Goodrich 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

7/28/2019 Goodrich 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

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A q uacul tural Eng ineer ing 3 ( t 984) 289-3 01

T h e U t i l i z a t i o n o f C l a m W a s t e M e a l a s a P r o t e in S o u r c ef o r R a i n b o w T r o u t Salm o gai r dner i

* C . L . G o o d r i c h , * S . M . B a r n e t t , + G . L e v i n e a n d * K . L . S i m p s o n* Department o f Fo od Science and T echnology', Nutri tion and Dietetics,

University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881. USABlount Seafoo d Corp. , Warren, Rhod e Is land 028 85. USA

A B S T R A C TS o l M w a s t e r e c o v e r e d f r o m c l am p r o c e s s in g w a s h w a t e r w a s e v a h t a te d l b ri t s u t i l i za tkm as a r ep lace me n t pro tebz fo r f i sh mea l . Three d ie t s, d ie t s 1a n d 2 fi ) r m u l a t e d t o s i m u l a t e t h e O r e g on M o i s t P e l l e t { O M P ) a n d d i e t 3{ R a n g e n ), w e r e f e d t o r a b zb o w t r o u t (Salmo gairdner i ) for e igh t weeks . Thee f f e c t s o f t h e c l a m w a s t e m e a l o n f i sh g r o w t h , f o o d c o n v e rs io n , c ar ca ssc o m p o s i t io n a tt d w h o l e b o d y f a t O ' a c M c o n t e n t w e r e d e t e r m h w d . T h ec lam was te d ie t sup po r ted mcLt'im ttm gro wth attd food conversiott . Carcassa t ta lys i s o f mo is ture , p ro teh t and l ip id con ten t s were s im i lar among them o i s t f e e d s . T h e d # t a r y l ev e ls o f 2 0 : 5 w 3 + 2 2 : 6 w 3 a n d t o t a l p oO '-unsa tura ted fa t t y ac ids (PUFAs} were s ign i f i can t ly h igher bz the c lamwas te d ie t pe l l e t.

I N T R O D U C T I O NT r a d i t i o n a l ly , f is h m e a l h a s b e e n t h e d o m i n a n t p r o t e i n s o u r c e in f is hl e ed s . F i s h m e a l is b e c o m i n g i n c re a s in g l y e x p e n s i v e a n d in s h o r t s u p p l y ;t h e r e f o r e , a s t r o n g e c o n o m i c i n c e n t i v e e x i st s t o f in d a lt e r n a t iv e p r o t e i ns o u r c e s ( F o w l e r a n d B a n k s , 1 9 7 6 ; F o l t z e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ; J a c k s o n e r a l . ,1 9 8 2 ) .

P l a n t p r o t e i n s a r e c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a il a b le a n d a re l e ss e x p e n s i v e asf ish m e a l s u p p l e m e n t s . H o w e v e r , m a n y f a c t o rs a f f e c t t h e n u t r i t i o n a lq u a l i t y o f p l a n t p r o t e i n s , a n d p r o b l e m s s u c h a s i n f e r io r a m i n o a c idc o m p o s i t i o n , a n t in u t r i t io n a l a n d t o x i c fa c t o r s a n d p ro c e s si n g c o n d i t i o n sm u s t b e o v e r c o m e w h e n u sin g th e s e in g r e d ie n t s in d i e t f o r m u l a t i o n s

289A q u a c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g 014 4-86 09/8 4/$0 3 .00 Elsev ie r Applied Sc iencePublishers Ltd, England, 1984. Printed in Great Britain


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290 C . L . G o o d r i c h , S . M . B a r n e t t , G . L e v i n e , K . L . S i m p s o n(Rumsey, 1973). Other protein feedstuffs of animal origin have suc-cessfully replaced fish meal. Disappointingly, most of these sources arescarce and/or as expensive as fish meal (Viola e t a l . . 1981, 1982).

The da m processing industry generates an appreciable amount ofwaste. Wash water in clam processing plants contains small particles ofclam tissue and soluble solids. Elimination of this organic waste notonly magnifies disposal problems, but also results in the non-utilizationof a valuable protein resource (Joh and Hood, 1979). There is a need todevelop new treatment methods and productive means for the utiliza-tion of clam wastes. Clam waste has been shown to have a relativelyhigh protein content necessary for its inclusion in fish feeds (67.9% ona dry weight basis; Hang e t a l . , 1980).

The present study was conducted to evaluate clam waste meal as afish meal replacement in salmonid diets. The effects of the clam wasteon fish growth, food conversion, carcass composition and whole bodyfatty acid content were determined.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThree diets, two simulating the OMP, a commercial moist fish feed(Table 1), and Rangen, a commercial dry feed, were used in the presentstudy. The moist diets differed only in the replacement of fish mealwith clam waste meal.S o u r c e o f c la m w a s t e m e a l

Solid waste was obtained from a commercial clam processor locatedin Warren, Rhode Island. The material was collected by the sedimenta-tion of clam processing wash water. Recovered waste was freeze-dried,ground and stored at --20C under nitrogen. Duplicate samples of theclam waste meal were subjected to proximate analysis, the results ofwhich are shown in Table 2. Protein, crude fat, moisture, ash and crudefiber were determined by standard methods (AOAC, 1975). Proteinswere acid hyd rolyzed in 6-0 N HCI by the procedure of Spackman e t a l .( 1958) as modified by Niederwieser and Pataki ( 1971). The amino acidcomposition (Table 2) was measured by ion-exchange chromatographyusing an Nc-2P Technicon auto-analyzer (cf. Seidel e t a l . , 1980).


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Utilization of clam waste meal as protein source for rainbow troutTABLE 1

Com position of OMP Diets

hzgredien t Perce , tage o f total dietDiet 1 Diet 2

F i sh m e a l ( M e n h a d e n ) 2 9 .0 -C lam was te mea l - 29 -0Co t tonse ed mea l 15.0 15 ,0W hea t ge rm m ea l 8 .9 8 -9Dried wh ey 5-0 5 .0Corn d is t i llers dr ied so lubles 4 .0 4 .0W e t f is h c o m p o n e n t a 3 0 - 0 3 0 . 0F ish o il (M enh aden ) 3 .0 3 .0So yb ean o il 3-0 3 .0Cho l ine ch lo r ide (70% l iqu id ) 0 .5 0 .5OMP vi tam in pre m ix b 1 .5 1 .5OM P m ineral pre m ix c O-I O. Ia G r o u n d , p a s t e u r i z e d f l o u n d e r .b Co n ta ins in m g kg ~ p rem ix : L-asco rb ic , 59 40 0 ; D-b io t in ,4 0 : v iu , m i n B I 2 . 4 . 0 : a l p h a - t o c o p h e r o l a c e t a t e . 3 3 4 4 0 [U "f o li c a c i d , 8 4 7 ; m y o i n o s i t o l , 17 6 0 0 ; m e n a d i o n e s o d i u mbisu l f it e . 1199 ; n iac in . 12 54 0 : D-ca lc ium pa n to the na te ,7652 : py r id ox in e HCI: 1430 : r ibo f lav in , 352 0 : th iamin em o n o n i t r a t e , 1 7 1 2 .c Co nta in s in g kg 1 pre m ix: ZnS O4 , 185: MnSO,;, 207 :FeSO , : .7H 20 , 50 : CuSO4, 4 .0 : KIO3 , 0 4 : CoSO4 .7H~O, 25 .

291

D i e t f o r m u l a t i o nT h e O M P d i e ts ( I a n d 2 ) w e r e m i x e d a n d p e l l e t e d in a H o b a r t c o m -m e r c i a l m e a t g r i n d e r u s i n g a 3 / 3 2 in d ie . T h e p e l l e t s w e r e b l a s t f r o z e na n d s t o r e d a t - - 2 0 C u n t i l f e d . R a n g e n ( d i e t 3 ) w a s p u r c h a s e d f r o mZ e i g l e r B r o t h e r s I n c . ( G a r d n e r s , P e n n s y l v a n i a ) a n d u s e d as s u p p l i e d .


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2 9 2 C. L . Goodr ich , S . M. Barnet t , G. Levine , K. L . S impsonT A B L E 2 ( a )

P r o x i m a t e C o m p o s i t i o n o f C l a m W a s t e M e a l

C o m p o n e n t P e r c o t tC r u d e p r o t e i n ( N x 6 . _ _ ) 7 0 . 0Crude f a t 9 .8A sh 11 -1Mois tu re 3 .0Crud e f iber 0-3NF E a 5 -8a N i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t i v e d e t e r m i n e d b yd i f f e rence .

T A B L E 2 ( b )A m i n o A c i d C o n t e n t o f C l am W a ste M e al

A m i n o a c M g 1 0 0 g -1 s a m p l eAlan ine 3 .6Argin ine 6 . IAsp ar t ic ac id 5 .9 Cys t ine 0 .4Glu ta m ic ac id 7 .8Glyc ine 1 -4Histidine 1.5l so leuc ine 3 -0Leuc ine 4 .5Lysine 6.1Meth ion ine 1 -6Pheny la lan ine 2 .5Prol ine 3 .2Ser ine 3 .7T h r e o n i n e 3 . 6T r y p t o p h a n aT y r o s i n e 2 . 6Val ine 3-4a N o t d e t e r m i n e d .


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U t i l i za t i o n o f cl a m w a s t e m e a l a s p r o t e i n s o u r c e / ' o r r a i n b o w t r o u t 293Diet analys isThe proximate composition of the fish diets was determined by AOAC(11975) methods. The total caloric contents were calculated usingenergy values of 3.9, 8-0 and 1-6 kcal g-~ for protein, fat and carbo-hydrate , respectively (National Academy of Sciences, 1973). Dietaryamino acids were analyzed as described above.

Lipids were extracted by the method of Btigh and Dyer (1959) asmodified by Kates (1972) for fat ty acid analysis, blethyl esters wereprepared by saponification with 0-5N potassium hydroxide andmethylation with 14% boron tri fluoride-methanol (Morrison andSmith, 1964). Fat ty acid methyl esters (FAblE) were analyzed on asingle column Varian Aerograph 1700 gas-liquid chromatography unitoperated at 200C isothermally and equipped with a flame ionizationdetector. The FAMEs were separated on a 10% SP-2330 column sup-plied with 30 ml rain -~ nitrogen as the carrier gas. A 37- ethylene glycolsuccinate polyester-Z (EGSP-Z) column was used to confirm fatty acidsof similar retention time on the SP-2330 column. FAMEs were identi-fied with an electronic integrator (Hewlett Packard 3380 A) suppliedwith the relative retention times of methyl ester standards (cf. Schauere r a l . , 1980), Cod liver oil was used as a secondary reference standard(Ackman and Burgher, 1965).

Feeding study

Rainbow trout S a l m o g a i r d n e r i were purchased from the PlymouthRock Trout Co. (Plymouth, Massachusetts). Following an acclimationperiod of four weeks, fish averaging 70.9 g were counted into groups of25 and randomly distributed into each of six tanks. Rearing units were45-gallon circular fiberglass tanks supplied with an average water flowof 4 liters min-L Oxygen content , temperatu re and water pH weremonitored biweekly. The mean dissolved oxygen level was 7.4 ppm,temperature ranged between 12 and 15C and the mean pH was 5.9.Each diet was fed to fish in duplicate tanks for the duration of eightweeks. Fish were fed twice daily, six days a week, with food offered aslong as the fish continued to actively feed. The fish were weighed everytwo weeks and average weight data were subjected to analysis of vari-ance to determine if differences in means were statistically significant


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294 C. L . Goodr ich , S . M. Barnet t . G. Levine . K. L . S impsona t t h e 5 % l e ve l. T h e t a b l e s u s e d f o r s t a t i s t ic a l a n a l y s i s w e r e f r o mS n e d e c o r a n d C o c h r a n ( 1 9 6 7 ) . F o o d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d m o r t a l i ty w e r er e c o r d e d d a i l y .C a r c a ss a n a l y s i sA t t h e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s t u d y , f iv e f is h w e r e r a n d o m l y s e l e ct e d f ro me a c h g r o u p f o r p r o x i m a t e a n a l y s i s a n d w h o l e b o d y l ip i d a n a ly s is . F is hs a m p l e s f r o m e a c h t a n k w e r e p o o l e d a n d h o m o g e n i z e d in a W a r in gb l e n d e r. M o i s t u re a n d as h c o n t e n t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d i m m e d i a t e l y : th er e m a i n d e r o f t h e s a m p l e w a s l y o p h i l i z e d a n d s t o r e d u n d e r n i tr o g e n f o rc r u d e l ip id a n d p r o t e i n a n a ly s is . W h o l e b o d y l ip i ds o f t h e w e t t is s u eh o m o g e n a t e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d a n d f a t t y a c i d s a n a l y z e d b y g a s - li q u idc h r o m a t o g r a p h y a s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e .

R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S IO N

T h e p r o x i m a t e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e f is h d i e t s i s g i v e n in T a b l e 3. T h ep r o t e i n c o n t e n t w a s 3 8 % w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f d i e t 1 w h i c h p r o v i d e d3 3 % p r o t e i n . C r u d e f a t c o n t e n t s r a n g e d f r o m 7 . 9 % i n d i e t 3 t o 1 3.2 5';in d i e t 1. T h e t o t a l c a l o r i c v a l u e w a s s i m i l a r a m o n g t h e t h r e e f e e d s .

T A B L E 3Proximate Com position o f Diets (A ll Values on A s-fed Basis )

D i e t M o i s t u r e C h i d e C r u d e A s h C r u de N F E b T o ta ln u m b e r ( % ) p r o t e # z a f a t ( % ) f i b e r c ah ~ric

(%) (%) (%) vah te( kcal 1 O0g- l d ie t )

l 28 .8 32-6 13.2 8.1 1-7 15.6 25 7,72 24 .8 37-5 11.9 6-1 1.7 18-0 270.33 10.2 37 .7 7-9 8-8 2-2 33.2 263.3

a N x 6-25.b Nitrogen free extractives de term ine d b y difference.


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Utilization of clam waste meal as protein source ]br rainbow trout

TABLE 4A m ino Acid C om po sit io n ot" Diets [g 100 g-~ D iet , As-fed Basis)

295

Diet I Diet 2 Diet 3 Req uir eme nt aA m i n o a c idAlan ine 2.0 1.6 2.3Arginine 2.9 2.4 2.1 2.4As part ic acid 2.5 2.3 3.0

Cy stine 0-I 0.1 -G lutam ic acid 4 .4 4 .2 4-6G lyc ine 2.1 1.6 2.2Hist idine 0.9 0.7 1-0 0.7Isole uc ine 1.3 1-0 0.8 0.9Let, cine 2.1 2-3 2.7 1.6Ly sine 2-0 2-1 2.0 2.0M ethionine ~ 0-7 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5Ph en yla lan ine c 1-4 1.2 1.6 2.1Prolin e 2.0 1.9 1.8Se rine 1.3 1.6 2.1T hre ou ine 1 .3 1 .4 1 .2 0 .9Tr y p t o p h a n a - - - 0 . 2Ty ros ine 0 .9 1 .0 0 .9V aline 1-6 1.2 1.4 1.3a Va lues fo r Ch in ook sa lmon f inger lings rece iv ing 40% p ro te in (Na t . Acad . Sc i .,

1973) .t , I i1 the presence of 1% cyst ine.c In the absence o f ty ros ine .a N o t d e t e r m i n e d .

N o a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s h o w n i n t h e e s s e n t ia l a m i n o a c i dc o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e d i e t s ( T a b l e 4 ) . T h e e s s e n t ia l a m i n o a c id r e q u i r e -m e n t s f o r C h i n o o k s a l m o n w e r e m e t ( N a t . A c a d . S c i . , 1 9 7 3 ) w i t h t h ee x c e p t i o n o f a r g i n in e a n d i s o l e u c i n e i n d i e t 3 a n d v a l i n e i n d i e t 2 . P re -c a u t i o n s w e r e n o t t a k e n t o p r e v e n t c y s t i n e f r o m o x i d a t i o n i n a c idh y d r o l y s a t e s ; t h e r e f o r e , w i t h p a r t ia l d e c o m p o s i t i o n i t c a n b e s u p p o s e dt h a t t h e c o n t e n t o f t h i s a m i n o a c i d w a s o r i g in a l l y h i g h e r ( M o o r e , 1 9 6 3 ) .A l l o f t h e d i e t s w e r e d e f i c i e n t in p h e n y l a l a n i n e ; h o w e v e r , t y r o s i n e h a sa s p a r i n g a c t i o n o n p h e n y l a l a n i n e ( S a t ia a n d B r a n n o n , 1 9 7 5 ) .


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296 C . L . G o o d r i c h , S . :~ I. B a r n e t t , G . L e v i n e , K . L . S i m p s o n

F i g . 1 .

X

~ 12C

BC

i I I0 2 4 6 8Time (weeks)

G row th curves of rainb ow trou t fed diets for eight weeks. Cu rves (fromtop to b o tt o m ) represent fish fed diets 2, 1. and 3 respectively.

N o m o r t a l i t ie s w e r e o b s e r v e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e e i g ht w e e k f ee d in gs t u d y . A g r o w t h - r e s p o n s e c u r v e f o r e ac h d i e t (F ig . 1) w a s o b t a i n e d b yp l o t t i n g t h e m e a n w e i g h t o f r e p l i c a te f is h t r e a t m e n t s m e a s u r e d i n i ti al lya n d b i w e e k l y t h e r e a f t e r . D i f f e r e n c e s in g r o w t h r a te s a m o n g t h e d i et sb e c a m e a p p a r e n t a f t e r th e f o u r t h w e e k . T h e b e s t o v e ra ll g r o w t h pe r-f o r m a n c e w a s o b s e r v e d in f is h f e d t h e c la m w a s t e m e a l d ie t . A n a l y s i so f f is h w e i g h t s s h o w e d s ta t is t i c al d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n d i e t t r e a t m e n t sa t t h e 5 % l ev e l. F i s h f e d d i e t s 1 a n d 2 h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r w e i g h tg a in s t h a n f is h f e d d i e t 3 . W e i g h t g a in d a t a b e t w e e n t h e t w o O M Pf o m m l a t i o n s d i d n o t s h o w s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s .F o o d c o n v e r s i o n s , o n a d r y w e i g h t b a s is , o f fi sh f e d d i e t s I a n d 2 ,w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e f ed d i e t 3 ( T a b l e 5 ). G o o d f o o dc o n v e r s i o n v a l u e s a n d t o w i n c i d e n c e o f s e v er a l d i s e as e s h a v e b e e no b s e r v e d in f is h c u l t u r e o n t h e O M P ( G h i t t i n o , 1 9 7 2 ) .


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Utilization or" clam waste meal as protein source/or rainbow trout 297T A B L E 5Average Bod y Weigh ts , Pe rcen t Ga in , F oo d C onver s ion . and Feed ing Ra tes fo r

Ra inbow Trou t Fed Die t s For Eigh t WeeksDiet Average body weight (g) Percent Food Fe ed iw rate b

mlmber gain conversion a {% bodyInisial Final weight)

1 70.8 140.1 97 .9 1-18 1.9"~ 71.5 151.5 111 .9 1.01 1-93 70.4 126.0 79 .0 1 .38 i .9

a Food conver s ion = food , d ry we igh t (g ) /we igh t ga in (g ) .b Calcula ted on a dry weight basis .Weigh t and foo d conver s ion a r e the m ean va lues fo r r ep li ca t e t anks.

T A B L E 6M ois tu re , P ro te in , L ip id , and Ash Con ten t s o f the Carcasses o f Ra inbow Tro u t

Fed for Eight WeeksDiet Jmmber Moisture % in whole bodies off ish

Protein Lipid .4 shI 6 8 5 16-8 11.2 2 .32 68-5 16.6 11-3 2-53 69 .6 17.5 9-9 2-5

Initial 71 .2 17-0 7.9 2-4

C a r c as s a n a l y s i s o f m o i s t u r e , p r o t e i n a n d l i p i d c o n t e n t s a t t h e t e r m i -n a t i o n o f t h e f e e d i n g s t u d y w e r e t h e s a m e f o r d i e ts 1 a n d 2 a s s h o w n inT a b l e 6 . F i s h f e d d i e t 3 h a d a s l i g h t ly h i g h e r c a r c a s s p r o t e i n c o n t e n t .T h e m o i s t u r e a n d c r u d e l ip id le v e ls w e r e i n v e rs e l y r e l a t e d , w i t h m o i s-t u r e c o n t e n t i n c re a s i n g a n d l ip id c o n t e n t d e c r e a s in g , a s p r e v i o u s l yd o c u m e n t e d ( J a u n c e y , 1 9 8 2) . A s h c o n t e n t in th e fi s h c a rc a ss e s d i d n o tv a r y b e t w e e n t h e d ie t t r e a t m e n t s .

T h e f a t t y ac id c o m p o s i t i o n o f fis il b o d y l ip id s r e f l e c t e d t h e f a t t ya c id c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e d i e t s a s s h o w n in T a b l e 7 . T h e r e w a s a p o s i t i v e


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U t i l i z a t i o n o f " e la lq 'z waste meal as protein source/br rainbow trout

T A B L E 8E s s e n t i a l F a t t y A c i d C o n t e n t s (% 1 o f D i e t s

299

Diet num ber Total w3 PUF A 20 : 5w 3 + 22 . 6w3 18 . 3w3(~) , - "

I 2-40 1.40 0-672 2.64 1.71 0.553 0-95 0.58 0.29

f is h l ip i d s. A p p a r e n t l y , a m e c h a n i s m m a y e x i s t in f is h t o r e g u l a t e a n dm a i n t a i n a p r o p e r l e v e l o f b o d y l i p i d s a t u r a t i o n .

T h e t o ta l w 3 P U F A s , 2 0 5 w 3 + 2 2 " 6 w 3 , a nd 1 8 3 w 3 c o n t e n tsw e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e d i e t s , t il e r e s u l t s o f w h i c h a r e g i v en in T a b l e 8 .D i e t _ is h i g h e r in t o t a l w 3 P U F A s a n d 2 0 ,g w 3 + .;_~" 6 w 3 c o n t e n t st h an t h e o t h e r d i e t g r o u p s . L i n o l en i c a c id ( 1 8 : 3 w 3 ) le ve ls a re s o m e -w h a t l o w in a ll t h r e e o f t h e d i e ts , H o w e v e r , T a k e u c h i a n d W a t a n a b e( 1 9 7 7 ) s h o w e d t h a t th e r e p l a c e m e n t o f 0.5'5 l i n o l e n a t e w i t h e i t h e r0.55~ e i c o s a p e n t a e n o a t e ( 2 0 : 5 w 3 ) o r 0 .5 7, d o c o s a h e x a e n o a t e ( 2 2 : 6 w 3 )m a r k e d l y i n cr e as e s th e g r o w t h r at e o f r a in b o w t r o u t . T h e y d e m o n -s t ra t ed t h a t 2 0 5 w 3 in a d d i t io n to 2 " 6 w 3 h as a n E F A e f f ic i e n c yh i g h e r t h a n 1 8 " 3 w 3 . T h e b e s t w e i g h t g ai n w a s o b s e r v e d in fis h f e dd i e t s c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 2 5 % e a c h o f 2 0 : 5 w 3 + 2 2 : 6 w 3 , r e s p e c ti v e ly , i nd i-c a t in g a n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t b e t w e e n t h e s e f a t t y a c i d s o n ti le g r o w t hr e s p o n s e o f r a i n b o w t r o u t . I t is p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e s u p e r i o r g r o w t hr e s p o n s e s h o w n in d i e t 2 w a s p a r t ia l l y d u e t o t h e h i g h er 2 0 : 5 w 3 +2 2 : 6 w 3 c o m p o s i t i o n .

C O N C L U S I O N ST h i s s t u d y s h o w s th a t c la m w a s t e m e a l c an b e u t il iz e d b y r a i n b o w t r o u ta s a p r o t e i n s o u r c e . T il e p r o d u c t i o n o f c l a m w a s t e m e a l t o b e u s e d asa f e e d i n g r e d i e n t i l l u s tr a te s a p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n t o ti l e p r o b l e m o f w a s tem a n a g e m e n t f o r t h e cl a m i n d u s t r y . W a s te m a t e r ia l w h i c h is u n f i t f o rh u m a n c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e r e c y c l e d t h r o u g h f is h, t o b e s o ld a s a na c c e p t a b l e h u m a n f o o d .


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eva lua t ion of pro te in f r om c lam w ash water . J. Fo od Sci.. 4 5 , 1 0 4 0 - I .Jack son , A . J . , Capper, B. S. & Ma t ty, A. J . (1982 ). Evaluat ion of som e plant

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Goodrich 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

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