Bio sel - The structure and organization of eukaryotic cell.ppt

8/17/2019 Bio sel - The structure and organization of eukaryotic cell.ppt

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The structure and organization

of eukaryotic cell

by:

dr.Sutrisno Darmosumarto, Sp.A

Histology & Cell Biology Department

Gadjah Mada ni!ersity


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The basic structure of cell

• Cellular membrane, covers

• Cytoplasm, contains nucleus,

organelles and inclusions


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Organelles

• Permanent

• Performing cell activities

• E.g. mitochondria, !olgi apparatus,lysosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic

reticulum etc


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"nclusions

• Temporary

• #etabolic products

• E.g. glycogen granules, mucinogenglobule, zymogen granule, melanin

granule etc


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$asic activities of cell

• #etabolism, divided into

anabolism and catabolism• Concerning %ith irritability

• &eproduction


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C"## C$M%$"'S

• The cell is composed of ' basic parts

(ytoplasm and nu(leus

• "ndividual cytoplasmic components not

clearly visible in (E)stained preparations

• the nucleus intensely stained dark blue

or black


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Cell Membrane

• composed of phospholipids, protein, and, to a

lesser e*tent, polysaccharides.

• The functions

selective barrier regulates the passage of certainmaterials into and out of the cell.

facilitate the transport of specific materials through

this limiting barrier

carry out a number of specific recognition andregulatory functions

+. to - nm in thickness visible only in the E#.


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Cytoplasm

• composed of a matri* embedded

several structures classified into / groups

• organelles

• inclusions

• other components


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'he (hara(teristi(s o)

(ytoplasmi( (omponents

-. organelles presents in all eukaryotic cells enclosed in a membrane, and contain enzymesthat participate in cellular metabolic activity permanent components of the cytoplasm 0theendoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, the!olgi apparatus, and the lysosome1.

'. The inclusions temporary components,accumulations of pigment, lipids, proteins, orcarbohydrates

/. The other components the centrioles,microtubules, and microfilaments.


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Mito(hondria*.

• composed of an e*ternal membrane andan internal membrane

• "nternal membrane pro2ects folds the

crista.

• These membranes surround a space

spaium intermembrane

• 3pace bet%een the cristae matri*


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Mito(hondria

• transform the chemical energy

into available energy stored in

4TP• release energy re5uired to

perform any type of %ork 0be of

osmotic, mechanical, electrical, or

chemical nature1


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" + & +ibosomes

• flattened, rounded, or tubular vesicles anastomose %ith one another in a net%orkform

• ' types of E& 6 granular 0rough1 andagranular 0smooth1

• The membranes of the E& continuous

%ith the nuclear envelope membrane.• usually arranged in the form of flattened

cisternae stacked in parallel


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The relevance of E&

• 7ithout E& 8 cytosol is proteinaceous gel

8 traffic of substances by diffusion

the interior of cell

the most difficult to reach

enzymes difficult to be distributed as rapid a neededat appropriate site

%aste product 9 essential building block accumulateat useless:to*ic concentration

• 7ith E& form an intracellular circulatory system for enzyme,

vital substances and secrete:e*crete


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&ibosome

• small, electron)dense particles, -6'nm in diameter, attached to the outer

surfaces of the membranes composedof &;4 and protein the basophilia inthe cytoplasm

• &ibosomes can appear as isolatedgranules free in the cytoplasm, or linked ingroups called polysomes.


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ifferent intracellular p( values

• #anifestation of cellular heterogenicity

• 3egregation synthesized protein in &E&lumen

• 3upplementary mechanical support for

colloidal structure• 4ctive transport


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3mooth E&

• no ribosomes• very abundant in the liver cell• entirely of membranes as profusely

anastomosing tubules or flat cisternae• participates in the contraction of muscle cells• >eto*ification• ?ipid synthesis

• involved in the synthesis of the glycogen in livercells glucose)@)phosphatase found %ithinits membranes

• glycogenolysis


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Golgi Apparatus

• group of piled)up flat vesicles %ith

peripheral dilatations

• occupies a finite and fi*ed area in

the cytoplasm of most cells0supranuclear1


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!olgi app=.

• plays a role in the process of synthesis,

concentration, and storage of secretory)

products of most glandular cells.

• The proteins synthesized enclosed by a

membrane to form secretory granules.


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3ecretory patha%ay

-. ribosomal stage

'. cisternal stage

/. intracellular transportA. concentration of secretory protein

. intracellular storage

@. e*ocytosis


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-. &ibosomal stage

• 3ynthesized on polysome attached to E&

• Bolume '

• ++ surface area• Produce protein simultaneously


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'. Cisternal stage

• 3egregate by vectorial transport

• 3ignal peptidase on cisternal surface

•


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/. "ntracellular transport

-. from &E& to !olgi

'. from !olgi to condensing vacuole

8 connected by membrane tubules,formed intermittenly

8 !E&? e*pand to condensed vacuole


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A. concentration

• ' 8 ' folds

• "ntracellular protein gradient forced

concentration

• 3ecretory protein , basic 0D1 charge

• Polyanion macromolecules 0)1 charge

• ?o%er osmotic pressure (' e*it by nonenergy re5uiring process


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. "ntracellular storage

• ' 8 -. nm

• Contain all types of inactive enzymes

• &each apical part

microtubulesassistance


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@.>ischarge

• Energy dependent process

• (ormonal:neuronal stimulation

• "nvolve 'nd

messenger CaDD

:c4#P• 3ecretory membrane fuse %ith plasma

membrane

• Tight 2unction prevent autodigestion


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#ysosomes

• membrane)bound vesicles contain lyticenzymes intracytoplasmic digestion

• particularly abundant in cells e*hibiting

phagocytic activity 0eg, macrophages, %hiteblood cells1.

• usually spherical, diameter .' to . :µm

• The enveloping single membrane serves to

separate the lytic enzymes from the cytoplasm prevents the attacking and digestingcytoplasmic organelles.


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#ysosome*

• ?ysosomal enzymes

synthesized in &E& , transferredto the !olgi apparatus

packaged into vesicular

lysosomes


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MC+$'B#"S, MC+$-#AM"'S, & '"+M"DA'"

-#AM"'S

• "n addition to the membrane)bound organ)

elles, the cytoplasmic matri* e*hibits a

comple* net%ork consisting of

microtubules, microfilaments, andintermediate filaments provide for the

form and shaping of cells , also important

in cytoplasmic and cellular movement.


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Mi(rotubules

• rod) or pipe)like organelles microtubules.

• outer diameter of 'A nm consisting of adense %all nm thick and a less dense

0possibly hollo%1 core -A nm %ide.

• lengths are variable


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#icrotubules=

• Composed of proteinaceous subunits 0 tubulin .

• Tubulin, a heterodimer, is a molecule consisting

of ' non)identical monomers 0 alfa and beta

tubulins1.• $oth tubulins , #7 about @,

• nder appropriate conditions tubulin subunits

polymerize into typical microtubules.• 4 total of -/ protofilaments generally comprise

the %all of a microtubule .


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Cilia and flagella

• motile processes highly organizedmicrotubule core e*tend from the surface ofmany different cell types.

•Ciliated cells

possess a large number of cilia 0' to - :um in length1.

•


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ntermediate -ilaments

• kno%n as tonofilaments diameter of F)- nm.

• be involved %ith the Gslo%G component ofa*oplasmic transport, as a smooth muscle

cytoskeletal component, in pigment granulemovement, as a 2unctional comple* structuralelement, and %ith cell spreading.

• possess an actin core follo%ing brief

trypsinization

the filaments bind heavymeromyosin 0 a functional assay normally usedto identify actin1


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Cytoplasmi( n(lusions

• transitory components of the cytoplasm

lipid droplets, carbohydrateaccumulations 0glycogen1, secretory

granules, colored substances 0melanin

pigment and lipofuscin1


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'H" C#"S

• a rounded or elongated structure in the

center of the cell.• its diameter varies to - :um.

• is composed of the nuclear envelope,

chromatin, the nucleolus, andnucleoplasm .


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The functions of nucleus

• &egulate cell activities

• &eproduction


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Chromatin

• 4 comple* of >;4 9 histone

Composes of

•>;4 8 /-

• &;4 8

• (istone 8 /@

• ;on histone) 'F


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The function of >;4

• >;4 0transcription1 &;4

0translation1 protein


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Composition of >;4

• ) PE;TO3E 0deo*yribose1

• ) $43E 8 Purine ) adenine

) guanine

H Pyrimidines ) thymidine

) cytosine

) P(O3P(O&"C 4C"> 0(/POA1


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Composition of &;4

• ) PE;TO3E 0ribose1

• ) $43E

8 Purine ) adenine

) guanosine

8 Pyrimidine

) uracyl

) cytosin

• HP(O3P(O&"C 4C">


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Barious &;4

• / ma2or classes

) messenger &;4

) transfer &;4) ribosomal &;4

• ' minor classes

) heterogenous nuclear &;4) small cytoplasmic &;4


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The plasma membrane

• "s about F nm thick

• 3urrounds the cell and controls chemical

traffic into and out of the cell

• is selectively permeableI it allo%s some

substances to cross more easily than

others

• (as a uni5ue structure %hich determines

its function and solubility characteristics


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?ipid in plasma membrane

• The lipids in the plasma membrane are

chiefly phospholipids like phosphatidyl

ethanolamine and cholesterol.

• Phospholipids are amphiphilic %ith the

hydrocarbon tail of the molecule being

hydrophobicI its polar head hydrophilic.


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?ipid bilayer

• Cell membrane is made of a phospholipidbilayer sand%ichedbet%een t%o layers of globular protein.

8 The polar 0hydrophilic1 heads of phospholipidsare oriented to%ards the protein layersforming a hydrophilic zone.

8 The nonpolar 0hydrophobic1 tails of

phospholipids are oriented in bet%een polarheads forming a hydrophobic zone.


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&ole of membrane protein

• transport of molecules:ions into or out of cells.

Three methods of doing this are through active,

facilitated or passive transport.

• cell recognition• enzymatic activity

• receptors

• cell to cell communication• attachment to the cytoskeleton and e*tracellular

matri*


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&ole of membrane protein

• transport of molecules:ions into or out of cells.

Three methods of doing this are through active,

facilitated or passive transport.

• cell recognition,• enzymatic activity

• receptors,

• cell to cell communication,• attachment to the cytoskeleton and e*tracellular

matri*


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Transport ion:molecule

• T%o %ays that molecules pass through

transmembrane proteins

8 uniport ) %hich is %here one molecule is transported,

8 cotransport ) %here ' molecules are transferred. t%obasic types of cotransport

• symport, %hich is %here t%o molecules are transported

in the same direction and

• antiport, %here the molecules are transported opposite

directions through the membrane 0%hich %ill be sho%n

by the ;a ) J 4TPase pump1.

http://www.cbc.umn.edu/~mwd/cell_www/glossary.htmlhttp://www.cbc.umn.edu/~mwd/cell_www/glossary.html


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Types of transport

• Passive Transport

8 uncharged small molecules can move directly

through the membrane in the direction of high

concentration to lo% concentration. 8 charge molecule 0positive or negative1 tend

to move to the side of the membrane that

have the opposite electrical potential.


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Types of transport=

•


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Types of transport=

• 4ctive Transport 0these can be either

uniport or cotransport1

8 re5uire energy, is going

8 against the electro)chemical gradient. 4ne*ample of this can be found in the ;a ) J

4TPase 0The 3odium)Potassium 4TPase

pump1, this is important especially in thenerves of all animals. This is commonly used

to generate a membrane potential


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Transport of large molecules

• "ndo(ytosis

• "/o(ytosis


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Cell division

• #itotic division• #eiotic division


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Mitoti( di!ision

• >uring mitosis the mother cell divides

and each of the daughter cells receives achromosomal karyotype identical to that of

the mother cell


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Prophase

• characterized by the gradual coiling up ofchromatin of the nucleus giving rise to severalindividualized rod)shaped or hairpin)shapedbodies that stain intensely 0the (hromosomes

• The nuclear envelope remains unaltered, and thechromosomes appear coiled in the nucleus. Thecentrioles duplicate and separate, and a pairmigrates to each pole of the cell.

• 3imultaneously, the microtubules of the mitoticspindle appear bet%een the ' pairs of centrioles .


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#etaphase

• the nuclear envelope and the nucleolusdisappear.

• The chromosomes migrate to the

e5uatorial plane of the cell, %here each di)• vides longitudinally to form ' chromatids.

• These attach to the microtubules of the

mitotic spindle at a special pla5uelike,electron)dense region, the (entromere01ineto(hore .


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4naphase

• the sister chromatids separate from

each other and migrate to%ard the

opposite poles of the cell, follo%ing the

direction of the spindle microtubules.• Throughout this process, the centromeres

move from the center, pulling along the

remainder of the chromosome .


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Telophase

• characterized by the reappearance of nuclei inthe daughter cells.

• The chromosomes revert to their semidispersedstate and the nucleoli, chromatin, and nuclear

envelope reappear.• a constriction develops at the level of the

e5uatorial plane of the mother cell andprogresses until it divides the cytoplasm and itsorganelles in half .

• 4n accumulation of microfilaments occursbeneath the cell membrane in the region ofmitotic constriction.


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#eiotic division

• !erminal cells 0spermatogonium or

oogonium1

• !oes through ' successive divisions

• &eduction by half of the number of

chromosomes and amount of >;4 per cell

producing spermatid

• Through an elaborate process of

cytodifferentiation spermatozoon


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Bio sel - The structure and organization of eukaryotic cell.ppt

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