1. CELL.ppt

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1

By

Khairun Nisa Berawi, dr

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Introduction to Physiology

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3

What is Physiology?

Physiology is the study of how living organism work

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TH !I"# $! PH%&I$"$'%

() *iral Physiology

+) Bacterial Physiology) -ellular Physiology

.) Plant Physiology

/) Human Physiology

0ore com1le2

4

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Physiology of cell

Characteristic of Life

1. Organization is the condition in which the 1art of

an organism have relationshi1 to each other and the 1arts interact to 1erform s1ecific functions)

2. Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking 1lace in an organism

3. Responsiveness is the a3ility of an organism tosense changes in its e2ternal or internal environmentand ad4ust to those changes

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Physiologi of cell

4. Growth ha11ens when cells increase in si5e or num3er which

1roduces an overall enlargement of all or 1art of the organism

. !evelopment includes the changes an organism undergoesthrough time6 it 3egins with fertili5ation and ends at death)

#evelo1ment usually involves growth, differentiation 7change

in cell structure and function from generali5ed to s1eciali5ed8,

and mor1hogenesis 7change in sha1e of tissues, organs, and the

entire organism8)

9) :e1roduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms

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References

() Te2t3ook of 0#I-;" PH%&I$"$'% 3y ;rthur -) 'uyton

and <ohn Hall) (=th dition) W)B) &;>N#:&

-$0P;N%

+) H>0;N PH%&I$"$'%) The mechanism of Body

!unction) ;rthur *ander6 <ames &herman6 #orothy "uciano)

th d) +==() 0c'raw@Hill

) ;N;T$0% A PH%&I$"$'% 3y :od :) &eeley, Trent #)&te1hens, and Phili1 Tate) 9th dition) +==) 0c'raw@Hill)

www)mhhe)comseeley9

7

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'N:;" IN&T:>-TI$N;" $B<-TI*

;fter attending the course of Physiology, student would 3e a3le

to a11ly the 1rinci1le normal value of 3ody organ functions to

evaluate the disease

8

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"CO#$ O% #&'"(OLOG'

1. Characteristics of life

2. &omeostasis

9

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Characteristic of Life

1. Organization is the condition in which the 1art of anorganism have relationshi1 to each other and the 1arts interact

to 1erform s1ecific functions)

2. Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking 1lace in an

organism

3. Responsiveness is the a3ility of an organism to sense

changes in its e2ternal or internal environment and ad4ust to

those changes

1

0

.) CCCC))

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4. Growth ha11ens when cells increase in si5e or num3er which

1roduces an overall enlargement of all or 1art of the organism

. !evelopment includes the changes an organism undergoes

through time6 it 3egins with fertili5ation and ends at death)#evelo1ment usually involves growth, differentiation 7change

in cell structure and function from generali5ed to s1eciali5ed8,

and mor1hogenesis 7change in sha1e of tissues, organs, and

the entire organism8)9) :e1roduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms)

11

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&omeostasis

Homeostasis is the condition in which 3ody function, fluids, and other

factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suita3le

to su11ort of life

)egative fee*bac+

a) Negative@feed3ack mechanisms o1erate to maintain homeostasis

3) 0any negative@feed3ack mechanism consist of a rece1tor, control

center, and effector

#ositive %ee*bac+

a) Positive@feed3ack mechanisms usually increase deviation from

normal

3) ;lthough a few 1ositive@feed3ack mechanisms normally e2ist in the

3ody, 3ody 1ositive@feed3ack mechanism are harmful

12

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Negative Feedback

a. Como!e!ts of !egative feedback co!t"ol system

b. Negative feedback co!t"ol of body teme"at#"e

a. Como!e!t of a !egative

feedback co!t"ol

b. Negative feedback co!t"ol of body

tem.

a.$eviatio! i! co!t"olled va"iable

b.Fall i! body tem.bello% set oi!t

a.&e!so"

b.'em.(mo!ito"i!g !e"ve cells

a.)!teg"ato"

b.'em.co!t"ol ce!te"

a.*ffecto"+s,

b.&keletal m#scles

+a!d othe" effecto"s,

a.Come!sato"y "eso!se

b.- heat "odc.th"o#gh shive"i!g

the" mea!s

a.Co!t"oll va"iable "esto"ed to !o"malb.)!c"ease i! body tem.to set oi!t

a.Feed

/ack

b.Neg.

F/

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)!te"dee!de!t "elatio!shi of cells body system a!d

homeostasis

'he deicted i!te"dee!de!t "elatio!shi se%"ves as the

fo#!datio! fo" mode"!(day hysiology homneostasis is

essential for the survival of cells, body system maintain

homeostasis, and cells make up body system mai!tai!

)s esse!tial fo" ake # s#"vival of

/ody systemsomeostasis

Cells

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PH%&I$"$'% IN 0#I-;" !;->"T% $! >NI";

$))&)N &C- && 5'*6)5&

P&) ) +3 : 0, 3"d 1. )!t"od#ctio! to Physiology2. Cell a!d #scle Physiology

3. Ne#"ohysiology

4. *!doc"i!e Physiology

;. 6e"od#ctive Physiology

P&) )) +2 : 3, 4th 1. 6esi"ato"y Physiology2. &ecial se!ses

3. ast"oi!testi!al Physiology

4. etabolism < 'eme"at#"e 6eg#latio!

;. abo"ato"y P"actice

P&) ))) +2 : 3, ;th 1. Ca"diovasc#la" Physiology

2. /lood

3. 6e!al Physiology < /ody Fl#ids

4. abo"ato"y P"actice

1;

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1=

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"pecific (nstr,ctional Ob-ective

;fter attending the cell discussion, student would 3e a3le to

e21lain the molecular factors that res1onsi3le for the 1rinci1le

function of the cells as the smallest 3asic units of life

17

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he main f,nction of the cell

() Basic unit of life) The cell is the smallest 1art6 retain the

characteristic of life+) Protection and su11ort) -ells 1roduce and secrete various

molecules that 1rovide 1rotection and su11ort of the 3ody

) 0ovement) ;ll the movements of the 3ody occur 3ecause of

molecules located within the s1ecific cells)

.) -ommunication) -ells 1roduce and receive chemical and

electrical signal that allow them to communicate with one

another

/) -ell meta3olism and energy release) The chemical reactions that

occur within the cells are referred to collectively as cell

meta3olism) nergy released during meta3olism is used for the

cell activities)

18

&u3 to1ic CCCCC))

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&>BT$PI-&

() How we see cells

+) Plasma mem3rane

) 0ovement through the 1lasma mem3rane

.) $verview of cell meta3olism

/) -ellular as1ects of aging

19

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1. &ow we see the cells

We useD() "ight microsco1e

To see general feature of the cell

+) lectron microsco1eTo study the fine structure

) &canning electron microsco1e

To see the cell and internal structure surface

.) Transmission electron microsco1e

To see EthroughF 1art of the cell and discover other as1ect of the cell structure

The cell CC))

20

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The Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure

and function in organism3. All cells come from preeexiting cells

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F"om Cells to &ystem

evels of "ga!i>atio! i! body?

( Chemical level

( Cell#la" level

( 'iss#e level

( "ga! level

( /ody system level( "ga!ism level

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The cell 23

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+Fig.1C,

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*-@56')C 65N**&

5N$ '*)6 F-NC')N&

GENERAL FUNCTION : MANUFACTURE

Nucleus : DNA synthesis; RNA synthesis; assembly o !ibosomalsubunits "in nucleus#

Ribosomes : $oli$e$ti%e "$!otein# synthesis

Rou&h ER : 'ynthesis o memb!ane $!oteins( sec!eto!y $!oteins( an%hy%!olytic en)ymes; o!mation o t!ans$o!t *esicles

'mooth ER : Li$i% synthesis; ca!bohy%!ate metabolism in li*e! cells;%eto+iication in li*e! cells; calsium ion sto!a&e

Gol&i a$$a!atus : Mo%iication( tem$o!a!y sto!a&e( an% t!ans$o!t omac!omolecules; o!mation o lysosomes an% t!ans$o!t *esicles

GENERAL FUNCTION: ,REA-DO.N

Lysosomes : Di&estion o nut!ients( bacte!ia( an% %ama&e% o!&anelles;

%est!uction o ce!tain cells %u!in& emb!yonic %e*elo$ment/e!o+isomes ; Di*e!se metabolic $!ocesses( 0ith b!ea1%o0n o 23O3

by $!o%uct

4acuoles : Di&estion "li1e lysosomes# ; sto!a&e o chemicals; cellsenla!&ement; 0ate! balance

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*-@56')C 65N**&

5N$ '*)6 F-NC')N&*N*65 F-NC')N ? *N*6 P6C*&&)N

Chlo"olasts +i! la!ts a!d some "otists,? Co!ve"sio! oflight e!e"gy to chemical of s#ga"s

itocho!d"ia ? co!ve"sio! of chemical e!e"gy of 5'P*N*65 F-NC')N& ? &-PP6' **N' 5N$

C-N)C5')N /*'A**N C*&

Cytoskeleto! +i!cl#di!g cillia flagella ce!t"iols i! a!imalcells,

Cell %alls

*Bt"acell#la" mat"iB +i! a!imal,

Cell #!ctio!

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;ssignment

G #efine cyto1lasm and cytosolG What are the two general functions of the cytoskeleton?

G #escri3e and list the function of microtu3ules, actin filaments, and

intermediate filaments

G #efine and give e2am1les of cyto1lasmic inclusions) What areli1ochromes?

G #efine organelles

G #escri3e and list the functions of chromosomes) 21lain the structure of

centrioles

G What are s1indle fi3ers? 21lain the relationshi1 3etween centrosomes,

s1indle fi3ers, and kinetochores of chromosomes during cell division

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) -ontrast the structure anf function of cilia and flagella

) #escri3e the structure and function of microvilli) How are microvilli

different from cilia?

(=) What kinds of molecules are in ri3osomes? Where are the ri3osomal

su3units formed and assem3led?

(() -om1are the functions of free ri3osomes and endo1lasmic reticulum

ri3osomes

(+) How is the endo1lasmic reticulum related to the nuclear envelo1e? How

are the cisternae of the endo1lasmic reticulum related to the rest of the

cyto1lasm?

() What are the functions of smooth endo1lasmic reticulum?

(.) #escri3e the structure and function of the 'olgi a11aratus

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(/) #escri3e the 1roduction of a 1rotein at the endo1lasmic reticulum and its

distri3ution to the 'olgi a11aratus) Name three ways in which 1roteins

are distri3uted from the 'olgi a11aratus

(9) #efine secretory vesicles

() #escri3e the 1rocess 3y which lysosomal en5ymes digest 1hagocyti5ed

materials) #efine auto1hagia

() What is the function of 1ero2isomes? How does catalase 1rotect cells?() #escri3e the structure and function of 1roteasomes

+=) What is the function of mitochondria? What en5yme are found on the

cristae and in the matri2? How can the num3er of mitochondria in a cell

increase?

+() How might a cellular clock, death genes, #N; damage, free radicals, or

mitochondrial damage contri3ute to cellular aging?

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+) Plasma mem3rane 30

() The outermost com1onent of a cell

+) -onsists ./ J /= li1ids, ./ J /= 1roteins, . J car3ohydrate

) CCC)

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+) Plasma mem3rane (

) -ar3ohydrates com3ine with li1id to form glycoli1ids, and with 1rotein to form

glyco1roteins) 'lycocaly2 is the collection of car3ohydrates, glycoli1ids, and

glyco1roteins on the outer surface of the 1lasma mem3rane

.) CCC)

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+) Plasma mem3rane +

.) &u3stances inside the 1lasma mem3rane are intracellular, and outside are

e2tracellular sometimes called intercellular

/) ncloses and su11orts the cell contents

9) CCCC

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+) Plasma mem3rane

9) ;ttaches cells to the e2tracellular environment or other cells

) To a3le the cell to recogni5e and to communicate with each other

) CCC))

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+) Plasma mem3rane .

) #etermines what move into and out of cells different the e2tra A intra@

cellular environment

) :egulates the movement of ions as a result of the e2istence of mem3rane

1otential 7outside is 1ositively and inside is negatively charged8

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0em3rane li1ids

() Predominantly 1hos1holi1ids and cholesterol

+) Phos1holi1ids readily assem3le to form a lipi* bila/er that have a 1olar

7charged8 head and a non1olar 7uncharged8 head) The 1olar is hydro1hilic

which e21osed to water inside and outside the cell) The non1olar is

hydro1ho3ic tails which face one another in the interior of the 1lasma

mem3rane

-om1osition of the 1lasma mem3rane 3;

3=

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0em3rane li1ids

.) -holesterol accounts for a3out one third of the total li1ids which is

inters1ersed among the 1hos1holi1ids

/) The amount of cholesterol determines the fluid nature of the mem3rane)

-om1osition of the 1lasma mem3rane 3=

37

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The 1roteins

() #etermine the function of the 1lasma mem3rane

+) 'ive structure of Efluid mosaic modelE

) CCCC)

37

38

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The 1roteins

The 1osition are integral 7intrinsic8 that 1enetrate dee1ly into the li1id 3ilayer

and e2tend from one surface to the other, consist of hydro1hilic and

hydro1ho3ic : grou1s6 and 1eri1heral 7e2trinsic8 that are attached either the

inner or outer surface and usually 3ound to integral 1rotein

. CCC

38

39

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The 1roteins

.) !unction as markers, attachment sites, channels, rece1tors, en5ymes, or

carriers)

/) The functions de1end on their three J dimensional sha1es and their chemical

characteristics)

39

40

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0em3rane Protein

'lo3ular 1roteins in the

1lasma mem3rane

-ell surface marker

'lyco1roteins on the surface allow cells to

identify one another

0em3rane 1rotein C))

40

41

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0em3rane Protein

;ttachment site

Proteins 7integrins8 in the 1lasma mem3rane attach to e2tracellular molecules


41

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:ece1tor 1rotein


42

43

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TH -H;NN" P:$TIN&

() &ome region of the 1rotein are helical) achhelical region can 3e de1icted as cylinder

43

44

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+) In some mem3rane 1roteins, the helical regionform circle with a channel in the center

44

4;

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) The ring of cylinders can 3e de1icted as a @#

glo3ular structure with a channel in the center)

This is called a channel 1rotein

4;

4=

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.) The channel 1rotein can 3e de1icted cut in half

to show the channel

4=

47

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/) The cut channel 1rotein is de1icted within the

1lasma mem3rane

0em3rane 1roteins CCC))

47

48

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&ome 1rotein are ligand J gated ion channel) When ligands 3ind to the rece1tor

sites, this com3ination alters the the three@dimensional structure causing the

channels either to o1en or to close change the 1ermea3ility of the 1lasma

mem3rane)

:ece1tors linked to channel 1roteins

48

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The 3ounded ligand o1en the channel


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:ece1tors linked to ' 1roteins

&ome mem3rane@3ound molecules

function 3y altering the activity of a ' J

1rotein com1le2 that consisted of three

1roteins called al1ha, 3eta, and gamma,located on the inner surface of the

1lasma mem3rane) When a ligand

attaches the rece1tor the '@1rotein is

activated and stimulate a cell res1onse)


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n5yme in the 1lasma

mem3rane

This en5yme in the 1lasma mem3rane 3reaks the 1e1tide 3ound of di1e1tide

to 1roduce two amino acids)

&ome mem3rane 1roteins

function as en5yme


- i t i

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-arrier 1roteins

-arrier 1roteins are integral

1roteins that move ions or

molecules from one side of the

1lasma mem3rane to the other) The

carrier 1roteins have s1ecific 3inding sites to which ions or

molecules attach on one side of the

1lasma mem3rane) The carrier

1rotein change its conformation to

move the ions or molecules to the

other side of the 1lasma mem3rane)

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;ssignmentD

() What are the ma4or function of the cell?+) What are the difference 3etween light and electron microsco1e?

) #efine glycoli1id and glyco1rotein) #escri3e the difference 3etween

integral and 1eri1heral 1roteins in the 1lasma mem3rane

.) "ist two functions of marker molecules

/) #escri3e and give the function of integrins

9) #efine nongated ion channel, ligand@gated ion channel, and voltage@gated

ion channel) What determines the function of a channel 1rotein?

) To what 1art of a rece1tor molecule does a ligand attach? 'ive twoe2am1les of how a ligand can 3ind to a rece1tor in the 1lasma mem3rane

and cause a res1onse in the cell

) 'ive an e2am1le of the action of an en5yme in the 1lasma mem3rane

;3

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3. Movement thro,gh the selectivel/ permeable

plasma membrane

$34ectivesD

a) #escri3e the four ways 3y which su3stances can move through the 1lasma

mem3rane

3) #escri3e the factors that affect the rate and the direction of diffusion of the

solute in a solvent

c) #escri3e diffusion and osmosis

d) #escri3e the 1rocesses of facilitated diffusion, active trans1ort, andsecondary active trans1ort

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0ovement Through the Plasma 0em3rane

() "i1id@solu3le molecules 1ass through the 1lasma mem3rane readily 3y

dissolving in the li1id 3ilayer

+) &mall molecules 1ass through mem3rane channel) 0ost channel are

1ositively charged, allowing negatively charged ions and neutral

molecules to 1ass through more readily than 1ositive charged ions

) "arge 1olar su3stances 7e)g), glucose and amino acids8 are trans1orted

through the mem3rane 3y carrier molecules

.) "arger 1ieces of materials enter cells in vesicles

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#iffusion

() #iffusion is the movement of a su3stance from an area of higher

concentration to one lower concentration Lwith a concentration gradientM

+) The concentration gradient is the difference in solute concentration

3etween two 1oints divided 3y the distance se1arating the 1oints

) The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in concentration gradient,

an increase in tem1erature, a decrease in molecular si5e, and decrease in

viscosity

.) The end result of diffusion is a uniform distri3ution of molecules/) #iffusion reuires no e21enditure of energy

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"igand

"igand

:ece1tor site

Intracellular

rece1tor

#iffusion

This small, li1id@solu3le

ligand diffuses through

the 1lasma mem3raneand com3ine with the

rece1tor site of an

intracellular rece1tor

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DIFFUSI

Substansi atau molekul akan berpindah dari larutan yang konsentrasiGradien tinggi ke konsentrasi gradien rendah

Melalui selaput semipermiabel

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$smosis() $smosis is the diffusion of water 7solvent8 across a selectively 1ermea3le

mem3rane

+) $smotic 1ressure is the force reuired to 1revent the movement of water

across a selectively 1ermea3le mem3rane

) Isosmotic solutions have the same concentration of the solute 1articles,

hy1erosmotic solutions have a greater concentration, and hy1osmotic

solutions have a lower concentration of solute 1articles than a reference

solution

.) -ells 1laced in an isotonic solution neither swell nor shrink) In a

hy1ertonic solution they shrink 7crenate8, and in a hy1otonic solution they

swell and may 3e 3urst 7lyse8

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!iltration

() !iltration is the movement of a liuid through a 1artition with holes thatallow the liuid, 3ut not everything in the liuid, to 1ass through them

+) "iuid movement results from a 1ressure difference across the 1artition

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0ediated Trans1ort 0echanism() 0ediated trans1ort is the movement of a su3stance across a mem3rane 3y

means of a carrier molecule) The su3stances trans1orted tend to 3e large,

water J solu3le molecules

The carrier molecules have 3inding sites that 3ind with either a singletrans1ort molecule or a grou1 of similar trans1ort molecules) This

selectiveness is called s1ecificity

&imilar molecule can com1ete for carrier molecules, with each

reducing the rate of trans1ort of the other

$nce all the carrier molecules are in use, the rate of trans1ort cannot

increase further 7saturation8

0ediated Trans1ort mechanism CCCCC))

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+) Three kinds of mediated trans1ort can 3e identified)

!acilitated diffusion moves su3stances with the concentration

gradient and does nor reuire energy e21enditure 7;TP8

;ctive trans1ort can move su3stances against their concentration

gradient and reuires ;TP) ;n e2change 1um1 is an active trans1ortmechanism that simultaneously moves two su3stances in o11osite

direction across the 1lasma mem3rane

In secondary active trans1ort) ;n ion is moved across the 1lasma

mem3rane 3y active trans1ort, and the energy 1roduced 3y the ion

diffusing 3ack down its concentration gradient can trans1ort anothermolecule, such as glucose, against its concentration gradient)

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FACILITATED DIFUSI!

Dengan adanya "arier protein# molekul atau substansi yang dibutuhkanDapat masuk ke dalam sel$

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0ediated trans1ort

() The carrier 1rotein 3inds with amolecular on one side of the 1lasma

mem3rane

+) The carrier 1rotein changes sha1e

and release the molecule on the

other side of the 1lasma mem3rane

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Primary ;ctive Trans1ort

&econdary ;ctive Trans1ort

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&econdary ;ctive Trans1ort

() NaO concentration is maintained higher out side than inside the cell 3y

sodium@1otassium e2change 1um1) This concentration gradient 1rovides

energy for secondary active trans1ort

+) NaO

move 3ack into the cell with glucose as secondary active trans1ort)

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ndocytosis and 2ocytosis

() ndocytosis is the 3ulk movement of materials into cells

Phagocytosis is the 3ulk movement of solid material into cells 3y

formation of a vesicle

Pinocytosis is similar to 1hagocytosis, e2ce1t that the ingested

material is much smaller or in solution

+) 2ocytosis is the secretion of materials from cells 3y vesicle formation

) ndocytosis and e2ocytosis use vesicles, can 3e s1ecific 7rece1tor@

mediated endocytosis8 for su3stance trans1orted, and reuire energy

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ndocytosis

$r

Internali5ation

; 1article enters the vesicle 7mem3rane@3ounded sac8 the 1lasma

mem3rane wra1s around the 1article and fuses so that the 1article is

surrounded 3y a mem3rane) That 1ortion of the mem3rane then E1inches offF

so the surrounded 1article is with the cyto1lasm, and the 1lasma mem3rane is

left intact

%hagositosisM l k l i k

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Molekul asing akanDiselubungi oleh

Membran plasma yangMembentuk &esikel

phagositik

%hinositosisMolekul yang lebih

'e"il akan

Diselubungi &esikelSinaptik danDitranport ke dlm

sel

EndositosisTransport substansi(Molekul masuk ke

Dalam sel)erla*anan dengan

eksositosis

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2ocytosis

Particle contained vesicle migrate forward the mem3rane, fuses with the

mem3rane) The vesicle 3urst and release it contain out of the cell

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


Pinocytosis

Pinocytosis is much like 1hagocytosis, e2ce1t the cell 1rocesses and therefore the

vesicle formed are much smaller and the material inside the vesicle is liuid rather

than 1articulate) Pinocytotic vesicle form on the internal side of a ca1illary, are

trans1orted across the cell, and o1en 3y e2ocytosis outside the ca1illary

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


$verview of -ell 0eta3olism

() ;ero3ic res1iration reuires o2ygen and 1roduces car3on

dio2ide, water, and u1 to ;TP molecules from a molecule

of glucose+) ;naero3ic res1iration does nor reuire o2ygen and 1roduces

lactic acid and two ;TP molecules from a molecule of

glucose

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$verview of -ell

0eta3olism

;ero3ic res1iration reuires o2ygen and 1roduces more ;TP 1er glucose molecule

than does anaero3ic meta3olism

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


-ellular ;s1ect of ;ging() -ellular clock) ; cell line may die out after a certain time or a certain

num3er of cell divisions

+) #eath genes) There may 3e Edeath genesF, with turn on late in life,

causing cells to die

) #N; damage) Telomeres normally 1rotect #N; from damage during

re1lication, and telomerase 1rotects these telomeres) ;ging cells lack

telomerase and telomeres, and other #N;, 3ecome o1en to damage

.) !ree radicals) !ree radicals may also damage #N;

/) 0itochndrial damage) 0itochondrial #N; may 3e the most sensitive to

free@radicals damage

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


;ssignmentsD

() "ist four ways that su3stances move across the 1lasma mem3rane

+) #efine solute, solvent, and concentration gradient) #o solutes diffusewith or against their concentration gradient?

) How is the rate of diffusion affected 3y an incr.eased concentration

gradient? By an increased of a solution? By increased viscosity of the

solvent?

.) #efine osmosis and osmotic 1ressure) ;s the concentration of a solution

increases, what ha11ens to its osmotic 1ressure and the tendency for water

to move into it?

/) -om1are isosmotic, hy1erosmotic, and hy1osmotic solution to isotonic,

hy1ertonic, and hy1otonic solutions what ty1e of solution causescrenation of a cell? What ty1e of solution causes lysis of a cell?

9) #efine filtration and give an e2am1les of where it occurs in the 3ody

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


) What is mediated trans1ort? What ty1es of molecules are moved through

the 1lasma mem3rane 3y mediated trans1ort?

) #escri3e s1ecificity, com1etition, and saturation as characteristics of

mediated trans1ort mechanisms

) -ontrast facilitated diffusion and active trans1ort in relation to energy

e21enditure and movement of su3stances with or against their

concentration gradients

(=) What are secondary active trans1ort, cotrans1ort, and countertrans1ort?

(() #efine endocytosis and vesicle) How do 1hagocytosis and 1inocytosis

differ from each other?

(+) What is rece1tor mediated endocytosis?

() #escri3e and give e2am1les of e2ocytosis

7/23/2019 1. CELL.ppt


1. CELL.ppt

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