelliannightmare.

In all of this we have not yet spoken of free energy. That is because freeenergy is not part of this world. Free energy comes from a place wherelimitation is not the paradigm of Mankind, and ownership and control areideas which have been forgotten long ago. In the sense that free energy isavailable now, the contemporary establishment is confronted with something itdoes not want to understand, because in its understanding all other realitiesare shattered.

I have often thought that this situation is mythological in the followingway. In history we find kings and rulers allied with wizards and sorcerers,in the happy and successful kingdoms of the past. The wizard [a.k.a.scientist] Merlin, educated the young King Arthur. Aristotle was the teacherof Alexander who conquered the world. It was never so that the king wouldattempt to control or usurp the power of the sorcerer any more than thesorcerer was interested in ruling the kingdom. In modern times, with thepower of money, bankers and businessmen rule the roost with their handmaidensof wealthy property owners and families. Nowhere in this is the power of thesorcerer recognised. In such a world the power of non-doing is unappreciated.

In this world of contemporary times, all the agencies, CIA, FBI, KGB, NSA,

Electric Power Research Institute, DARPA, Brookings Institution, HenryKissinger, Edward Teller, et al., all are aware of DePalma and his ideas.Because these individuals and institutions are employed by the ruling eliteto forecast the future and satisfy present needs and demands, it is clearthat free energy is a threat to the world order constructed by business andthe mindset of those who want to own the world. Free energy represents Man'saspirations and dreams of freedom and equality, uniform division of resourcesand the ability to choose one's own future. The fact that free energy issuppressed speaks to the greed and self-interest of a ruling elite which,even in the face of an emergency of global starvation, resource depletion and

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environmental pollution, will not give one inch if it means loss of control.This is an attitude of paranoid delusion and fantasy which can only arisefrom the alienation of a class of elitists who, through their money, arecompletely insulated from the reality of the day to day fight for existenceof the common man.

Many things have been said to me in the long years I have spent in thedevelopment of the science and technology of free energy. One of them hasbeen, "After the crash." Another has been, "If there was one chance in ahundred of this working, then we should go for it because there is noalternative." I would hate to think that society would have to destroy itselfbefore this new form of energy were introduced. In terms of the world of thebankers, property holders, money men, elitists and others of their ilk, theirworld is over, with or without free energy. I have always felt that we livein a compassionate world of Nature, in which the choice of life or death isalways available, both to individuals and societies. As long as we the peopleallow our collective future to be controlled and manipulated, we have nochoice. Given the possibility of a new source of energy, the world can beturned and we can re-create Nature once again on this planet. I am notadvocating my machine or any other machine in particular to be "the

solution". What is needed is a change of attitude. We have to go beyond theunderstandings and strategies of our feudal and warlike past. Our theories ofNature must take into account the transcendence of all things that exist, andthe possibility of an energetic principle latent in Nature. With this we maysurvive.

I have given a great deal of thought to the presentation of experimentalresults of my machines, new reports, new theoretical interpretations, morehardware, nuts and bolts appreciations. It does no good to write reportsabout things people cannot understand or do not want to understand. What isneeded is to unload the accumulated baggage of our unenlightened past, andopen our minds to new ideas. If such is the case, I am more than happy todiscuss my machines and theories with anyone and everyone.

Bruce DePalma

1 February 1995

Notes on the Faraday DiscA collection of essays

by Bruce DePalma

The Secret of the Faraday Disc

"Primary causes are unknown to us; but are subject to simple and constantlaws, which may be discovered by observation, the study of them being theobject of natural philosophy." - Fourier

___________________________________________________

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The Faraday disc is a magnetised wheel. A wheel is an intrinsically self-defining object. It becomes itself only when rotating. The properties of thewheel are determined by the experiments which involve it. The statement:"wheels within wheels" is the philosophical interpretation. Through the

Faraday Disc we can connect the forces of magnetism and electricity to theinertial properties of space and time.

An interesting problem is the inertial frame sense of the Earth movingthrough space. The Laws of Inertia govern the material objects resting on thesurface of the earth. But what of the space surrounding the Earth. Would itbe the electric, magnetic, or gravitational field which stabilised theinertial frame or can we posit an inertial field of matter. It is clear thatthe properties of phenomena occurring within matter are conveyed to the spacesurrounding without matter.

Because of the confusion and ambiguity created by Einstein's "Principle ofEquivalence", inertia and gravitational forces have been linked. The search

for a purely inertial field has been proscribed.

If a field exists around matter which conveys the inertial condition of thatmatter to the surrounding space then the general principle would be: atransport mechanism exists which serves to communicate the internal conditionof matter to the surrounding space. Let us call the inertial conditionconveyed to surrounding space by matter the od field.

The od field of matter can be manipulated through rotation, creating theanisotropic inertial effects observed in rotating gyroscopes. Forcedprecession of the rotating gyroscope creates such a strong interaction withthe local inertial, od, field that the precessing gyro can be said to "lockin space" with respect to the local inertial frame. The motion of a mass

point in the rotor of a precessing gyroscope is unique and is known asstreptoid, (Gk. twisting), and is not a combination of rotation andtranslation which are supposed to describe all mechanical motions.

Trinics, the calculus of three dimensional motion is in its infancy. Theinventor of this calculus is John Sohn Wolfe, now deceased, and his book is:Neo-Principia Mathematica, as yet unpublished.

It is now recognised there are three classes of motion, i.e. translation,rotation, and streptation. Streptation includes precession, nutation, andhigher orders of three dimensional motion. In order to extend the science ofmechanics the following experiments are suggested:

1) F = MA is not obeyed by an object in streptation. What are the laws offorce for such an object?

2) Momentum is not conserved in an elastic collision of an object undergoingstreptation with a non-moving control. What are the laws of elasticcollisions of streptating objects?

3) What are the laws of inertia for a streptating object. Would the idea ofvariable inertia including positive and negative values be appropriate?

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4) The idea of an od field that could alter the mechanical and inertialproperties of material objects is not part of the knowledge of contemporarymechanics. Should it be, or should the ideas of mechanics end at the surfaceof all mechanical objects?

The limits of scientific conception which emerged in the 19th century can beexpressed in the "action at a distance" and wave propagation hypothesesrequiring some sort of spatial medium or aether. Twentieth century particlephysics and the hypothesis of the neutrino opened the way to aconceptualisation of space filled with a sea of particles. A space filledwith a sea of particles interpenetrating matter and possessing a relaxationtime such that the internal condition of matter was impressed on them and wasthus conveyed to the surrounding space could be the mechanism for a transportprocess wherein the internal condition of matter; electric, magnetic,gravitational, heat, charge, radioactivity, inertial et al. was conveyed tothe surrounding space.

I call the particle whose condition is an impression or memory of its passagethrough matter, a psion. Thus the basic condition of empty space is a psionfield. Radiation laws of emissivity vs temperature and intensity drop offwith distance, i.e. 1/r, 1/r2, and 1/r3 dependencies are related to therelaxation time of the impression created on the particles by their passagethrough matter. One could assume these particles, psions, travel at the speedof light. The term psion is meant to imply an atom of consciousness whichretains an impression of the internal condition of matter through which ithas passed.

The Faraday Disc

The Faraday Disc [reference 1] is generally thought to be a two piece machine

consisting of a conducting disc rotating proximate to the north or south poleof an axially suspended fixed magnet. It can be said that this invention wasin part suggested by the earlier work of Arago and Barlow. The truly uniqueinvention made December 26, 1831 consisted of the discovery that the magnetand disc could be cemented together, rotated jointly, and the same voltagecould be obtained by sliding contacts touching the centre and edge of theconducting disc as was obtained when the magnet was fixed and the discrotated alone.

Ideas of flux line cutting and induced voltages were brought forward toexplain the mechanism of voltage generation in the rotating disc but whenthese were applied to the two situations of disc rotating independently ortogether with the magnet, they lead to contradictory interpretations.

The true discovery of Faraday was that relative motion was not necessary forthe generation of electricity. If rare earth or superconducting magnets hadbeen available in the days of Faraday and Maxwell the one-piece homopolarmachine might have become an article of commerce. Comparisons of the energyefficiency of this construction with two-piece Faraday or induction machineswould have been made. The future we now live in would have been energised bythe one-piece machine and the mechanical equivalent of heat would no longersquare with the electrical equivalent of heat. What this would mean in termsof contemporary theories can only be guessed at.

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Because the Faraday discovery, now known as the N-machine Space PowerGenerator is not perfect, it will never be possible to reduce the drag ofsuch a machine to zero in the production of an arbitrarily large quantity ofelectrical power. The reason drag is intrinsic is because the same spacewhose polarisation elicits electrical power also contains the inertial framereference for the machine.

Experiments [ref. 2] performed by the author have directly demonstrated thedragging of a purely mechanical rotating reference frame against a fixed one.

The force relationship existing between magnetised objects directlyillustrates the interaction of separate inertial frames linked magnetically.It is possible to infer N-machine drag will be reduced in outer space remotefrom the inertial influence of the sun and planets.

In the Faraday disc experiment the instrumentality of evocation of themagnetic field partakes in the inertial frame-sense. Yet the magnet does notpartake in any reaction torque. The output torque of the disc is referencedto the local inertial frame. Thus the magnet only connects the generated

torque to the local inertial frame.

This suggests that if the magnet were to rotate with the disc the torqueoutput of the machine would be with respect to the rotating inertial frame ofthe magnet, although there would still be no nett torque reaction of the discagainst the attached rotating magnet.

In the Faraday disc, the torque is relative to the reference frame of theinstrumentality which is the evocateur of the magnetic field.

Unlike the repulsion of the hysteresis or eddy current drag machines, thegenerator drag of a Faraday disc must be an intrinsic drag manifestation ofthe precipitation of electricity. Consequently allowing the magnet to rotate

with the disc will increase the electrical power output by not letting thedrag appear twice. Once with respect of the electrical power generation drag- akin to the locking in space of the precessing inertial gyroscope and twiceby the coupling of such drag to the inertial plane of the Earth via theinstrumentality of the magnet. If the magnet rotates then the inertialreference is no longer to the Earth but to the rotating reference frame ofthe magnet.

In the Faraday disc, part of the drag arises from the intrinsic drag ofelectron collection relative to the local frame, what I call non-reactivedrag. The balance of the drag derives from direct, action-reaction, drag ofthe rotating polarised member against the Earth reference frame coupledthrough the instrumentality of the magnet.

In the two piece machines, (either induction or Homopolar), the reactive dragcoupling is accentuated by the proximity of the mass of the stator. Thiscannot be changed in the induction machines but the one-piece Homopolargeometry avoids excessive stator drag by eliminating the stator. What remainsis the reactive rotor coupling to local space without the presence of ferrousmatter, to which the rotor magnetic field could couple, and the intrinsicelectron collection drag referenced to the local space reference frame.

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The principle of equivalence exhorts the equivalency of gravitational andinertial forces, but gravitation is not a relative force, i.e. it existsindependently of relative motion. Although the voltages derived from homo-polar and induction machines may be equal, the drags resulting from theprocesses are unequal.

___________________________________________________

Copper is an insulator for the recombination of male-female energies. i.e.internal resistance = zero, with perfect insulation. I had always been taughtthat although the voltage in a magnetically linked circuit was Blv thecurrent which could be drawn was limited by the series resistance of thecircuit. Since the voltage developed across the terminals of moving wirearises from space why should the current being drawn be limited by theinternal resistance of the wire connecting the terminals?

The situation resolves itself when we regard what is developed across the

terminals of the moving magnetically linked wire as a male-femalepolarisation and that recombination of the developed potentials is resistedby the insulating action of the copper or silver "conductor".

The reason copper and silver are good conductors is because they resist therecombination of the male-female polarisations and can conduct thesepolarisations to the point where they are merged to recombine in somesocially useful manner.

The electrical metals are useful because they can be used to convey theelectrical potentialities from point to point while at the same time theyinsulate them from recombination, the state of neutralisation ultimatelyresulting in heat.

___________________________________________________

The simplest machine for the mechanical extraction of electrical potentialsis a rotating, magnetised, electrically conducting spiral.

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For simplicity the voltage pickoff points are indicated as brushes. Inpractice both contacts are liquid metal in a symmetrical circumferentialarrangement where the current flow is wholly radial into and out of themachine. Since it has not been noted that electrical solenoids or coilscommence to rotate when energised, it is clear that application of voltage tothe sliding contacts will not cause the machine to commence rotation.

On the other hand if the conducting spiral is caused to rotate at high speedand an electrical load is connected between the terminals of the rotatingspiral a voltage is quickly developed. This effect can be initiated by asmall "inducer" coil or permanent magnet brought in proximity to the rotatingspiral. The flux from this magnet initiates the current buildup in therotating spiral. For short term experiments currents of 25-50 Kilo-amperescan be developed in a load of sufficiently low resistance.

What is important about this experiment is its non-reciprocity, i.e. therotating spiral can produce voltage and power when energised but a spiralconductor is not known to rotate when a current is caused to flow in it.

What force or influence governs the local reference frame? When theprecessing gyroscope locks in space because of its streptoid (twisting)motion does it lock into the space through which the Earth is moving at 5miles/second, or does it lock into the local (Earth) frame, but why?

The magnetic field produced by current flow through the spiral is adistortion of the local space. Thus we can say the magnetic field links therotating frame of the spiral with local space.

The characteristic of a rotating inertial frame (generated by a rotating realmechanical object) is an inertial anisotropy such that for axial measurementsthe inertia increases but for radial motions the inertial mass decreases.This distortion of inertial isotropy existing in the space around a rotating

object is called an od field. Although the magnetic field links the localinertial frame the space of the local frame is distorted and modified by theinertially anisotropic od field created by the rotation of a real mechanicalobject. The result of this is to reduce the dragging action of anelectrically polarised rotating spiral for motions in the plane of rotation.Since the plane of the spiral is the rotational plane it can be expected thatthere would be a reduction in drag of such a machine in comparison with aninduction machine producing the same amount of power. A fact borne out byexperiment.

It is clear from this that the space of the local inertial frame can bedistorted magnetically and odically. The inertial anisotropy of the od fieldreduces the reaction forces generated by the extraction of electrical currentfrom the rotating conducting spiral. If inertial dragging can be eliminatedin this way, then the remaining drag must be due to the creation of thecondition of precipitation of the male-female polarities and their resistanceto depolarising effects, i.e. electrical loading.

In such machines it is easy to compensate magnetic field distortion throughcurrent withdrawal by a proximate fixed compensation disc wherein the outputcurrent is caused to flow in the opposite direction. Thus polarisationcreated in the rotating spiral can be made independent of the flow of currentsince no magnetic field disturbance is noted in the compensated machine with

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the withdrawal of current. Under these conditions can it be said thatpolarisation (male-female) alone can invoke the flow of electrical currentand that the magnetic field itself results from male-female recombinationwithin conductors?

What is precipitated is quantised electrical charge with the evolution of

heat - substances give off heat when they crystalise, and the recombinationof the polarities with the evolution of heat.

Whether it be the generation of the polarities or the merging of thepolarities, heat is evolved in both processes. In the cosmic cycle ofgeneration, preservation and destruction, heat is evolved in generation anddestruction and equilibrium is saved in preservation.

The heat of evolution of electrons is reflected in the spatial drag of theprimitive rotating spiral N machine. The balance of the drag is contributedfrom the linkage of inertial frames through magnetism, i.e. a polarisedconducting disc is linked to the local space frame through the spatialdistortion of magnetism which can be accentuated by the near presence of

ferrous (paramagnetic) objects, magnetically permeable structures - stators-, for magnetic flux path closing.

Mass is coupled to the local inertial frame through the mechanism of inertia.Magnetic linkages to ferromagnetic stators contribute additional drag.

The contributions from the different sources can be itemised thus:

1) heat of electronic creation of polarities.(heat of evolution of electrons)

2) intrinsic spatial drag of a magnetised rotatingpolarised conducting disc.

3) increase of intrinsic spatial drag through magnetic

interaction with a proximate ferromagnetic object,i.e. a stator*.

* The stator presents a modification of the space in which the rotor mustoperate. Under this condition the intrinsic drag would be greater incomparison with free space.

___________________________________________________

In general, the primitive machine is the rotating magnetised spiral. This isan antenna which reduces the spatial magnetised energy to a form utilisableby mankind, i.e. the positive and negative polarities of electricity. As withall antennas, field distortions introduced by the close proximity of ferro-magnetised objects, stators, upset the symmetry of energy withdrawal andinterfere with the operation of the antenna.

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Higher orders of symmetry are employed in the cylinder machines. The rotatingmagnetised spiral is in relation to the cosmical time energy as the dipoleantenna is to electromagnetism. Rotation and magnetism are combined in amaterial object constructed from an element wherein the recombination of thepermitted polarities is minimal. That is the N machine. We are definable byour thoughts and our thoughts have reached the limit of resolution.

The heats of electronic precipitation and recombination cannot be said to beequal since the difference between the two rates must account for thepresence of electrons in the Universe, while at the same time the Universe isneither getting hotter or colder. Thus in most cases one could safely say theheats of generation and recombination are equal. Ohm's Law can be said toapply, but one cannot rule out the possibility of a special condition, i.e.superconductivity, where different Laws apply. For an N machine with asuperconducting rotor is the heat of electronic generation 0 or is asuperconductor a special state of matter with a zero heat of electronicgeneration and recombination. If there is a connection between heat ofelectronic liberation and N machine drag then a superconducting rotor shouldbe tested in comparison with a similar machine constructed of "normal", i.e.non-superconducting materials.

___________________________________________________

The Secret of the Faraday Disc

All science consists of the elaboration of principles whose manipulationattempts to describe the continuous palate of Nature. So when I speak of theFaraday Disc I can look upon it as a powerful magical spell or I think I can

understand it in terms of the causality of logic. Does understandingsomething remove the mystery?

The gyroscope is a totally mysterious object. Attempts to understand itmathematically have failed to explain anomalous inertial and gravitationalbehaviour. Do we understand electricity? On deep examination electrical lawscan be shown to be inconsistent with Newton's Laws. We have a workingrelationship with magnets and wires in electrical machines, is more necessary?

It seems to me that thinking in the abstract, and the formation of theoriesis helpful because the existence of these theories can posit new experiments.In Reality anything can be done, but of all the things which can be done,which are the significant experiments? And why are they significant? The

implicit circularity of logic closes it and brings us back to significance interms of the principles on which our theories are based. So do we knowanything except the defined concepts of relationships between elementaryexperiments?

We accept a self-organising principle in Nature which defines itself. Interms of written memorabilia logic defines itself as a self-organisingprinciple in Nature. If we leave the world of the printed page we enter therealm of music and subtler vibrations not susceptible to logic. Is that where

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our science ends? The tree becomes once more the tree and the forest theforest. We do not get the world we think we want, we get the world that isgoing to happen.

Bruce DePalma

References:

1) Faraday, Michael, Experimental Researches in Electricity. 3 vols. London:Richard and John Edward Taylor, 1839-1855.

2) DePalma, Bruce, Pendulum Experiment Data (The Force Machine), 1975;available from DePalma Institute.

28 July 1993

On the Nature of Electrical

Inductionby Bruce DePalma

"It is the conceptualizations which are important." -A. S.Eddington, Fundamental Theory, 1944

The phenomena of electrical induction which are fundamental to electricalscience have long since passed into everyday experience. Recently the natureof this fundamental principle has been re-examined in the light ofexperiments with electrical machines, which, in their operation violate theconservation laws of charge and energy.

__________

In my early schooling (M.I.T. class of 1958) I was struck by the attentionpaid to magnetism, magnetic circuits, electrical machinery and magneticproperties of materials. No attention was given to magnetism as a source ofunderstanding of the machines and apparatus which employed it. This attitudewas forced on a student because the consensus was: all that needed to beknown about magnetism was known because electrical machines obeyed theconservation laws. I.e. one way of generating electricity was as good asanother since all machine efficiencies could be "improved" or designed up tothe point of a maximum efficiency of 100%.

To point out that electrical efficiency measurements are based on the

"mechanical equivalent of heat", 746 watts/horsepower, measured with acalorimeter and paddles by James Watt (inventor of the steam engine) in thelate 18th century; a number suspect both in its relevance and accuracy, andsensitivity to experimental vagaries, was heresy.

The concern of this paper is not with all the experiments which havedemonstrated anomalous "over unity" energy production, but with the operationof machines which clearly demonstrate violation of energy and charge

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conservation laws through continuous production of electrical power in excessof the electrical power used to drive and/or energize the machine.

The experimental performance of over-unity machines, the N-machine and SpacePower Generators are substantially covered in the literature and are notrepeated here. References ( 1 - 7 )

The basic question is: do electrons flow in a conducting circuit impelled bymagnetic forces, or, are the electrons created in situ by the magneticforces, collected by the conducting wire, and then impelled to flow in theappropriate direction by the well known force interaction of electrons andmagnetism?

Einstein treated electromagnetic induction as simply a relationship betweentwo members, i.e. the magnet and the wire. He would ask, "what is the point?"

The point is if we stop at Relativity as being the finest appreciation of theexperimental situation we would never inquire into the nature of magnetism.

If we consider the original flux cutting experiment of Faraday where aconducting wire is passed through the field existing at the pole of a magnetwe observe an electrical potential across the ends of the wire as long as thewire is moving. Reversal of the direction of motion of the wire reverses thepolarity of the created electrical potential. If the potential created isapplied to an electrical circuit and current flows then a resistance to theapplied motion ensues. (Lenz's Law). Here the question is: is Lenz's Law aconcomitant or a consequence of the production of electrical energy?

It is not useful to discuss something as fundamental as magnetism at thelevel of inquiry we wish to pursue without a model of the Universe. Tewari isone of the few researchers who has recognized this. Reference ( 8 ).

Magnetism is similar to the gyroscope in that both effects are used innavigational apparatus which depend on an element which retains itsorientation either to an external reference, (Earth magnetization), or toitself. What can we say of effects which have directional properties yet seemto orient themselves only to each other or to themselves.

Obviously the magnet and the gyroscope are oriented to a force which does nothave a geometric extension into our 3 space. The clear implication is thatthe magnet and the gyroscope orient themselves to the flow of time energy.

A model of the Universe can be represented by a vortex ring; in which spaceand time are perpendicular to each other. Figures ( 1 & 2 ). The flow of timeenergy energizes our Universe. It is this to which the magnet orientates.

Figure ( 3 ). The magnet has the property of collimating and concentratingthe time energy flow.

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Why is all this necessary? It is a consequence of a Universe created fromnothing - the void.

In a Universe created from nothing, time extension is necessary so theUniverse shall not re-collapse in any instant called the NOW. Time extensionexists over multiple instants, the sum of which equals the lifetime ofparticles found in our 3 space. The quantum of time is the Instant.

Magnetism has nothing to do with iron and electrical solenoids per se. It isthe property of these instruments to orient to and concentrate the timeenergy flow.

In our practical society it is customary to extract energy from the naturalflows, i.e. water and wind. If there was an invisible flow through a magnetor solenoid how could we extract the energy? Suppose we were to construe acopper disc placed in front of a magnetic pole a la Faraday as a form ofpropeller the pitch of whose blades could be changed by the application of anelectrical potential between the center and outer edge. The flow of timeenergy through the magnet would cause the propeller to rotate like a fanblade in a current of air. The fan can be placed at either end of the magnet,and, providing the pitch of the blades is maintained unchanged in magnitudeor direction, it will rotate in the same direction.

If mechanical power is extracted from the shaft or propeller disc then wewould find it more difficult to maintain the electrical polarization, i.e.more current would be required. If the rotating Faraday disc apparatus isviewed as a transducer between the electrical power input required topolarize the disc and the resultant mechanical shaft horsepower, then theconservation laws would say the mechanical power out could never exceed theelectrical power in. Of course these two quantities are related through themechanical equivalent of heat experiment with the paddles agitating water ina calorimeter. Acting with the insight of Einstein we would say thatexperiments which produce identical results, i.e. agitating water withpaddles to produce warming versus mechanical input to a machine whichproduces electricity which is converted to heat by a resistor immersed in

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water in a calorimeter; are equivalent, thus the figure 746 watts = 1mechanical horsepower derived from these measurements is a true and reliablenumber for all the world to see.

We know a priori that no transducer or electrical machine can operate atgreater than 100% efficiency so then if we are slightly uncertain about the

746 watts/horsepower figure we can adjust the units to get the exact numberright.

"Scientists" feel no guilt with introduction of certain "constants" becausethey are protected by the conservation laws which are based on common sensewhich everyone knows is true.

If we return to the analogy of the fan and the magnet we might suppose thatrotational drag effects might exist adjacent to the rotor. The action ofthese drag effects would be to drag the magnet, i.e. cause it to rotate inthe same direction as the disc. Clearly then a reduction in mechanical dragon the rotor could be effectuated by attaching the magnet to the disc andallowing them to rotate together.

Of course if we adhere to the Law of action and equal and opposite reactionthen we would never try such an experiment because we would expect the magnetto be acted on by a torque equal and opposite to the shaft horsepower exitingthe rotating disc.

It has been known for 100 years that the exciting magnet of a homopolar orFaraday disc motor or generator exhibits no reaction torque to the mechanicalforces generated by the polarized disc. Reference ( 9 & 10 ).

Contemporary experiments have also shown the Faraday disc to be a superiormotor or generator when the fixed exciting magnet is attached to and rotateswith it, thereby removing a constant drag which is superimposed on the

mechanical input, or output of the machine. * ( Ibid. Reference 4 ).

What has all this to do with electrical induction or flux cutting? Simplynothing.

A mistake was made in science 150 years ago through what Einstein identifiedas the Principle of Equivalence and energy conservation laws based onphysical conceptions of the 18th century. It was the attempt of science tosquare the behavior of the one-piece Faraday disc machine with theperformance of two piece induction machines where magnetic flux lines wereperpendicular to the axis of rotation.

It simply turns out that the efficiency of a two-piece Faraday disc machine

is close enough to that of an equivalent two piece induction machine, about1%, so that generic differences between the two families of machines areconcealed in the indeterminacy of the exact number for the mechanicalequivalency of heat. Reference ( 11 ). If the magnet is loosed and free torotate with the disc, i.e. the one-piece Faraday homopolar generator, thenthe true distinction in families of machines is revealed. The one-pieceFaraday machine is superior to the two piece induction machines both asgenerator or motor.

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Without trying to tangle the reader in the circularities and tautologies ofmodern scientific reasoning, acceptance of a family of motors and generatorswithout stators to receive reaction torques contradicts Newton's third Law.We can avoid consideration of this problem by not using these sorts ofmachines.

Men are more persistent in their pursuit of inquiry. If a superior machine isfound men will endeavor to explain it. If a machine produces in excess of 746watts per input horsepower what is our interpretation of this "excess" energyproduction.

The Universe is alive and this is beyond our powers of conception. We cansay, based on our experience, a certain intellectual model can beconstructed. This is like saying the world is round or that the planetsrotate in circles around the sun. Neither statement is exactly true, but theyrationalize information in our minds and lead to new knowledge.

We are familiar with the process of transmission and reception of electricalenergy by means of resonant structures known as antennas.

An antenna for the reception of Universal Energy would be a model of theUniverse itself. The suggested structure is the one-piece Faraday disc,homopolar generator. Figure ( 4 ).

The magnetic flux lines become the time lines of the space energy flow andthe rotating disc is the 3 space Universe existing in the instant of thepresent.

As for the family of two piece induction machines, these are seen by thisauthor to operate on the principle of transformer induction, including d.c.

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machines which are nothing but transformers with rotating secondaries andmechanical commutators for rectification.

A superior motor would produce more output power, torque x speed of rotation,per increment of input electrical excitation. The output power would exceed 1horsepower for 746 watts of electrical input.

A superior generator would produce more than 746 watts electrical output perhorsepower input.

A two-piece induction machine operating essentially as a rotating transformerwould never be able to exceed 100% electrical efficiency because electricaltransformers in themselves are not known to be able to create energy. (Theremay be special circumstances where this is not true, but these peculiareffects characterized by a negative are not normally encountered inconventional electrical machines)

The mirror image symmetry characteristic of the input and output ports of atransformer is carried over to the equivalence of two-piece induction

machines operated as motors or generators. This motor-generator symmetry isnot characteristic of the one-piece Faraday homopolar machine.

As a generator the one-piece homopolar machine evinces reduced drag incomparison with the two-piece induction machine for the production of equalamounts of electrical power. This is because the perceived mechanism ofoperation is to precipitate electrical charge from the time-energy flow by acentrifugally engendered force field. Reference ( 12 ).

As a motor the one-piece homopolar machine produces the same amount of torqueas an equivalent two-piece induction machine for measurements made with ablocked rotor. Reference ( 13 ). The reduction of magnetically induced dragby attachment of the magnet to the rotor is not evinced by static

measurements.

The torque attainable from a motor acts in relation to the Earth referenceframe. For a two-piece induction machine, the stator, the receptor of thereaction torque from the rotor, is physically attached to the Earth referenceframe. In contrast the one-piece homopolar machine has no fixed Earthreference. With the rotor blocked there is a physical connection to the fixedEarth reference frame and the relationship between motor torque vs. currentinput follows conventional expectations.

With the magnet of the one-pi

Bruce DePalma

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