BF textbook Biofuel TRI KHMER 08 07 25 - COMPED

The REEPRO project receives funding from the European Commission within the COOPENER Programme.The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as

reflection of the position of the Europe Union.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO

karCMrujRbsiT§iPaBeRbIR)as;famBlfµI

enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_

BF – \n§n³CIv³esovePAsikSa

GñkniBn§

Keophayvanh INSIXIENGMAY, TRI

Houmpheng THEUAMBOUNMY,TRI

Ex mina qñaM 2008

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

EIE-06-256 REEPRO

I

matika

1 niymn½yRKwH nigRbePTeRbg\n§n³CIv³ ................................................................................ 1

1.1 lkçNHTUeTA ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 eRbg\n§n³CIv ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 CIveGtanul (Bioethanol)...................................................................................... 2

1.1.3 CIv\n§n³CMnan;TIBIr ................................................................................................. 2

1.2 niymn½y énkareRbIR)as; nigmatika ............................................................................... 4

1.2.1 CIv\n§m:as‘Ut ......................................................................................................... 4

1.2.2 CIveGtanul (Bioethanol)...................................................................................... 5

1.3 lT§PaBeRbIR)as; .......................................................................................................... 6

2 RbPBbMElgCIIv\n§n³......................................................................................................... 8

2.1 vtßúFatuedIm\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut ............................................................................................ 8

2.2 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;CIveGtaNul ...................................................................................... 17

2.3 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;CIv\n§HCMnan;TI2 .................................................................................. 20

3 mUldæanRKwHsMrab;plitkmµ\n§n³CIv³ .................................................................................. 21

3.1 plitkmµ\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut ............................................................................................. 21

3.2 karplitCIv³eGtanul.................................................................................................. 26

3.3 karpliteGtanulEsluyLÚs ..................................................................................... 28

4 GtßRbeyaCN_én\n§n³CIv³............................................................................................... 36

4.1 karGnuvtþsMrab;kardwkCBa¢Ún ......................................................................................... 36

4.2 karGnuvtþn_sMrab;karbegáItfamBlGKÁisnI ...................................................................... 45

4.3 kareRbIsMrab;cMGinmðÚb nigkMedA...................................................................................... 48

5 Éksareyag ................................................................................................................. 52


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

II

bBa¢IrUbPaB

rUbPaBTI 1³ edImlðúgxVg nigRKab; Jatropha curcas..................................................................12

rUbPaBTI 2³ RbePTdMNaM Rapeseed enARbeTsGaLWm:g; nigRKab;rbs;va ....................................13

rUbPaBTI 3³ dMNaMdUgeRbg edIm nigEpø ..................................................................................... 14

rUbPaBTI 4³ RbePTsENþkmYycMnYnRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eKalbMNgCaeRcIn ............................... 16

rUbPaBTI 5³ dMeNIrkaremSAs¶ÜteTACasárr eTACaGal;kul ............................................................ 18

rUbPaBTI 6³ Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) ......................................................................21

rUbPaBTI 7³ RbtikmµénkarbMElg ............................................................................................22

rUbPaBTI 8³ RkaPikéndMeNIrkarplitkmµm:asU‘tCIv³ ...................................................................23

rUbPaBTI 9³ karplitm:as‘UtCIv³EdlmanbICMhan ...................................................................... 25

rUbPaBTI 10³ RkaPikkarpliteGTIlGal;kul .......................................................................... 28

rUbPaBTI 11³ RkaPikpliteGtanulesluyLÚs ......................................................................30

rUbPaBTI 12³ rfynþRkug Edlrt;edayCIvm:as‘Ut.......................................................................37

rUbPaBTI 13³ CIveGtaNul E85 GacrkmanenAkñúgsßanIy_ .........................................................40

rUbPaBTI 14³ FugeRbgsaMgenAxageqVg FugGal;kulenAxagsþaM enAsßanIy_cak;\n§n³RbeTseRbsuIl 42

rUbPaBTI 15³ Ford Taurus “ edIredaycMehHeGtaNuls¥at ” énRkugBaJÚy:k;................................43

rUbPaBTI 16³ ma:suInePøIg EdlGacgaypøas;TI...........................................................................46

rUbPaBTI 17³ m:asuInePøIgm:asU‘tCIv³ 2500WVA.........................................................................46

rUbPaBTI 18³ eragcRkfamBledIredayeRbgm:asUtCIv³enA California shrdæGaemrik.................. 47

rUbPaBTI 19³ eKalkarN_dMeNIrkarenAkñúgLc®gáansuILaMg ¬LeRbIsMBaFeTAelIGgÁFaturav¦ ...........49


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

III

rUbPaBTI 20³ c®gáaneRbIR)as;\n§n³eGtan¼emtan .....................................................................50

rUbPaBTI 21³ c®gáaneRbIR)as;Bhu\n§n³ ....................................................................................50

rUbPaBTI 22³ eRKagc®gáaneRbIeGtan NarI............................................................................... 51

rUbPaBTI 23³ sNæanGNþatePøIgrbs; c®gáaneRbIeGtan NarI .................................................... 51

bBa¢Itarag

taragTI 1³ tMrUvkar ASMTD 6751 ...........................................................................................4

taragTI 2³ KuNPaBkMNt;én\n§n³CIv nigm:as‘Utelx2 .................................................................5

taragTI 3³ TinñpldMNaM niglT§PaBplit\n§n³CIv³ ...................................................................... 9

taragTI 4³ TinñplmFüm 99>5 ° Gal;kulkñúg 1etan .............................................................. 19

taragTI 5³ taragTI 6³ TinñplmFüm 99>5 ° Gal;kulkñúg 1 Acre............................................. 19

taragTI 7³ karEckcayCIveGtaNulenAkñúgshKmGuWr:ub ........................................................... 41

taragTI 8³ kareRbIR)as; CIveGtaNulenAGWr:ub (GWh)................................................................44

taragTI 9³ karpliteGtanulenAkñúgshKmGuWrub (GWh)............................................................44


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

1

1 niymn½yRKwH nigRbePTeRbg\n§n³CIv³

\n§n³CIv³ rWehAfaeRbgksi GackMNt;y:agTUlayfaCarbs; rwg rav rWGacekItCaCa]sµ½n eRbg rWGacbMElgmkCa]sµ½nCIv³. EbbbTTaMgenH KWsMedAeTAelIeRbgrav énCIv]sµ½n EdleGayeQµaHfa \n§n³CIvm:as‘Ut nigCIveGtaNul.

1.1 lkçN³TUeTA1.1.1 eRbg\n§n³CIv³

\n§n³CIvm:as‘Ut KWCaeRbgravpliteLIg edayeGEsÞ‘rGaKIlGasuItxøaj;, eGEsÞ‘remTIlGasuItxøaj;(FAME), or long-chained mono alkyl esters. vaKWCaplitpl)anmkBIFnFan EdlGacekItmaneLIgvijCarbs;fµI nig)aneRbIBIeRbgbEnø xøaj;stV nigeFVIkardutsMGatCMnYsvijsMrab;eRbgkateRbgCIv\n§n³.

eRbg\n§n³CIv³ KWRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayqøgkat;dMeNIrkarKImI EdlehAfa transesterification.ehtudUcenH KøIesrIn )anEckdac;BICatixøaj; rWeRbgbEnø. CatieRbg nigxøaj;RtUv)aneRcaH ehIy)aneFVIvamun nigpøas; bþÚreTACaTwk nigCatikxVk;. RbsinebImanvtþman CatiGasIutxøaj; BYkvaGacbþÚr rWbMElgeTACaCIv\n§ edayeRbInUvbec©kviTüaRbRBwtþkmµBiessBImun. eRbgRbRBwtþkmµBImun nigCatixøaj; bnÞab;RtUv)anbBa©ÚlKña CamYyGakul ¬CaTUeTA ehAfaemtaNul¦ nigkatalIkr (CaFmµtasUdüÚm GuIRduksuIt rWb:UtasüÚmGuIRduksuIt). m:UelKuleRbg (triglycerides) RtUvEbkedayELk²BIKña ehIyEkERbeTACaeGEsÞ‘remTIl nig KøIesrIn, TaMgGs;enHRtUv)anpþac;CabnþbnÞab;eTAvijeTAmk nig bnSút. enAkñúgkareFVIplitkmµ 100 pounds éneRbg nigxøaj; RtUv)aneFVIRbtikmµCamYy10 pounds énExScgVak;Gakulkñúgvtþman katalIkr edIm,I)anCaTMRmg; 100 pounds énCIv\n§n³ nig10 pounds énKøIesrIn.eRbgbEnø eqA rWsø rWxøaj;eRbImþgeTotminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eTACaCIv\n§n³KWminEmnCaCIv\n§n³ ehIyKYrEteCosvag. karRsavRCav)anbgðajeGayeXIjfaeRbgbEnø rWxøaj;)aneRbIkñúgCI (Compression

Ignition) m:asuIn ehIyRtUvmankMritTabCag 10% eTA 20% EdlGacbNþal[m:asuInrgkMTickMTIenAry³eBlyUr kkeRbgm:asuIn karEfTaMbBaðaepSg² nigkat;bnßyGayukalm:asIun. bBaðaTaMgenHPaKeRcIn KWbNþalmkBI PaBrGil ¬viscosity¦. .


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

2

kMras;Rkas; éneRbgeqA ¬cenøaH 40 mm2/s ¦ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnigeRbgm:as‘Ut sMrab;m:asIun niginjectors NamYyEdleK)anrcnaeLIg ¬cenøaH 1>3 nig 4.1 mm2 /s¦. edIm,IeCosvagbBaða PaBrGileRbgbEnø nigcMNIciBa©wmepSg²eTot)anbMElgeTACaCIv\n§edayqøgkat;dMeNIrkarénkarbMElgeRbgbEnørWxøaj;eTACaCIv\n§n³. eyIgkat;bnßyPaBrGil éneRbgeTACatMélRbhak;RbEhlnigkarbMElgeRbg\n§n³ m:as‘Ut ¬tMéleRbgCIv\n§ CaTUeTAcenøaHBI 4 and 5 mm²/s ¦.

1.1.2 CIveGtanul (Bioethanol)

eRbg Bioethanol KWCaplitpldMbUgEdl)anmkBIsárr ehIyvaGac)anmkBIkareFVIKImI énRbRBwtkmµethylene CamYycMhayTwk. FnFancMbgénsárKW RtUvkarplit eGtaNulmkBIeRbg rWfamBlRKab;FBaØCati.RKab;FBaØCatiTaMgenH)anlUtlas;sMrab;kareRbIR)as;famBl rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgeBat eBatBN’elOg nigRKab;FBaØCatiRsUvsalI sMNl;cMebIg willow nigedImeQIsMxan;CaeRcIneTot GacN_rNaesµAERtgBN’elOgx©I cord grasses, Jerusalem artichoke, miscanthus, sorghum plants,

enHKWCakarRsavRCavEdlkMBugbnþ nigGPivDÄN_eGayeTACakareRbIR)as;énsMNl;rwg eTAkat;bnßyeRbg eGtaNul.

eGtaNul rW eGTIlGakul (C2H5OH) CavtßúravEdlKµanBN’ vaGacbMEbkFatu)an kMritCatiBulexSaynigbNþaleGaybMBulbrisßanbnþicbnþÜcebI sinCavaehorecj. eGtaNuleqHbegáItCakabUndayGuksIutnigTwk. eGtaNulmanCati eRbg Guktanx<s; nig )aneFVIkarbegáInCatiGuktanenAkñúgsaMg.edaybBa©ÚlKñarvagGuktan nigsaMgeyIgGacbBa©ÚlGuksIEsnpgEdrkñúgkarlayeRbg dUcenHvaeqHxøaMgCagmunnigkat;bnßykarbeBa©jCatiBul. karbBa©ÚleGtaNulCamYysaMg sMrab;\n§ CaFmµtaTUeTAlay 10%

eGtaNul nig 90% saMg (E10). m:asuIneTacRkyanynþKWtMrUvmineGaymankarEkERb edIm,IdMeNIrkarelI (E10) nigFanayanynþmineGayman\T§IBlpgEdr. manEtyanynþEdleRbIeRbgGacbþÚr)anEtmYyKt;EdlGacdMeNIrkar hYsBI 85% eGtaNul nig 15% saMgbN©ÚlKña (E85).

1.1.3 CIv\n§n³CMnan;TIBIr

GñkpÁt;pÁg;\n§n³CIv niyayCMTas;fa dMeNaHRsayEdlGacbnþeTAmuxeTot KWedIm,IbegáInkarpÁt;pÁg;Epñk]sSahkmµ nigneya)ay nigPaBeCOnelOnrh½sén]bkrN_CIv\n§CMnan;TI2 EdlminEmn)anmkBIRKab;FBaØCatirab;TaMg\n§n³CIv³esluyLÚs. karpliteRbgCIv\n§enACMnan;TI2GaceRbI edayminmanRKab;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

3

FBaØCatieTTaMgenHKWrab;TaMgsMNl;CIv]sµ½n edImRsUvsalI eBat eQI nigfamBlsMxan;mYycMnYneTot rWRKab;FBaØCatiCIv]sµ½n (e.g. miscanthus). CMnan;TI2 2G CIv\n§ eRbIbec©kviTüa sMNl;rav CIv]sµ½nrab;TaMg cellulosic biofuels Edl)anminEmn)anmkBIRKab;FBaØCati. eRbgCIv\n§CaeRcInenAkñúgCMnan;TI2 KwsßitenAeRkamkarGPivDÄdUcCa bio hydrogen, biomethanol, DMF (Dimethylfuran), Bio-DME

(Dimethyl ether), Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols nig wood

diesel.

enACMnan;TI1 én bioethanol )anbegáIteLIgedayrukçCatikaøyeTACasáremtaNul edaykareRbIR)as;manlkçNHRsedogKñaeTAnwgkarplitRsaebor nigRsa.tMrUvkarenHKWRKab;FBaØCatieRbIR)as;CaGahar dUcCasárrGMeBA eBat RsUvsalI sárrEffav. RKab;FBaØCatiTaMgenHCatMrUvkarsMrab;Gahar dUcenHvamanCIv\n§eRcInEdl)anmkBIBUkva tMélrbs;GaharGaceLIgéfø nigxVHxatGacCabTBiesaFN_sMrab;RbeTsmYycMnYn.

enACMnan;TI2én bioethanol ehAfa cellulosic ethanol or lignocellulosic ethano. RKb;rukçCatiTaMgGs;mancMnuHekasikareQI nig eQI TaMgGs;enHCa complex carbohydrates (molecules based on

sugar). Lignocellulosic ethanol KWpliteLIgedaymU:elKulsár nigekasikaredayeRbIGg;suIm.sárTaMg enH)ankøayeTACakarpliteGtaNulenAeebobRsedogKñaniwgCMnan;TI1 bioethanol production.

pÞHeRbIkBa©ak;snSMkarsayPayén]sµ½nrbs; lignocellulosic ethanol eRcInCagkarEdl)anTTYlnUvCIv\n§enACMnan;TImYy. Lignocellulosic ethanol Gackat;bnßykarsayPay]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;RbEhl90%

ebIeRbobeFobCamYypUsIuleRbgkat.

vamankareFVIeragcRkplit lignocellulosic ethanol KWenAkñúgRbeTskaNada nigdMeNIrkaredaysaCIvkmµ IOGEN. karbgðajBIrbkKMehIjplitplBIrukçCatiRbEhl 700,000 lIRt én bioethanol

kñúgmYyqñaM². eragcRkBaNiC¢kmµsßitenAkñúgkarsagsg; RbEhlCaenAeBlGnaKtrukçCati lignocellulo-

sic ethanol nigdak;esñIreTAGaemrikxageCIg nigCuMvijBiPBelak.

enAkñúgeBlGnaKt nigRbEhlCaGacrk)an \n§rav bio-synthetic. vaGacpliteLigeday Fischer-

Tropsch process, also called Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL) .


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

4

1.2 niymn½y énkareRbIR)as; nigmatika1.2.1 CIv\n§m:as‘Ut

eRbgCIv\n§m:as‘Uttamniymn½ybec©keTsmann½yfa “Ca\n§n³mYyEdl)anpSMeLIgeday mono-alkyl

esters of long chain fatty acids ehIybMElgmkBIeRbgbEnø rWxøaj;stV ehIy)ankMNt;Ca B100,

ehIytMrUvkarrbs;kic©RbCuMén ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D7651

specification ”.

tMélén KuNPaBeRbg\n§n³ma:s‘UtepSg²kMNt;Cak;lak;eday ASTM D 6751 manenAkñúgtaragTI1.\n§n³CIvm:as‘UtKWRsedogKñaTaMglkçNHrUbviTüa nigKImI cMeBaHeRbgkat eRbgm:as‘Ut CamYyÉksareyagcMeBaHRbtibtiþkarénm:suInma:s‘Ut ¬emIltaragelx2¦.lkçNHrUbniglkçNHKImIrbs;vaKWmanTMnak;TMngeTAnigRbtibtþikarrbs;m:asuInm:as‘Ut EdlRsedogKñaeTAnigeRbgkat eRbgm:as‘Ut. \n§n³CIvm:as‘Utmandg;suIet RbEhl 0.88g/cm3 tUcCag dg;suIetrbs;Twk. \n§n³CIv m:as‘Ut man PaB min say PayenAkñúgbriyakasxçs; dUcenHvamansuvtßPaB nig mingayqabePøIgedaygay². dg;suIetfamBlcMnuHrbs;\n§n³CIvm:as‘UtKWRbEhl 33 MJ/I. TaMgenHKW 9% TabCagcMnYnFmµta2dg\n§n³m:as‘Ut. dg;sIueténkarERbRbYlenAkñúgfamBl\n§n³CIvm:as‘UtKWGaRs½yelI feedstock EdleRbIeRcInCageebob plitkmµebIkarERbRbYlTaMgenHenAmankMritticCagsMrab; \n§n³m:as‘Ut. vaRtUVv)aneKCMTas;kñúgkareFIVeGayRbesIrnUv\n§n³m:as‘UtCIv³ nigcMehHkan;Etl¥ dUcenHfamBlEdlbeBa©jrbs;m:asuInkan;EtekIn eLIg nigpøas;bþÚrxøH²rbs;dg;suIetfamBlmankMritxçs;sMrab;\n§n³m:as‘Ut.

taragTI 1³ tMrUvkar ASMTD 6751

KuNPaB viFIsa®sþ karkMNt; ÉktaFlash point, closed cup D93 130 min

oC

Water and sediment D2709 0.050 max %volumeKinematic viscosity. 40

oC D445 1.9-6.0 mm

2/s

Sulfated ash D874 0.020 max wt.%Total sulphur D5453 0.05 max wt.%Copper strip corrosion D130 No.3 maxCetane number D613 47 minCloud point D2500 Report to customer

oC

Carbon residue D4530 0.050 max wt.%Acid number D664 0.80 max mg KOH/gFree glycerine D6584 0.020 wt.%Total glycerine D6584 0.240 wt.%Phosphorus D4951 0.0010 wt.%Vacuum distillation end point D1160 360

oC max, at 90%

distilled

oC


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

5

taragTI 2³ KuNPaBkMNt;én\n§n³CIv nigm:as‘Utelx2

KuNPaB\n§n³ m:asU‘t CIvma:sU‘tkMritKMrU\n§n³Fmµta ASTM D975 ASTM D6751

Lower Heating Value, Btu/gal ~129,050 ~118,170

Kinematic Viscosity, @ 40o

C1.3-4.1 4.0-6.0

Specific Gravity kg/l @ 60o

F0.85 0.88

Density, lb/gal @ 15o

C7.079 7.328

Water and Sediment, vol% 0.05 max 0.05 max

Carbon, wt % 87 77

Hydrogen, wt % 13 12

Oxygen, by dif. Wt % 0 11

Sulfur, wt %* 0.05 max 0.0 to 0.0024

Boiling Point,o

C180 to 340 315 to 350

Flash Point,o

C60 to 80 100 to 170

Cloud Point,o

C-15 to 5 -3 to 12

Pour Point,o

C-35 to -15 -15 to 10

Cetane Number 40-55 48-65

Lubricity SLBOCLE, grams 2000-5000 >7,000

Lubricity HFRR, microns 300-600 <300

1.2.2 CIveGtanul (Bioethanol)

eGtaNul RtUv)aneKsáral;faCa eGTIlGakul GakulePsC¢³ rWGakulFBaØCati vaGaceqH)anCaFatupSMKImIEdlGt;manBN’ nigRtUv)andwgy:agc,as;faGakulRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgRbdab;sÞg;kMedAnigenAkñúgePsC¢H. enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;GakulKWRtUv)ansMedAeTAelIkareRbIR)as;CasamBaØFmµta GakulvamanlkçNHCaExScgVak;Rtg; nigrUbmnþm:UelKulvamannimitþsBaØaxus²KñadUcCa EtOH, CH3CH2OH,

C2H5OH rWrUbmnþkñúglkçN³BiesaFN_ C2H6O (which it shares with dimethyl ether).Gakul)anpSBV pSayeGayeRbIR)as;CaFatuTwksMrab;rMlayvtßúdéT CasarFatusMrab;mnusSeBlxagmuxnigeRbIR)as; rab;TaMg rbs;mankøinRkGUb begáInrs;Cati eFVIeGaymanBN’ nig»sf.kñúglkçNHKImIviTüavamanBIrEdl sMxan;KWCaTwksMrab;rMlayvtßúepSg² nigCa Feedstock sMrab;synthesis énplitplepSg²eTot. eGtaNulmanRbvtþiCayUrmkehIydUcCa\n§n³Edr rab;bBa©Úl\n§n³sMrab;cMehHEpñkxagkñúgm:asIun.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

6

eGtaNulRtUv)andak;eQµaHCaBIrRbePTKW absolute or anhydrous alcohol and denature alcohol.Denatured alcohol KWCaRbePTeGtaNulmanPayCatiBul rWminGacpwk)an eBlxøHeKRKan;EtRClk;va. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgeKaledAdUc\n§n³EdrsMrab;ceRgáog nigcRgáanCMruM ehIyk¾CaTwksMrab;rMlayvtßúdéTpgEdr.

Absolute or anhydrous alcohol CaTUeTAsMedAeTAelIeGtaNulEdl)anbnSútehIynigmancMNuHmineRcInCagPaKryrbs;Twk CakarBitNas;GakulminsMrab;bMrugTukkñúgkareRbIR)as;rbs;mnusSeT Cajwkjab;vacmøgnUvCatiBulbg;Esn ¬RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IykTwkecjtamry³kareFVI azeotropic

distillation¦. CaTUeTAeGtaNulRbePTenHeKeRbICaTwksMrab;layvtßúepSg² sMrab;mnÞIrBiesaFN_ nigEpñk]sSahkmµ EdlTwknwg bg¥ak;dMeNIrkarrbs;RbRBwtikmµ.

eGtaNulGacplit)any:ageRcInedaykøaymkBIsár rWedaykarpSMTwkéneGTIELnBIeRbgkatnigRbPBepSg²eTot. karcab;GarmµN_eBlbc©úb,nñenAkñúgeGtaNulGn; ¬exSay¦ eRcInEtenAkñúgCIveGtaNul ehIy)anpliteRcInecjBIemSArWsárenAkñúgvisalPaBepSg²KñaénRKab;FBaØCati. b:uEnþmankarBiPakSay:ageRcInfaetIGtßRbeyaCn_énCIveGtaNul nigGacpøas;bþÚrCapUsIul\n§n³enAkñúgyanynþ.

kgVl; EdlTak;TgeTAnwgcMnYnd¾FMénépÞdI EdlGacdaMduH)anKWtMrUvsMrab;EtRKab;FBaØCatiKWl¥sMrab;famBlnigtulüPaBénkarbMBulTaMgGs;énkarpliteGtaNul. karGPivDÄN_eBlbc,úbnñCamYykarplitCellulosic ethanol nigBaNiC¢kmµ GacfycuHnUvkarRBYy)armÖTaMgenH. Anhydrous ethanol

¬eGtaNul tUcCag 1% énTwk¦ GaclayCamYysaMgkñúgbrimaNERbRbYlGaRs½yelIeGtaNulsuT§(E100) nigRbePTm:asIuneRbIsaMgEdlmancMehHeqHxøaMg nigdMeNIrkarl¥CamYykarbBa©ÚlKña 10% éneGtaNul (E10).

1.3 lT§PaBeRbIR)as;

eRbg\n§n³CIvm:as‘UtGaceRbIkñúgTMrg;suT§ (E100) rWGaclay)anCamYyeRbgkat eRbgm:as‘UtenARKb;eBlkñúgm:asuInm:as‘Utd¾TMenIb. \n§n³CIvm:as‘UtKWmanlkçNHdUcnigkareRbIR)as;\n§n³EdrTaMgkMlaMgesHkMlaMgrgVil kMlaMgGUsFmµta eRbgkat m:as‘Ut \n§n³. kñúgGakasFatuRtCak; vamansPaBxab;Gn§wl²dUcCa\n§nHm:as‘Utelx2 m:üageTotlayKña 5% én\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtnigmanCak;EsþgticCag ehIyminman karb:HTgÁicenAeBllMhUrkñúgeBlRtCak;eT. \n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtnigeFVIeGayxUcekAs‘URTnab; nigbMBg;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

7

enAkñúgyanynþ¬PaKeRcIn)anrkeXIjenAkñúgkarplitmunqñaM1992¦. eTaHbICamanTMenarénkarswkricrilBIFmµCatiTaMgenH ehIyPaKeRcInnig)anpøas;bþÚrrYcCaRsac;CamYy FKM (FKM KWCakarbegáItsMrab;RbEhl 80% sMrab; fluorinated elastomers nig)ankMNt;enAkñúg ASTM D1418), enHCa\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut EdlminmanRbtikmµ.

\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtmanrMGilkan;EtRbesIreLIgCageRbg\n§nHenAéf¶enH. kñúgkMLúgeBlénkarplitTaMgenHKWeFVICamYykMritm:asuInbBa¢Ún SO2 exSaybBa¢Úlkñúg RbePTKMrUTMenIb cMeBaHRbBwtkmµravk¾RtUv)anbBa©Úl.karbEnßm\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtKWkat;bnßykMenInénkarswkénGayukalén]bkrN_)aj;eRbg EdlBwgeTAelIeRbgsMrab;eFVICarMGilrbs;va dUcCaRbdab;)aj;eRbgEdlmansMBaFx<s; Rbdab;)aj;bBa©Úl ¬ehAfa unit

injectors) nigRbdab;)aj;bBa©ÚleRbg.

\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtKWmankarrMlayl¥CageRbgm:as‘UtehIy)anTTYlsáral;faTuknUvsMNl;EdlxUcenAkñúgExSrbMBg;eRbgényanynþ EdlBImundMeNIrkareday\n§n³m:as‘Ut. CalT§pltMrgeRbg nigkar)aj;bBa©ÚlKWGacsÞHCamYykakl¥it² eTaHCamankarqøgkat;én\n§n³CIv³suT§RtUv)aneFVIk¾eday dUcEdlCIv\n§n³m:as‘Ut “sMGat” m:asuIenAkñúgdMeNIrkar. dUcecñHvaCakarcMNaMTuk kñúgkarbþÚrtMrgeRbgCamYy 600-800miles bnÞab;BIpøas;bþÚrelIkdMbUg eTAeRbI\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Utlay.

\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtGacRtUv)aneRbICaeRbgkMedAenAkñúgsaMg nigBaNiC¢kmµeFIVqñaMgdaMTwk.Lcas;GacmanpÞúknUvC½r EdlGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;KuNPaBrbs;m:as‘UtCIv³ b:uEnþGacCa\n§n³CIvm:as‘UteqH edayKµantMrUvkarénkarpøas;bþÚr. karykcitþTukdak;KWRtUvKitCatMbUgeK y:agNak¾eday RtUvdak;varnishes eGaycMEpñkxageqVgxageRkay edayeRbgm:as‘UtGacnigrbUt nigGacsÞHbMBg;tMrgeRbgnigtMrUveGayeFVIkarCMnYstMrgfµIeGayrh½smYyvijeTotKWRtUvcab;epþImeRbI \n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtedaylayKñanigbnßynUvsmamaRtrbs;eRbgkat EdlelIsGaceGay Varnishes Qb;bnþicmþg² nigkarsÞHsmlµm. GrKuNcMeBaHKuNPaBénkarlayrbs;va m:üagvijeTotcRgáanKWRtUv )ansMGatecjGs; nigCaTUeTAERbkøaymkCaeGtaNulEdlmansmtßPaBGaceRbI)anenAkñúgm:asuIn eRbg k¾dUcCaCMnYseGaykareRbIsaMg vaGacbBa©ÚlKñaCamYysaMg )anRKb;cMnYnPaKryEdlmanRsab;. PaKeRcInenAkñúgm:asuIneRbgrfynþGacbnþlayrhUtdl; 10PaKry énCIveGtaNul CamYyeRbg/saMg. saMgCamYykarbEnßmeGtanKWmanCatiGuktanx<s; Edlmann½yfam:asuInrbs;GñkCatYy:agGaceqHxøaMg nigmanRbsiT§PaBx<s;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

8

nigsßitenAkñúgTItaMgEdlmankMBs;x<s; ¬xül;tic¦ enAkñúgsPaBénkarlay énsaMg nigeGtaNulCaOxidizer RtCak; kat;bnßykarbMBulbriyakas edaykarsayPay]sµ½n.

emtaNulnigkarlaybBa©ÚlKñaCamYyTwk KWbrimaNFMCagRbEhl50PaKry eGtaNulTaMgGs;GaceqH)an niggayRsYlbeBa¢H. eKalkarN_enHRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CatiGakulEdlmingayeqH GVIEdlekIteLIgCaGaT×elIkarbEnßmrMesvcMeBaH given liquor RbsinebIkarlaybBa©Úl)anbeBa¢H vaKYrBicarNaelI“100 proof” l,ay Twk-eGtaNul eRkam50PaKry eedaycMnYneGtaNul GaceqH)anRsYlRbsinCal,ay)anhYt edaykMedA ¬dUcCaeebobkñúgkardaMsø EdlRtUvkarRsasMrab;bEnßmeTAelIxÞHEdkekþAedayehtuvaBuHedayBnøWCHeTAkñúg]sµ½nEdlbnÞab;mkva)aneqH “burn off ;” enAeBlCatiGakuleRcIn.

2 RbPBbMElgCIIv\n§n³2.1 vtßúFatuedIm\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut

1>RbePTepSg²éneRbgEdlRtUv)aneKeRbI sMrab;plit\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut2>kaksMNl;eRbgbEnø3> xøaj;stV rab;TaMg xøaj;RCUk man; Ta eKa ecom esH xøaj;duM eRbgelOg nig xøaj;mkBIplitpl kñúgkarplit Omega-3 fatty acids mkBIxøaj;RtI4> varICati ¬páafµ, sar:ay¦, EdlGacRtUv)anlUtlas;edayeRbIR)as;nUvsMNl;epSg² dUcCa sewage nigGaclUtlas;pgEdredayminmanpøas;TItaMgdInUvkareRbIR)as;bc©úb,nñ sMrab;plitplGahar.rukçCativtßúFatuedIm\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut EdlsMeyaKkmµrsµIRBHGaTitü edIm,IbMElgCafamBl BnøWRBHGaTitüeTACafamBlKImI.karpÞúkfamBlKImI KWRtUv)anbeBa©jenAeBlEdlva)aneqH, dUcenHrukçCatiGacpþl;nUvRbPBeRbgCayUrGEgVgsMrab;plitpl\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut. kabUnDIGuksuItCaeRcIn )anbeBa©jenAeBlEdl\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UteqH KwvagaykñúgRsUbeLIgvijenAeBlEdlrukçCatilUtlas;. dUcenHplitplsMNaj;én]sµ½npÞHkBa¢k;KWtUc RbsiT§PaBmkBIvtßúFatuedImkñúg\T§iBl1xñatrgVas;EG‘k, PaBEdlGaceFVIeTA)anénplitplEdl)anekIneLIg KWtMrUvcMeBaH]sSahkmµFn;FMsMrab;famBl EdlRsbeTAtamyanynþ CatinigBiPBelak. vtßúFatuedImEdl)anmkd¾eRcInbMputsMrab;\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut KWRbePTBBYkvarICati EdlGacplit)an 250 dg sMrab;tMéleRbg kñúg1 EG‘k dUcCasENþkesogEdr.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

9

taragTI 3³ TinñpldMNaM niglT§PaBplit\n§n³CIv³

RbePTdMNaM

eRbg(k

g/h

a)

eRbg(

L/h

a)

eRbg(l

bs/a

cre

)

eRbg

(US

gal/

acre

)

eRbecj

BIRKab

;p

er

seed

s(k

g/1

00

kg

)

kMritrlay (°C)

Iod

ine

nu

mb

er

Ceta

ne

nu

mb

er

Oil

/Fa

t

Me

thy

lE

ste

r

Eth

yl

Es

ter

Copra 62Tallow 35-42 16 12 40-60 75Lard 32-36 14 10 60-70 65

eBat (maize)145

172

129

18 -5 -10 -12 115-124

53

sVaycnÞI 148

176

132

19

Oats 183

217

163

23

Lupine 195

232

175

25

Kenaf 230

273

205

29

Calendula 256

305

229

33

kb,as 273

325

244

35 (Seed)13 -1 - 0 -5 -8 100-115

55

Hemp 305

363

272

39

sENþkesog 375

446

335

48 14 -16-- 12

-10 -12 125-140

53

kaehV 386

459

345

49

Linseed (flax) 402

478

359

51 -24 178

Hazelnuts 405

482

362

51

Euphorbia 440

524

393

56

Coriander 450

536

402

57

Mustard seed 481

572

430

61 35

Camelina 490

583

438

62

l¶r 585

696

522

74 50

Safflower 655

779

585

83

RsUv 696

828

622

88

Tung oil tree 790

940

705

100 -2.5 168

QUkrtñ½ 800

952

714

102 32 -18--17

-12 -14 125 -135

52

Cocoa 863

1,026

771

110

Peanuts 890

1,059

795

113 3 93


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

10

RbePTdMNaM

eRbg(k

g/h

a)

eRbg(

L/h

a)

eRbg(l

bs/a

cre

)

eRbg

(US

gal/

acre

)

eRbecj

BIRKab

;p

er

seed

s(k

g/1

00

kg

)

kMritrlay (°C)

Iod

ine

nu

mb

er

Ceta

ne

nu

mb

er

Oil

/Fa

t

Me

thy

lE

ste

r

Eth

yl

Es

ter

Opium poppy 978

1,163

873

124

Rapeseed 1,000

1,190

893

127 37 -10 - 5 -10- 0 -12--2

97-115 55-58

Olives 1,019

1,212

910

129 -12 - -6 -6 -8 77-94 60

Castor beans 1,188

1,413

1,061

151 (Seed) 50 -18 85

Pecan nuts 1,505

1,791

1,344

191

Jojoba 1,528

1,818

1,365

194

lðúgxVg 1,590

1,892

1,420

202

Macadamianuts

1,887

2,246

1,685

240

Brazil nuts 2,010

2,392

1,795

255

Epøb‘r½ 2,217

2,638

1,980

282

dUg 2,260

2,689

2,018

287 20-25 -9 -6 8-10 70

ChineseTallow

4,700

500

dUgeRbg 5,000

5,950

4,465

635 20-(Kernal)36

20-40 -8-21 -8-18 12-95 65-85

Algae 95,000

10,000

eRbecjBIRKab; = ykecjBI100KILÚRkam énRKab;BUC

sMKal;: Chinese Tallow (Sapium sebiferum, or Tradica Sebifera) is also known as the “Popcorn Tree”

RbPB³ mankarGnuBaØatiBI The Global Petroleum Club

manvtßúFatuedIm\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtxøHEdleKsÁal; nigeRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlay enAkñúgplitpl\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtsMrab;EpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigEpñkepSgeTot rWépÞdIEdlTMenrdaMduHenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInenAGasuI dUcCasENþkesog KWeRbIsMrab;plitpl\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtenAkñúgshrdæGaemrik nigkaNada RKab;FBaØCatienAGuWr:ub eRbgdUg nig jatropha curcas Edlmankarcab;GarmµN_ nigpSBVpSayEfmeTotsMrab;kardaMduHsMrab;plitpl\n§n³CIv³m:asU‘t enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInenAGas‘an. nigBt’manxøHeTotEdlBak;B½n§dUcxageRkam³


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

11

Jatropha curcas, Barbados nut or Physic nut CaeQIEdlBulehIymanGayukalyUrqñaM¬CaFmµtamankMBs;rhUtdl;5 Em:Rt¦ nig)ankøayeTACa Euphorbiaceae or Spurge family vaCaBBYkminEmncMNIGahar KµankardaMduH, rukçCati )ancab;kMeNItenAkñúgkNþalRbeTsGaemrik ehIy)anraldaleTAtMbn;RtUBikepSg² nigdUcCaRbeTsGnutMbn;RtUBik nigduHy:ageRcInEtenAkñúgGasuInigGaRhVikehIyvaRtUv)aneKsáral;faCa Pourghere vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Carbgénkarrs;enA karBarsYnc,ar nigTIvalBIBBYkstV. vaFn;nwgkMedAGgSarx<s; nigminduHRbECgCamYyRKab;FBaØCatiGahareT. cMnuH RKab;maneRbg 30PaKry EdlGacdMeNIrkarplitnUveRbg\n§n³CIv³m:asU‘tKuNPaBx<s; eRbIR)as;enAkñúgm:asuInm:asU‘t.Jatropha curcas GacduHlUtlas;enAdIEdlecal niglUtlas;esÞIRKab; TIkEnøg sUm,IEtkEnøgmanRKYsl¥it² xSac; nig dIéRb. vaGacduHlUtlas;elOnenAelIdIEdlrwg² dUcfµ. nigduHlUtlas;enAtamRkEhgfµ . BnøkEdlduH)anl¥eBjeljKWkñúgkMLúgeBl 9 éf¶ karbEnßmCIkñúgkMLúgeBlduHBnøkKWmanRbsiT§PaBCaGviC¢mankñúgtMNak;kalenaH. b:uEnþvaGnueRKaHkñúgkardak;bnÞab;BI Bnøk)anlUtlas;eBjeljy:agNak¾eday CaFmµtavaRtUv)anlUtlas;edaykarkat; BIeRBaHkareFVIrebobenHpþl;nUvlT§plelOnCagkarlUtlas;edayRKab;. páaTaMgGs;KWlUtlas;enAEtEpñkxagcugEt b:ueNÑaHdUecñaHvaEbkExñgl¥ ¬rukçCatibc©úb,nñmanEmkFageRcIn¦ plEdleGaymancMnYneRcIn. ktþa EdleGayplepSg²eTotKw bBa©ÚlKñarvagpáaePTjI nigePTeQµalxagkñúg an inflorescence ¬CaTUeTA RbEhl 1ePTjI begáIt)anCa 10 ePTeQµalpáa mann½yfapáaePTjIeRcInKWmanpleRcIn. Jatropha curcas

rIklUtlas; 250mm (10 in) b:ueNÑaHnUvrdUvePøogkñúg1qñaM nigkMLúgeBl2qñaMdMbUgrbs;va KwminRtUvkarTwkenAkñúgeBlrdUvekþA. karP¢Ürras;nigkardaMduHKWmin)anRtUvkarCaeTogTat;eT eQIRbePTenH KwmanCIvitmFümvaRbEhlCa 20qñaM. kareRbIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigsarFatuBulepSg²KW mincaM)ac;eT edayehtumaneraKeb:sþ nigpSiteRcIncMeBaHrukçCati.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

12

rUbPaBTI 1³ edImlðúgxVg nigRKab; Jatropha curcas

kMLúgeBlEdl Jatropha curcas eGayplKWcab;epþImBI ExTI9 dl; ExTI12 TinñplEdlekItKW)anTTYlBI 2 eTA 3 qñaM b:ueNÑaH Rbsin)andaMenAkñúgrbgmanlkçNHRtwmRtUv, r)aykarN_ GMBIkareGayplén jatropha KwBI 0>8 KILÚRkam eTA 1>0 KILÚRkamRKab; kñúg1Em:Rt énrbgrs;. karplitRKab;KWRbmaN 3>5 etan kñúg1hikta. karplitRKab;cenøaHBI 0>4etan kñúg1 hikta kñúgtMNak;kalqñaMTI1nigelIsBI5etankñúg1 hiktabnÞab;BI3qñaMeRkay. RKab;TaMgGs;)anbegáIteTACaeRbg EdlGacRtUv)aneKeRbI;pÞal;CamYym:asuIn EdledIredaycMehHeRbg\n§nH rWGacRtUv)aneKdak;eGayrgeTACatransesterification rWeTACaplitpl\n§n³CIv³m:asU‘t. eRbg Jatropha KWminsMrab;karbriePaKrbs;mnusSeT vanaMeGayk¥Üt ceg¥ar nigcukraKxøaMg.

RKab;rukçCati (Brassica napus) )ansÁal;faCa rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed nig ¬in the case of

one particular group of cultivars) Canola, KWCaRkumpáaEdlmanBN’elOgx©IsMrab; family

Brassicaceae ( edImés<exov rWRkumés<ekþab) CaeQµaHEdl)anmkBI PasaLataMg sMrab; és<emIm rapum

or rapa, nig)ankt;RtaCaelIktMbUgenAkñúgRbeTsGg;;eKøs enAcugstvtSr¾ TI14th. Gñkl,I² mun²Edlsresr BIés<emIm nig rape eday adjectives round and long(-rooted) respectively.

Rapeseed EdldaMduHKWsMrab;plitCaemSAcMNIstV eRbgbEnøsMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;mnusS nig\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut plitkrEdl)anpþÜcepþImrYmman shKmN_GuWr:ub kaNada shrdæGaemrik GURsþalI cin nig\NÐa.enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa va)anRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIdaMduHcMnYn 13PaKry edayeyagtammCÄmNÐlksikmµshrdæGaemrik. Rapeseed CaRbPBFnFanEdlnaMmuxTI3éneRbgbEnøenAkñúgqñaM 2000 bnÞab;BIsENþk esog nigeRbgdUg ehIyk¾CaRbPBEdlnaMmuxrbs;GaharRbUetGuInlMdab;TI2pgEdrrbs;BiPBelak eTaHbICaplitpl)anRtwm 1PaK5 énRbPBnaMmuxeKrbs;emSAsENþkesog. plitkmµrbs;BiPBelak)anekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s CamYynwgr)aykarN_rbs; FAO Edlfaman rapeseed

Edl)anplit cMnYn 36 lanetanenAkñúgrdUvkalqñaM2003-2004 nig 46lanetankñúgqñaM2004-5.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

13

rUbPaBTI 2³ RbePTdMNaM Rapeseed enARbeTsGaLWm:g; nigRKab;rbs;va

kardMeNIrkarén rapeseed sMrab;plitpleRbg pþl;nUvemSAcMNIstV dUcCakarplitedayxøÜnÉgkarplitcMNIstVEdlmanCatiRbUetGIunx<s; karRbkYtRbECgCamYysENþkesog. emSAmanCatiRTTg;køúykUstic sMrab;karbg¥ak;karrlayGaharkñúgragkay enAkñúgeKaRkbI nigRCUk. Rapeseed “oil cake”

KWRtUv)aneRbIeFVICaCIenAkñúgRbeTscin nigGac)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;tubEtglMGdUcCaedImtUc²pgEdr. eRbgRapeseed RtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgkarpliteRbg\n§n³CIv³ma:s‘UtsMrab;famBlm:asuInyanynþ nigm:UtU.

eRbgdUgenAéRBdUgtMbn;RtUBik maneRbgdUg2RbePT EdlmYyl¥CageK KWmanedImkMeNItmkBI Guinea,

GaRhVik nig)anbgðajCaelIkdMbUgeday Nicholaas Jacquin enAkñúgqñaM1763 eQµaH)anmkBI Elaeis

guinneensis Jacq. EpømanBN’RkhmRbhak;RbEhl nigTMhMrbs;sac;Epø nigduHCacegáam. cegáamnImYy²EpøGacmanTMgn; cenøaHBI 10 eTA 40KILÚRkam. EpønImYy²mancMnuHRKab;Et1Kt; ¬sac;dUg¦ ruMB½T§edaysac;eRbgRCay² eRbgRtUv)anykecjtamrebobBIry:ag KWsac;énEpø ¬eRbgdUg eRbg EdlGacbriePaK)an¦ nigsac;rbs;RKab;¬eRbgsac;RKab;dUg RtUv)aneRbIy:agsMxan;enAkñúgplitkmµ eFVIsab‘U¦.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

14

sMrab; 100KILÚRkam énRKb;ceRgáamEpø CatYy:agGacplitecj)aneRbgdUg 22KILÚRkam nig 1>6KILÚRkam eRbgsac;rbs;RKab;.plitPaBx<s;éneRbgdUg sMrab;plitpleRbg ¬x<s;Cag 7>250 lIRt kñúgmYyhiktary³eBl1qñaM¦RtUv)anplitvadMbUgsMrab;eRbgbEnø énRbeTssßitkñúgtMbn;RtUBik. vak¾RtUv)aneKcUlcitþeRbIeFVICa eRbgbEnøsMrab;\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut nig)aneRKagCa]TahrN_sMrab; Refinery darwin GURsþalI EdlnwgnaMcUleRbgdUg mkBIRbeTs\NÐÚensuI nig m:aeLsuI.

rUbPaBTI 3³ dMNaMdUgeRbg edIm nigEpø

eRbgdUgmanedImkMeNItmkBIRbeTsGaRhVIkxagt,Úg b:uEnþRtUv)andaMduHy:ageCaKC½yenAkñúgtMbn;RtUBikenAkñúgsItuNðPaB20dWeRk éntMbn;eGkVaT½r. manPsþútagCak;EsþgGMBIkareRbIeRbgdUgenAkñúgsm½yeGsuIbBIburaN. enAkñúgsaFrNHrdæ Congo rW Congo Brazzaville Cak;EsþgenAPaKxageCIg minq¶ayBIOuesso RbCaCnkñúgtMbn;pliteRbgenHedayéd.BYkeKRbmUlEpø es¶arvaeeGayhYtecjGs;nUvcMhayTwk bnÞab;mkBYkeKRc)ac;nigdak;tamrebob edIm,IRbmUlykeRbgEdlmanBN’Rkhm TwkRkUc. GñknaMecj nigGñkplitEdlFMCageKbMputnUveRbgdUgrbs;BiPBelakKWRbeTsm:aeLsuI. karplitKW RbEhl47PaKry kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;eRbgdUgrbs;BiPBelak. RbeTs\NÐÚensuICaRbeTsTIBIrd¾FMkñúgBiPBelakEdlpliteRbgdUg karplitKWRbEhlCa 36PaKry épÞRKab;eRbgdUgkñúgBiPBelak.karpliteRbgdUgTUTaMgBiPBelak KWcab;epþImkñúgkMLúgqñaM 2005-2006 énrdUvkalkardaMduH)an 39>8lan KitCaetan EdlTaMgenaH 4>3 etan)anmkBIsac;RKab;dUg. dUcenH vaxusq¶ayBIeRbg


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

15

Edl)anplity:agFMenAkñúgtMbn;RtUBik nigsRmab;30PaKry énkarpliteRbg EdlGacbriePaK)anCaTUTaMgBiPBelaksrub.

sENþkesog ¬US¦ rWsENþkesog ¬UK¦ ¬Glycine max¦ CaRbePTsarCatikMeNItrbs;GasuIxagekIt vakardaMduHRbcaMqñaM EdlmankarERbRbYlkñúgkarlUtlas; tamTMlab; nigkMBs;. vaduHeRTamminmanduHx<s;Cag 20sg;TIERm:teT ¬7>8 GuIj¦ rWk¾sUm,IEtdl;kMBs;rhUt 2Em:Rt ¬6>5 hVIt¦. RKab;sENþkTg nigsøwkRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayBN’etñaty:agesþIg rW søwkBN’RbepH. søwkEckecjCabI² ehIyEckecjCabItUc²eTotsMrab;snøwkmYy ehIysøwkmanRbEvg 6-15 sg;TIEm:Rt ¬2-6 Guij¦ nigFMdl; 2-7sg; TIEm:Rt ¬1-3 Guij¦ . søwkRCuHmuneBlRKab;TaMgGs;TuM RKab;tUcBi)akemIl self-tertile páaTaMgGs;)anecjenAkñúgG½kSénsøwk ehIymanBN’s páaQUk rWBN’sVay. EpømanRKab; Edlmansréssk;eRcInEdlduHenAkñúg 3-5 cegáam CamYyniwgRbEvgRKab;3-8 sg;TIEm:Rt ¬1-3 Guij¦ nig cMNuHRKab;CaTUeTA2-4 ¬kMrmaneRcIn¦ RKab;man TMhMviC¢maRt 5-11 mIlIERm:t .sENþkRtUv)ancat;CaRkumsENþkesogEdl)ancat;CaRkumRKab;eRbg. vaCasENþkEdleRbI)aneRcIny:ag ehIykareRbIR)as;manRbePTepSg²Kña. sENþkesog ekIteLIgmansPaBTMhMepSg²Kña nigmansMbk rW RKab; EdlmanBN’BIrbIRbePTepSg²Kña kñúgenaHmanBN’exµA etñat exov elOg nigBN’cMruHpgEdr. sMbksENþkEdlTuMmansPaBrwg Fn;nwgTwk nigkarBar cotyledon and hypocoty ( or

“germ”) BIkarxUcxat.eRbg nig cMnuHRbUetGuIn rab;bBa©ÚlKñamanRbEhl60PaKry énTMgn;sENþkesogs¶Üt RbUetGuIn 40PaKry nig eRbg 20PaKry. sMNl;manRbmaN30PaKry énkabUGuIRdat nig epHRbEhl5PaKry.mankardaMduHsENþkesogTTYl)an Rbhak;RbEhlCa 8PaKry énRKab; nigsMbk 90PaKrykUTIeldug nig 2 PaKry sñÚl rW ¬germ¦.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

16

rUbPaBTI 4³ RbePTsENþkmYycMnYnRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eKalbMNgCaeRcIn

PaKeRcInénRbUetGuInrbs;sENþk KWTak;Tgnwg kMedAefr nUvkarpÞúknUvRbUetGuIn. kMedATaMgenHmansPaBefreTA)ancMeBaHplitplGaharsENþk KWtMrUvnUvsItuNðPaBx<s;kñúgkarcMGinedIm,I dUcCaetAh‘U TwksENþk nig RbUetGuInbEnø ¬soy flour¦.edIm,IpliteRbgsENþk sENþkesogTaMgGs;RtUv)aneFVIeGayEbk nigeFVIeGaymansPaBesIm nigrujeFVIeGayEbkbMENk² nig )anRsg;ecjTwk CamYycommercial hexane. eRbgbnÞab;mkcMhuy Rcbl;cUlKñasMrab;karGnuvtþN_epSg²Kña nigeBlxøH)anlay nwgGuIRdUEsn. eRbgsENþkesog TaMgBIrrYmTaMgFaturavnigkarbBa©ÚllayKñaxøHCamYyGuIRdUEsn KWRtUv)annaMecjeTAeRkARbeTs RtUv)anlk;Ca “eRbgbEnø” rW Føak;y:agFMeTACalkçNHGahar.sMbksENþkesogEdlenAesHsl; RtUv)aneRbICacMNIstV. GasuItxøaj;EdlmantitþiPaBsMxan;CageKenAkñúg triglyceride eRbgsENþkesogman7PaKry linolenic acid (C18:3) 51PaKry linolenic

acid (C18:2) nig 23PaKry oleic acid (C18:1). vaCacMNuH EdlmankarRCabnUvGasuItCatixøaj;cMnYn4PaKry én stearic acid and 10% palmitic acid. eRbgsENþkesogmansmamaRtx<s; 7-10PaKry én linolenic acid GuksuItkmµy:agqab;rh½s EdlKWCaKuNPaBminsmKYrsMrab;kareRbIR)as;bnþdUcCaenAkñúgePaCnIydæan. enAkñúgrdUvkaldaMduHqñaM 2002-2003 man30>6 lanxñatrgVas;KitCaetanénsENþkesog Edl)anplit)anTUTaMgBiPBelak karbgábegáInplitpleRbgbEnø EdlGacbriePaK)anRbEhlCaCaBak;kNþalTUTaMgBiPBelak nig 30 PaKry énplitpleRbg nigxøaj;TaMgGs;EdlrYmTaMgxøaj;stV nig eRbgEdl)anmkBIrukçCatitMbn;RtUBik.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

17

2.2 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;CIveGtaNul

eGtaNulCaplitplmYy Edl)anmkBIsMNl; nigRKab;FBaØCatiksidæanepSg². ral;vtþúFatuedImEdlsmrmünImYy² GacRtUv)anRbmaNkñúgkarkMNt;énkarKNnaCaeGtaNul vaGacrk)antamrdUvkalnigtMbn;énRbeTsnImYy² nigtMélrbs;va. vtßúFatuedImEdlsmrmüsMrab;kareRbIR)as;enAkñúgplitpleGtaNul Edl)anmk KWCacMnuHCatisár emSA rW sac;eQI EdlbMElg ehIyCaeRsceTACasár.

vtßúFatuedIm Gaccat;Cafñak;² eTACabIRkum ³ cMNuHd¾eRcInelIslubénCatisár emSA rWsac;eQI Edl)anbgðajdUc xag eRkam³

sár ³ sáréffav sárGMeBA seet sorghum EpøeQITuM

emSA³ RKab;FBaØCati dMLÚg Jerusalem artichokes, kþÜc

sac;eQI³ Stover esµA eQI

karERbkøay nigrebobénkarcMhuy sMrab;RbePTénvtßúFatuedImTaMgBIr emSA nig sárr KWmansar³sMxan;dUcKña. karERbRbYlTaMgenaHekIteLIgenAkñúgeBltMrUvkarkñúgkarrkSaTukvtßúFatuedIm karerobcMsMrab;karkøayCatisármkBIvtþúFatuedImeqA nigRbePTénplitpl Edl)anplit.RbePTénvtßúFatuedIm Edl)aneRbIKWmanTMnak;TMngeTAmkTaMgBIrsMrab; karrkSaTukvtßúFatuedIm nigry³eBléneBlevlakñúgkMLúgeBl1qñaM EdlkarplitrukçCatieGtaNulGacsgÄwmKYrsm edIm,IeFVIkarrkSaTukRKb;RbePTFBaØCatitUc² dUcKñaeTAnwgBYkeK)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;cwBa©wm rWsMrab;plitplGakul.l.brimaNsMeNIm .l. GacRtUv)anRtYtBinitüenAkñúgkarerobcM edIm,IkarBarkarxUc.Sweet sorghum, sárGMeBA nigsáréffav CaTMlab;manGayukalrkSaTukxøI enAkñúgkarRbmUlplrbs;BYkva. ]sSahkmµsár)anBRgIkenAkñúgrdUvkaleFVIvaedaykMBugeFVIkarnaMecj nigkarrkSaTuksárenAkñúgTMrg;CaTwkGMeBA. GayukalénkarrkSaTukvtßúFatuedImKWbnÞab;mkmanryHeBly:ageRcIn. tMLÚg manryHeBlénkarrkSaTukeBltMbUgRbEhlCa 6Ex munnwgcab;epþImxUcnUvcMnuHrbs;Catisár/emSA rWEpø EdlxUcxatmanGayukalénkarrkSaTuky:agxøICaTIbMput nigRtUvkareRbIeGay)anelOn y:agNak¾karplitGal;kulBIsMParHpÁt;pÁg;TaMgenHCYysMralbBaðaénkarcMNayrbs;BYkeK. enAkñúgemSARKab;FBaØCati PaKeRcIn énRkumsárkabUn-6 Edl)anP¢ab;rYmKñay:agEvg ExSRcv:ak;EmkFag ¬EdlehAfaemSA¦. empSitminGaceRbIcMeBaHExSRcv:ak;TaMgenH)aneTkñúgkarpliteGtaNul. ExSRcv:ak;emSA KWRtUv)anEbkecj


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

18

eTACaRkumkabUn-6 mYy² rWRkumEdl)anEckecjCaBIrRkum. enAkñúgrUbTI5 bgðajBIrebobénkarpøas;bþÚrBIemSAeTACaeGtaNul. vamanPaBERbRbYlgayRsYl BIeRBaHcMNgenAkñúgcMNgemSAGac)anEbky:agefak edaykareRbIkMedA nigGg;suIm rWedaykarrMlayedayGasuIdexSay.

rUbPaBTI 5³ dMeNIrkaremSAs¶ÜteTACasár eTACaGal;kul

skþanuBléneGtaNul Edl)anmkBIRKab;FBaØCatiksikmµKW knøHepaneGtaNulKWesµImYyepan²énsármü:agvijeTot minTaMgGs;eTénkabUnGuIRdat EdlGaceFVI)aneTACaem dUcemEdlGackøaymkCasárnigmineFVICaemsMrab; bMElgemEdlGackøaymkCasárTaMgGs; eTACaeGtaNuleT. dUcenHeKalbMNgkñúgkarRbmaNTinñpl éneGtaNulKW mYyhÁaLúg esµInwg15epanénCatisárnImYy² rWemSAenAkñúgRKab;FBaØCati )aneLIgCaem BIeRBaHmankarERbRbYlCaeRcInenAkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrénEsluyLÚs Edl)aneFVIeGayraveTACaemsár)an vamankarBi)akkñúgkarRbmaNenAemeGtaNulskmµEdl)anBIEsluyLÚs.kareFVIeGayeLIgeménsárrkabUn-6 edaylT§plemenAkñúgkarbegáItkabUnDIGuksuItk¾dUcCaeGtaNul.sMrab;mYyepan²énplitpleGtaNul)anplit0>957epankabUnDIGuksuIt nigbeBa©jtamviFIepSg²KWsMrab;erogral;1 hÁaLúg eGtaNul)anplit 6>33 epankarbUnDIGuksuIt. enAkñúgtaragTI5KWCaemEdl):an;sµansMrab;eGtaNul enAkñúgRKab;FBaØCatiksikmµ.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

19

taragTI 4³ TinñplmFüm 99>5 ° Gal;kulkñúg 1etan

vtßúFatuedIm Gallons vtßúFatuedIm Gallons

Wheat(all varieties 85.0 Yams 27.3

eBat 84.0 dMLÚg 22.9

Buckwheat 83.4 Sugar beets 22.1Raisins 81.4 Figs, fresh 21.0Grain sorghum 79.5 Jerusalem artichokes 20.0

RsUv 79.5 mñas; 15.6

Barley 79.2 GMeBA 15.2

Dates, dry 79.0 Grapes(all varieties) 15.1Rye 78.8 Epøb:m 14.4

Prunes,dry 72.0 Apricots 13.6Molasses, blackstrap 70.4 Pears 11.5Sorghum cane 70.4 Peaches 11.5Oats 63.6 Plums (nonprunes) 10.9Figs, dry 59.0 carrots 9.8

dMLÚgEp¥m 34.2

taragTI 5³ TinñplmFüm 99>5 ° Gal;kulkñúg 1 Acre

vtßúFatuedIm Gallons vtßúFatuedIm Gallons

Jerusalem artichokes**** 1200.0 Grapes(all varieties) 90.4

GMeBA (Hawaii, 18 to 22 months)889.0 Peaches 84.0

GMeBA (Louisiana)***555.0 Barley*** 83.0

Sorghum cane*** 500.0 Prunes, dry 82.8Sugar beet*** 412.0 Wheat (all varieties)*** 79.0

dMLÚg ***299.0 mñas; 78.0

eBat ***214.0 Oats*** 57.0

dMLÚgEp¥m ***190.0 Rye*** 54.0

RsUv***175.0 Pears 49.3

Epøb:m 140.0 Molasses, blackstrap 45.0

Dates, dry 126.0 Apricots 41.0Grain sorghum*** 125.0 Buckwheat 34.2Carrots 121.0 Figs, fresh 31.5Raisins 101.7 Figs, dry 29.5Yams 94.0 Plums (nonprunes) 21.8

Tinñpl)a:n;sµanénvtßúFatuedImminTan;EkécñmYyetan RtUv)anKNnaecjBIcMNuHbrimaNFatu EdlGacbMEbkedaykareLIgemmFüm.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

20

** Jacobs, P. B., and H. P. Newton, U. S. Dept. Agr, Misc. Pub. 327, December, 1938.

*** USDA, Ag. Stat., 1978. **** Estimate for three harvests of heads per year.

2.3 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;CIv\n§HCMnan;TI2

EsluyLÚseGtaNul(rWk¾ehAfa lignocellulosic ethanol) CaRbePTén\n§n³CIv³Edl)anplitBIlignocellulose, Carcnasm<½n§vtßúFatuedImmYy Edl)anbBa©Úly:ageRcInnUvcMnYnsrubénrukçCati.lignocellulose KWpSMeLIgy:ageRcInBI EsluyLÚs hemicellulose and lignin. edImeBat switchgrass

miscanthus nigkMeTcGaharEdlmankarniymxøH²énvtßúFatuedImEsluyLÚs sMrab;karpliteGtaNulEsluyLÚseGtaNul KWmanlkçNHKImIdUcKñaeTAnigeGtaNulEdl)anmkBIRbPBepSg²eTot dUcCaemSAeBat rWsár b:uEnþGtßRbeyaCN_énvtþúFatuedIm lignocellulose KWmanGtßRbeyaCN_ x<s;epSg²Kñay:ageRcIn mü:agvijeTot vaxusEbøkKñakñúgtMrUvkarcMeBaHcMnYnd¾eRcInkñúgkardMeNIrkareFVI monomers

EdlekItmaneTACaGtisuxumR)aN Edl)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IpliteGtaNuledaykareLIgCaem. switch-

grass CavtßúFatuedImCIvm:ascMbgkñúgkarcab;epþImsikSaéf¶enH cMeBaHkMritx<s;énEsluyLÚs. mü:agvijeTot EsluyLÚs KWmancMnuHRsab;mkBIFmµCati rukçCatimanRsYlTaMgkarlUtlas;edIm nigKum<enAkñúgvalesµA éRB nigRKb;TIvalBaseBjBiPBelak edayminmankarxMRbwgERbgénEpñkksikmµ rWéfø EdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIvaeGaymankarlUtlas;. Switchgrass KwGacrs;enA)an eRcInqñaMpgEdrmin dUcCaeBateT nigmanTinñplCIvm:asd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; vtßúFatuedImrukçCatiRtUv)aneRbI edIm,IeFVICa\n§n³CIv³kñúg1EG‘k )anTinñpl BI6-10 etan. switchgrass manRbsiT§iPaBeRbIR)as; edIm,I tMrUvkarplitCIvm:assMrab;karplitrhUtdl; 100hÁaLúg ¬380 lIRt¦ eGtaNulsMrab;xñatrgVas; KitCaetan.RbsiT§PaBén kareRbIR)as;switchgrassKWplit)an100hÁaLúgéneGtaNulkñúgmYyEG‘k ebIeRbobeFobeTA)an 665 hÁaLúgsMrab;sárGMeBA nig 400hÁaLúgsMrab;eBat.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

21

rUbPaBTI 6³ Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

3 mUldæanRKwHsMrab;plitkmµ\n§n³CIv³3.1 plitkmµ\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut

\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtGacRtUv)anplitecjBIeRbgbEnøedaypÞal; eRbg/xøaj;rbs;stV xøaj; nig sMNl;eRbgedayqøgkat;katalIkrKImI EdlehAfa transesterification. man3rebob EdlCaRKwHsMrab;karplit\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut BIeRbgnigxøaj;³

- katalIkrdMbUgkñúgkarbMElgeTACaeRbg.

- katalIkrGasuItedaypÞal;kñúgkarbMElgeTACaeRbg.

- karbMElgeRbgEdlmanGasuItxøaj;va nigbnÞab;mkkøayeTACa\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut.

esÞIrRKb;\n§n³CIvm:as‘UtTaMgGs;RtUv)anpliteLIgedayeRbIkatalIkredIm,IbMElg vaCatMrUvkar EdleFVIedaysnSMsMécticbMputsMrab;EtGakasFatuRtCak; nigsMBaF ehIynig karplitembMElg cMnYn 98PaKry. ehtuplenHsMrab;EtdMeNIrkar EdlnwgRtUv)anBiBN’naenAkñúgRbFanbT. rebobénkarbMElgKWmanRbtikmµén triglycerinde ¬xøaj;/eRbg¦ CamYyGakul kñúgTMrg;CaeGEsÞ‘r nigKøIesr:ul. Triglyceride

manm:UelKulKøIesr:ul CaRKwHeday)anP¢ab;CamYycMNgGasuItxøaj;EvgcMnYn3. lkçNHénCatixøaj;RtUv)ankMNt;edaysPaBénGasuItxøaj;RtUv)anP¢ab;CamYyKøIesrIn. sPaBénGasuItxøaj;GacmanlkçNHRbsiT§PaBsMrab;\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut. kñúgkMLúgeBleFVIeGEsÞ‘rkmµ triglyceride manRbtikmµCamYyGakul


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

22

enAkñúgvtþmanrbs;katalIkr CaFmµtaGal;kaLaMgxøaMgdUcCa sUdüÚmGIuRduksuIdEdr. GakulmanRbtikmµCamYyGasuItxøaj;edIm,IbegáItCa m:UNU-GaKIl eGEsÞ‘r rW \n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut nigKøIesrIneqA. kñúgkar plitemtaNul-eGtaNulPaKeRcIn KWRtUveRbIGakul ¬emtaNulbegáItemTIl eGEsÞ‘r, eGtaNul begáIteGTIl eGEsÞ‘r¦ nig eFVICakatalIkredayb:UtasüÚm rWsUdüÚmGIuRduksuIt. b:UtasüÚmGuIRduksuIt RtUv)anbegáIt edIm,IeGaymanesßrPaBsMrab;karplit\n§n³CIv³ma:s‘UteGTIleGEsÞ‘r nigGacRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;eGTIleGEsÞ‘r. enAkñúgrUbPaBxageRkambgðajGMBIRbtikmµKImIsMrab;\n§n³CIv³emTIleGEsÞ‘r. Rbtikmµrvagxøaj; rW eRbg nigGakulCaRBwtþikmµRtLb; dUcenHGakulRtUv)anbEnßmeGayeRcInkñúgkareFVIRbtikmµedIm,I)anl¥ nig FananUvkarbMElg)aneCaKC½y.

rUbPaBTI 7³ RbtikmµénkarbMElg

Rbtikmµ EdlbMElgedayeCaKC½y KWmann½yfaedaykarbMEbknUveGEsÞ‘r nigRsnab;KøIesr:ul bnÞab;BIeBlRbtikmµ. sarFatu EdlF¶n;shsarFatu sarFaturg glycerol GacRtUv)aneKlk; edayRtUveKbnSútsMrab;kareRbIR)as;enAkñúg]sSahkmµepSg² ]TahrN_dUcCa »sf sarFatupSMEksmösS .l.

dMeNIrkarplit

]TahrN_énKMrUlMhUEpnkarN_karplit Edl)anbgðajxageRkamCamYykarBnül;segçbrbs;CMhannImYYYy².


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

23

rUbPaBTI 8³ RkaPikéndMeNIrkarplitkmµm:asU‘tCIv³

karlayl,ayGal;kul nigkatalIkr

katalIkrCaTUeTAKWsUdüÚmGuIRduksuIt ¬esµAEdleqH¦ rW b:UtasüÚmGuIRduksuIt ¬k,úg¦. vaRtUv)anrlayedaykareRbIGakulsMrab; KMrUEdlnaMrMCYl rW rlay. Gakul/katþalIkr layKña bnÞab;mk)andak;bMeBjcUleTAbMBg;RbtikmµEdl)anbiTCit nigeRbgrWxøaj;RtUv)anbEnßmeTot. RbB½n§Edl)anmkenHKWRtUv)anbiTTaMgRsugeTAkñúgbriyakas edIm,IkarBarkar)at;bg;Gakul. RbtikmµlayenHRtUv)anrkSaTukkñúgkMriténGakul ¬cenøaHBI 70 GgSaes rW 160 hVarinéh¦ edIm,begáInel,OnRbtikmµ nig karkekIteLIgRbtikmµ. eBlevlaRbtikmµERbRbYlBI 1 eTA 8em:ag nigRbB½n§xøHmanRbtikmµkekIteLIgenAbnÞb;sIutNðPaB. GakulEdlhYsbrimaNCaTUeTARtUv)aneRbI edIm,IFananUvkarepÞrsrub énxøaj; rWeRbgeTACaeGEsÞ‘r. karykcitþTukdak;RtUv)anRtYtBinitüeTAelIcMnYnénTwk nigxøaj;GasuItEdlTMenr enAeRbg rWxøaj;EdlcUlmk. ebIsinCakMritGasuItxøaj;EdlTMenr rWkMritCatiTwkxçs;vanwgGacbNþaleGaymanbBaðaCamYykarbegáItsab‘U nig eFVIkarbMEbk énKøIesrIn by-productstream.

karEjk

Rbtikmµmþg KWRKb;RKan; plitplmanBIrEdlsMxan; ³ KøIesrIn nig \n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut. plitpl nImYy ²mantMélRKb;RKan;sMrab;eGtaNulelIsEdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgRbtikmµ. l,aymanRbtikmµ EdleBlxøHeFVIeGaysabenAkñúgCMhanenHebIsinCaRtuvkar. KøIesrIndMNak;kalbnÞab;KWxab;Cag\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut nigmanBIr EdlGacbMEbkCatiBlCamYyKøIesrInedayRsUbykecjBI)atbMBg;. kñúgkrNIxøHkarykecjRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;bMEbky:agrh½s.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

24

karykCatiGal;kulecj

dMNak;kalKøIesrIn nig\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtRtUv)anbMEbkCabnþbnÞab; CatiGakulEdlelIsenAkñúgdMNak;kalenHRtUv)anrMedaHecjCamYykareFVIeGayhYtecj rWedaykarbit.kñúgRbB½n§epSg²eTot GakulRtUv)anrMedaH nig)anbnSabbBa©ÚlKñamuneBlKøIesrInnigeGEsÞ‘r RtUv)anbMEbk. kñúgkrNIenHpgEdr GakulRtUv)anbiTCitedayeRbI]bkrN_bit nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eLIgvij. karykcitþTukdak;RtUv)anFanafaGt;mankekItTwkenAkñúgkarEdl)anbiTCit nigehIrGakulecj.

karbnSabKøIesrIn

KøIesrIn by-product contains minRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakatalIkreT nigsab‘UEdlRtUv)anbnSabCamYyGasuIt nig)anbBa©ÚneTArkSaTukCaKøIesrIneqA. kñúgkrNIxøHGMbilRtUv)anekIteLIgkñúgCMhanenHehIyRtUv)anbitCitsMrab;eRbICaCI. enAkñúgkrNICaeRcInGMbilenAEpñkxageqVgenAkñúgKøIesrIn. Twk nig GakulRtUv)anrMedaHecjedIm,IplitKøIesrInsuT§ 80-88PaKry EdlrYcral;edIm,I)anlk;CaKøIesrIneqA. enAkñúgRbtibtþikarCaeRcIn KøIesrIncMraj;)an99PaKry rwmanPaBsuT§x<s; niglk;eTAkan;TIpSar »sfnigeRKOgsMGag.

karbM)at;emTIleGEsÞ‘r

emTIleGEsÞ‘r)anbMEbkmkBIKøIesrIn \n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtKweBlxøHRtUv)anbnSútedaykarlag CamYyTwkekþAedIm,IeFVICakatalIkryksMNl; rWsab‘Uecj hYt nig)anbBa©ÚneTArkSaTuk. kñúgdMeNIrkarxøHeTotCMhanenHKWminmansarHsMxan;eT. enHKWCakarbBa©b;FmµtaénlT§pleFVIkarplit CaC½ravBt’elOg xab;RsedogeTAnigeRbgm:as‘Ut. kñúgRbB½n§xøH\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtKWRtUv)ancMraj;ecjenAkñúgkarbEnßmCMhanénkarykecjbrimaNtictYcénrUbragBN’ edIm,Iplit\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtEdlminmanBN’.

esckþIsegçbBIkarplitm:as‘UtCIv³edayeCaKC½yx<s;

enHCaGtßRbeyaCn_x<s;Edl)ankt;RtaTuk³ enAeBlEdl\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtmancMnYneRcInenAeBlEdl)ancab;epþImelIkdMbUg TwkminGacmanvtþmancMnYneRcIneT enAkñúgkarpSMCakatalIkr ¬sUdüÚmGuIRduksuItsUdaEdleqH¦. RbsinebImanvtþmanTwkeRcInman\T§iBlkñúgkardMeNIrkar downstram CaGviC¢man.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

25

cMnYnelIsénemtaNulCaFmµtaRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkarplit\n§n³CIv³m:as‘Ut edIm,IFanafakareRbIxøaj; rWeRbgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;nig)anbMElgCaeGEsÞ‘ry:ageBjelj. RbsinebIxøaj;TaMgGs;min)anbMElgCaeGEsÞ‘reT enaHkMriténGasuItxøaj;nigmanbrimaNx<s; RbEhl 5PaKry eTA 1PaKry sab‘U Edl)anekIteLIg)anbegáItCa emulsion CamYynigemtaNul nigeRbg. emulsion nigekIteLIg Rbsin ebImanvtþmanTwk. Emulsion karBarRbtikmµEdlekIteLIg nig\n§n³CIv³m:as‘UtnigminekIteLIgeT. muneBlEdleRbgRtUv)anbEnßmGasuItxøaj;RtUv)anykecjBIva. edIm,ICYykarBar karekIteLIgnUv emulsion.

karRtgRtUv)aneFVICamYyeRbgEdl)aneRbI.

rUbmnþEdlcab;GarmµN_

rUbmnþEdlcab;GarmµN_BIeKhTMB½r www.biodieselsolutions.com.za/index.php/main/cauculator

sMrab;eFVICIv\n§n³m:as‘Ut ¬emTIleGEsÞ‘r CIv\n§n³m:as‘Ut¦³ emtaNul 22PaKry éneRbg b:UtasüÚmGuIRduksuIt (KOH) 5g-7g/L éneRbg rWsUdüÚmGuIRduksIut (NaOH) 3.5g-5g/L éneRbg Edl)aneFVIkarbMElg.

rUbPaBTI 9³ karplitm:as‘UtCIv³EdlmanbICMhan


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

26

3.2 karplitCIv³eGtanul

CaeKalkarN_RKwHénkareFVIplitplCIveGtaNul manrebobeFVI4CMhan EdlmaneQµaHfa karerobcMsMParH, karsø/karlayTwk/karEjkFatuTwk, kardak;em, cMraj;. KMrUénrebobkñúgkareFVI eGtaNul edayeRbIemSAsMgYt ¬RKab;FBaØCati¦ CavtßúFatuedIm KW)anbgðajdUcxageRkam³CMhanTI1 KWkinRKab;FBaØCati KWminmanm:asuInsMxan;NamYYysMrab;eFVIvaeT m:üageTotRKab;FBaØCatil¥it²RtUvEttUclµm dUcenHral;RKab;emSAtUc²TaMgGs;RtUveFVIeGayxab;Gn§wl²enAkñúgkarcRgáan. RbsinebIPaKl¥it²vaEvgeBk RKab;emSAtUc²Gacnwgbgáb;cUly:ageRCAenAkñúgEpñkxagkñúgénRKab; Edlxab;Gn§il²ehtudUcenHnwgminbMElgeTACasáreT.

emSAs¶Üt Cooking enAkñúgTwk slurry CaviFImYyd¾l¥bMputsMrab;karerobcMeFVIeGayeTACaPaKl¥ittUc²sMrab;karEjkCatiTwkéncMNgemSA. eTaHbICamanemSAl¥it²xøHdUcCaenAkñúgdMLÚgEdlRtUvkarminRtUv)anes¶areT. emSAl¥it²enAkñúgeBatvaBi)aksMrab;karRsUbykRtaMemSAsMrba;karbMElg EdlmanPaKryx<s;GñkcMGinRtUvmanm:asuIneFVIsMrab;bBa¢ÚlvaeTATukCacMNgemSAenAkñúg suspension kñúglkçNHravRKb;eBl. karFanasUm,IEtkarcMGin nigkarkarBar kMedAxøaMg ¬EdlGaceFVIeGayeqHexøac vtßúrwgenAelIenAEpñkxageRkamenAkñúgkMedAcMGinpÞal;.

bnÞab;BIkarEjkFatuTwk ¬karEbkecjBIemSA eTACasár¦ ekIteLIg. karEjkFatuTwkGaceFVIeLIgenAkñúgkarsø. ehIyvanwgRbEhlCakarerobcMd¾l¥bMputsMrab;kEnøgcMhuytUc.

eFVIeGayvaRtCak;bnÞab;BIsø KWCaEpñkénviFIEjkFatuTwk nigRbsinebIGñksø)anykCatiTwkTaMgenHGacRtUv)aneKeRbICa cooling oil y:agl¥ ¬dUcKñaCamYynwg steam-jacketed cooker¦. karbEnßmTwkEfmKWCaviFImYyepSgeTotkñúgkareFVIeGayRtCak; ¬dUc)anBnül;EpñkCMhandMbUg kñúgkarpliteGTIl Gakul¦emSAesIm²GacRtUv)ankUr kñúgeBldl;CMhanRtCak;KWl¥dUceTAnwgCMhankMedAénkareFVIeGaym:t;.

karkøay nigcab;epþImeFVItamkarykFatuTwk BIeRBaHem minGacFn;nigcMnYneRcInsMrab;EdkeT karerobcMGagRtUv)anerobcMsMrab;CMhanenH³ FugsMrab;bMElgRtUvkarRtUv)aneFVIBIeQI EdkEdlmineRcH rW RsTab;Edk minsUvekþA . enAkñúgkEnøgbitRsavIsárI FugeQIRtUvebIkenAkñúgbriyakas TaMgenHminmanvtþmanénbBaðaekIteLIgeT BIeRBaHBaNiC¢kmµFM²dac;xatRtUvbeBa©jCabnÞan;bnÞab;BIkarbMElg nigGnam½yGnuvtþ)anl¥. RbsinebIkarbeBa©jenAksidæanmin)ansMGat dUcenHbnÞab;mkGagRtUv)anRKb. enAkñúgkrNIxøH


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

27

karbiTRtUv)aneFVITaMgGs; mat;RckRbehagRtUveFVIeGayFMlµm edIm,IeGaymnusSGaccUl)an ehIyRtUv)anRKbCit enAeBlEdlmineRbI. karbiTxül;enAkñúgGagminmansarsMxan;b:unµaneT b:uEnþminRtUveFVIeGayRbLÚkRbLak;eT dUcCaFUlIdI rWstVl¥it cUl.

lMhUrenAeBlénkarplitxøH RbsinebImancMnYneRcInenAeBlEdlkMBugeRbIR)as; karsMerccitþnigRtUv)aneFVIdUcenAcMnucEdlvtßúrwgnwgRtUv)anpþac;ecjBIvtßúrav. vtßúrwgCaFmµtaRtUvdak;enAEpñk)at nigduteGayeqH. karbMEbkGaceFVI bnÞab;BIkarcMraj;ykCatiTwk rW bnÞab;BIdMeNIrkarbMElg. eRKOgynþsMrab;dMeNIrkarxñattUc KWesÞIrEtminman. sMNaj; Edlvil)ancak;TMluHbMBg;CamYykarsMKal; nig mYlbeBa©jkñúgfg;sMrab;)aj;beBa©jeBlxøHRtUv)aneKeRbICarebob énkarcab;epþIm b:uEnþGñknwgminRbEhlCaminGacrkeXIjnUvdMeNaHRsaypÞal;xøÜn)aneT. CamYynwgkarbnþrbMb:nnUvCYrcanEdl)anecaH y:agNak¾edayminmanbBaðaeT. karcMraj;vtßúrwgCamYynigemSArav nigGahar RKab;FBaØCatiCamYYyvtßúrav.

karcMraj;eFVICabnÞan;bnÞab;BIkareRcaHykCatiTwk. RKb;em:agnImYy²bnÞab;BIemSArYcral; cMeBaH)ak;etrIwepSgeTot nigeFVIkartampøÚvrbs;BYkvaeTAkñúgskþanuBl\n§nHGakul. GasuItGaesTic nigmineFVIkar)anl¥eTenAkñúgrfynþ nigenaHKWCaGVIEdlGakulRtLb;eTAkñúgvijenAeBl Edl)ak;etrI Acetobacter lukluykarkøay.

CaRbePTEdlenAEteRbI kareRCIserIsKWsMerceTAelItMrUvkarénGñkplit. \n§n³GakulRtUv)anplitvanigmankarrkSaTuk. eRbIkarRbugRby½tñdUcKña dUckareRbIR)as;kñúgkarrkSaTuksaMg. Gal;kulRsUbsMeNImxül; ¬RsUbsMeNIm¦ dUcenHTukrn§xül;tUcsMrab;rkSaTukenAkñúgGag.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

28

rUbPaBTI 10³ RkaPikkarpliteGTIlGal;kul

plitpl)anmkBIkarbMElgeGTIlGakul

- ]sµ½nkabUnic ³ 1/2 énkarbMElgsár KW)anbMElgCakabUnDIGuksuIt. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;enAkñúg]sSahkmµ rWenAkñúgpÞHkBa©k;sMrab;CMrujkarduHlUtlas;rbs;rukçCati.- Gakul³ 1/2 epSgeTot énkarbMElgsár KW)anbMElgeTACaeGTIlGakul. cab;taMgBIRKb;cMnuHéneRbg\n§nH eGEsÞ‘r nig GasuIt vaminl¥sMrab;karpwgeT b:uEnþl¥sMrab;\n§nH.- RKab;FBaØCatirbs;GñkcMhuy³ RKb;RbUetGuIn KWenAEpñkxageqVgenAkñúgvtßúrwg dUcenHRKab;FBaØCatirbs;GñkcMhuynwgkøaymkCaGaharmanKuNPaBx<s; sMrab;bsustV. RbUetGuInKW 28-30PaKry fibre KW12-13PaKry nigsMeNImKW 8-12PaKry eRbIvasMrab;dak;bEnßm edIm,IbegáInRbUetGuInenAkñúgcMNIGaharepSgeTot.

3.3 karpliteGtanulEsluyLÚs

EsluyLÚs eGtaNulKWCaRbePTéneGtaNul EdlRtUv)anplitmkBIkarbMElgd¾FMénCIvm:as rab;TaMgsMNl;mkBITIRkug ksikmµ nigFnFanéRBeQI. eGtaNulFmµtaeKmincUlcitþeT vtßúFatuedImeqAKI sárnigemSAkarcab;epþImvtßúeqArbs;EsluyLÚseGtaNulKWEsluyLÚs manrebobFMBIrsMrab;karplitGal;kulBIEsluyLÚs. 1¦ karEjkFatuTwkKIbMEbkcMNgEsluyLÚseTA Cam:UelKulsár EdlbnÞab;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

29

mk)anbMElg nigcMraj;. 2¦ kareFVI]sµ½n eTACavtßú lignocellulosic eqAeTACa]sµ½nkabUnm:UNUGuksuItnigGuIRdUEsn EdlbnÞab;mkdl;RbePTBiessénkarbMElg rWeTACakatalIkr.

EsluyLÚs ¬viFIsa®sþEbbCIv³¦

vamannUv 4 rW 5 dMNak;edIm,IdMeNIrkareRbIR)as;eGtaNultamEbbCIvsaRsþ³

- CMhan “munRbRBwtþikmµ” begáItCa lignocellulosic dUcCaeQI rWcMebIgEdlGacTTYl)ancMeBaHkarEjkTwk.- karEjkykEsluyLÚs ¬cellulolysis¦ edIm,IbMEbkm:UelKuleTACasár- karEjksUluysüúgsár BIsMNl;sMParHepSg² notably lignin

- karkøayrbs;GtisuxumR)aNmkCasUluysüúgsár- karbitplit)an 99>5 PaKryGal;kulsuT§munRbRBwtþikmµ

munRbRBwtþikmµ KWsMedAeTAelIkarrlay)an nigbMEbk)anéncMnYnmYy rWeRcInsMrab;FatupSMsMxan;4y:agrbs;CIv]sµ½n. srésEsluyLÚs EsluyLÚs lignin Edl)anRsg;ecjedIm,ICakareFVIsMNl;rwgCIv]sµ½nEdlGaceFVI)aneRcIneTACasarCatiKImIeBlGnaKt rW RbRBwtþikmµtamEbbCIvsaRsþ. karEjknUvFatuTwk ¬eFVIeGayeTACasár¦ bMEbkcMNgGuIRdUEsnenAkñúg hemicellulose nigEsluyLÚs CaeRcInPaKeTAkñúgsarFatusár ³ pentoses and hexoses. sárTaMgenHbnÞab;mkGacRtUv)anbMEbkCa eGtaNul.

vamanviFImuneBlRbRBwtiþkmµCaeRcIn rW karbBa¢ÚlKñanUv viFImunRbRBwtþikmµEdlGacrk)an. CaTUeTAmuneBlRbRBwtþikmµ vamannUvbMEbkTMhMvtßúFatuedImedaydMeNIrkarkin rW manCatiTwk/cMhayTwk .

viFIEdl)aneRbIsMrab;tMrUvkarvtßúFatuEsluyLÚs KWRtUvkarRbRBwtþikmµCamunCaxøaMg dUcCakarbMEbkcMhayTwk. mankareFVItamviFImuneBlRbRBwtþikmµsamBaØCaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;vtßúFatuedImEsluyLÚs CaGasuItlayTwk Gal;kaLaMg karrMlaysrIragÁ Gam:Ujak; s‘ulhV DIGuksuIt kabUnDIGuksuIt rW sarFatuKImIepSg²eTotedIm,IbegáItCIvm:as edaymankarrlayeRcIn edayGg;suIm muneBlRbRBwtiþkmµtamEbbCIvsaRsþPaKeRcIn CYnkalRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarbBa¢ÚlKñaCamYyRbRBwtiþkmµtamEbbKImI to solubilize the

lignin in order edIm,IeFVIEsluyLÚs EdlGaceFVI)anedayEjkFatuTwk nigkarkøayrbs;va.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

30

RbePTénvtßúFatuedImnImYy² eTaHCa eQIRsay sñÚleBat rWkakGMeBA RtUvkareFVIkarbBa¢ÚlKñaCaBiessmuneBleFVIRbRBwtiþkmµ edIm,I)anplBIvtßúFatuedIm Gb,brmamkCMnYskarxUcxat ehIyplGtibrmaCasár. muneBlRbRBwtiþkmµénCIvm:asEsluyLÚs enAkñúgbBaða cost-effective KWCakarRbkYtRbECgy:agsMxan; énsMrab;karRsavRCavbec©kviTüaEsluyLÚseGtaNul nigkarGPivDÄn_.

karEjkFatuEsluyLÚs

bnÞab;BIviFImuneBlRbRBwtiþkmµ eyIgmanrebobeFVIBIreTotedIm,IEjkFatuTwkvtßúFatuedImsMrab;køayeTACaeGtaNul. rebobénkarEjkFatuTwk y:agsamBaØPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbICaGasuIt ¬layTwk nigrm¶as;eGayxab;¦ nigCaGg;suIm.

karEjkGasuItedayTwk

vamanrebobEjkGasuItBIrEdlsamBaØRtUv)aneKeRbI³ GasuItlayTwk nigGasuItrm¶as;eGayxab;.kareFVIGasuItlayTwk KW)anpliteRkamsItuNðPaB nigsMBaFx<s; ehIymaneBlRBwtiþkmµkñúgry³eBltamnaTI rW vinaTI EdlsMrYldl;kareFVIbnþ. kareFVIGasuItrm¶as;eGayxab; eRbIedayTak;TgeTA nigGakasFatuexSay nig)anBak;B½n§CamYyEtsMBaFEtb:ueNÑaH EdlTaMgenaH)anbegáItedaykarbUm vtßúFatuBIbMBg;eTAbMBg;. eBlRBwtþikmµCaFmµta KWmanryHeBlyUrCagGasuItlayTwk.

rUbPaBTI 11³ RkaPikpliteGtanulesluyLÚs

karEjkFatuTwkGasuItlayTwk³ enHCabec©kviTüasMrab;karbMElgCIvm:asEsluyLÚseTACaeGtaNul.dMeNIrkarGasuItlayTwkTak;TgeTAnwgsUluysüúg RbEhl1 PaKrykMhab;GasuIts‘ulpYric enAkñúg


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

31

lMhURBwtþikmµbnþ enAsItuNðPaB ¬RbEhl 215 dWeRk¦. plEdl)anBIkarbMElgCatisár CamYyviFIenHKWmanRbEhl 50PaKry.

dMeNIrkarGasuItlayTwkTak;TgnwgRbtikmµBIr. TImYyvtßúFatuEsluyLÚs RtUv)anbMElgeTACasár mü:agvijeTot RbsinebIRbtikmµbnþ sárTaMgenHnigRtUvbMElgeTACa KImIepSgeTot. lkçNÐEdl)anBIRbRBwtþikmµelIkTI1 KWCalkçNÐRtwmRtUvsMrab;ekIteLIgelIkTI2pgEdr. m:UelKulEsluyLÚsRtUv)anbMEbkenAeBlNamYy RbRBwtþikmµelOnenAeBlEdlbMElgBIsárreTACaplitplepSgeTot-typically

furfural. karxUcCatisárrminRtwmEtbnßynUvplrbs;sárreT b:uEnþ furfural nig GnuplepSgeTot GacraraMgdMeNIrkarkøaypgEdr.

BIeRBaHEtsrésEsluyLÚs ¬kabUn-5¦sáreFVIeGayxUcy:agrh½seRcInCag EsluyLÚs ¬kabUn-6¦sármanviFImYy edIm,IbnßykarxUcxaténsárr KWRbtibtþinUvviFIeFVICa2dMNak;kal. dMNak;kalTImYyRtUv)aneFVIeRkamlkçxNÐdMeNIrkarexSay edIm,IRKbdNþb;eTAelI 5-kabUnsár enAeBldMNak;kalTIBIr)aneFVI eRkamlkçxNÐ harsher edIm,IRKbdNþb;eTAelI 6-kabUnsár. dMNak;kalTaMgBIrenH RtUv)anEjksUluysüúgenAeBlbnÞab;BI)anbMElgCaGakul. kMe)arRtUv)aneKeRbI edIm,IbnSabkaksMNl;GasuItmundMNak;kal énkarEjkFatuTwk. karxUcCatisárenAEtekIteLIg dUcenHRTwsþIRtUv)ankMNt;RbEhlCa80hÁaLúg éneGtaNul esµI1etan éneQIs¶Üt. sMNl;EsluyLÚs nig lignin RtUv)aneKeRbICa\n§n³sø sMrab;GKÁIsnñI rW plitpleRbIcMhayTwk.

rm¶as;eGayxab;GasuIt Edl)anEjkFatuTwk³ viFIenHeRbIrm¶as;eGayxab;nUvGasuIts‘ulpYriceday)aneFVItamryHkarlayCamYyTwk edIm,IeFVIeGayravehIyEjkTwk rWbMElgsarFatueTACasár. kareFVIenHpþl;nUvkarbMElgy:agrh½s nigrYcral;sMrab;EsluyLÚseTACakøúykUs nig hemicellulose eTACakabUnsár-5CamYynigkarxUcxatEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. ktþakMNt;EdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIdMeNIrkarEdlGaceTA)anedaysnSMsMécmankarTTYl)anmkvijnUvsárEdll¥ nig karTTYl)anKuNRbeyaCn_ tMélénGasuItsMrab;kareFVIeRbIR)as;eLIgvij.

rebobrm¶as;GasuIteGayxab;eRbI 70PaKry GasuIts‘ulpYric karrm¶as;sUluysüúgeGayxab;enAsItuNðPaB 100F BI 2 eTA 6 em:ag enARbtiþkmµEjkFatu hemicellulose. sItuNðPaB nig sMBaFTabkarxUcxatnUvCatisárrmanbrimaNtictYcbMput.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

32

CMhanbnÞab;KWRtUveFVIGKÁIsnIviPaKTwkeTAelIsár Cellulose KWmann½yfakakrwg EdlTTYl)anBItMNak;kal TImYyRtUv)anqøgkat;RbtikmµdkTwkecj nigRtUv)andak;RtaMCamYyGasuIt s‘ulpYric EdlmankMhab;BI 30 eTA 40 PaKry kñúgryHeBlBI 1 eTA 4 em:ag EdlCaCMhanmYy munRbtikmµGKÁIsnIviPaKTwkeTAelI Cellulose l,ayEdl)anxagelIRtUvqøgkat;RbtikmµdkTwkmþgeTot nigbnÞab;mkRtUvqøgkat;karsm¶Üt EdlRbtikmµenHnwgbegáInkMhab;rbs;GasuItrhUteTAdl; 70PaKry enAeRkayBIRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgFugmYyepSgeTotGs;ryHeBl 1 eTA 4 em:agsßitenAeRkam sItuNðPaBd¾TabenaH PaKpSMRtUv)anbMEbkecj edIm,ITTYl)annUvsár nigGasuIt. l,aysárGasuIt Edl)anmkBItMNak;kalTI2xagelIRtUv)an eFVIkarEkécñeLIgvijeGayeTAtMNak;kalTI1xagelI edIm,IeFVIeGaysarFatuGasuIt)anqøgkat;dMNak;kal GKÁIsnIviPaKTwkdMbUgbg¥s;.

sar³RbeyaCN_dMbUgbMputrbs;dMeNIrkarénkMeNInkMhab;GasuItenH KWCaskþanuBlPaBmYysMrab;smtßPaBénkarTTYl)ansarFatusárx<s;EdlRbEhlCa 90PaKry énsár Cellulose nig hemicellulose.GasuIt nigsárRtUv)anbMEbkecjBIKñatamryHbMlas;bþÚrGuIy:ug ehIybnÞab;mkGasIutRtUv)anqøgkat;kareFVIkMenIn kMhab;mþgeTottamryH]bkrN_bMPaycMhay Edlman\T§iBlCaeRcIn. RbtikmµEdleRbIR)as;sItuNðPaB TabnigsMBaFEdl)aneFVIenAxagelIenaHGaceGayeyIgeRbIR)as;nUv]bkrN_ EdlmantMélefakKYrsm dUcCaFugFMnigbMBg;EdleFVIsrésEkv.

vamannUvRkumh‘uncMnYnBIr EdlkMBugmanKMerageRbIR)as;dMeNIrkarGKÁIsnIviPaKkMhab;GasIut ¬mann½yfaKWCakarbegáInkMhab;GasuIttamryHGKÁIsnIviPaKTwk¦ enAkñúgKMeragkareGtaNul Edl)anesñI eLIgenaH.Rkumh‘un Arkenol nwgeRbIR)as;dMeNIrkar ¬)ansuMsiT§RtwmRtUv¦ enAkñúgkardaMduHykKYRsUvedIm,IpliteGtaNulenARbeTs Sacramento. Rkumh‘unTIBIreQµaHfa Masada Resource Group nwgeRbIR)as;GKÁIsnIviPaKkMhab;GasuItenHenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlpliteGtaNulecjBIkaksMNl;rwgsßitkñúgRkug Middletown

naTIRkug New York.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

33

GKÁIsnIviPaKecjBIGg;suIm ¬karykGg;suImmkeFVIGKÁIsnIvIPaKelIsarFatudéT eTot¦

karyl;dwgdMbUgGMBIGKÁIsnIviPaKecjBIGg;suImeTAelIsár Cellulose )ancab;epþImeLIgenAkñúgtMbn;)a:suIhVikPaKxagt,ÚgkñúgGMLúgsRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr EdlTIkEnøgenaHBBYkpSitEdlsuIbMpøajRkNat;sMelokbMBak;nigtg;eFVIBIsMLIRtUv)aneKrkeXIj. BYkpSitEdlmaneQµaHfa Trichoderma reesei RtUv)aneKrkeXIjfaBYkvaplitGg;suImeQµaH Cellulose ¬CaRbePTGg;suImkat;pþac;TwkecjBIsár Cellulose¦.bnÞab;mkeTotkarkekItrbs; Cellulose eRkay²mkeTotRtUv)aneFVIeLigtamryHkarbnSMEsSnénBUCpSitenHÉg. edIm,IeGayBYkGg;suImeFVIRbtikmµRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB BYkvaRtUvEtxitcUleTAsárral;GgÁFatuEdlnwgRtUvTTYlrgRbtikmµdkFatuTwkdUcenHehIyeTIbvaTamTar eGaymandMeNIrRbtikmµmunmYykñúgeKalbMNgdkyksár hemicellulose ecjnigbMEbkrcnasm<½nPaKl¥it²rbs;sár Cellulose rWniyay)anfakardkyk sarFatu lignin.

karGnuvtþn_dMbUgbg¥s;énRbtikmµdkTwkecj edayeRbIR)as;sarFatuGg;suImenaH KWRtUveFVIeLIgkñúgtMNak;kaldac;BIKña KWRbtikmµdkykTwkepSg nigRbtikmµbiTyksarFatuGakulepSgmYyeTot. sarFatuEdlTTYl)anBIRbtikmµdkTwkxagelIenHnwgRtUvqøgkat;RbtikmµdkTwkecjCabnÞab;eTot. karGnuvtþfµIeTotKWkarRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñanUvRbtikmµplitsár nigRbtikmµbiTyksarFatuGakul edIm,IbegáInesdækic©énkarplit. kareFVIRbtikmµTaMgBIrenHkñúgeBlCamYyKña)aneFVIkarrlaybBa©ÚlKñanUvGg;suIm Cellulose nigBYkmIRkub Edl)anykeFVIRbtikmµbiTsarFatuGakulenaH eTAkñúgFugEtmYy. enHGaceFVIeGaydMeNIrkarEtmYy CMhanénkarplitsár nigRbtikmµbiTyksarFatuGakulTTYl)ansarFatuGal;kulPøam. b:uEnþeTaHbICay:agNak¾edayvak¾manKuNvibtþiEdr KWfaGgÁFatu ¬BBYkemeraK¦ Edl)anmkBIRbtikmµTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtqøgkat;dMNak;kaldUcKña EdlbNþaleGaykarcuHfynUvTinñplsár nigeGtaNul.

RbtikmµdkykTwkedayeRbIR)as;Gg;suImbnÞab;bnSMmYyeTotKWkarCMnYsbec©kviTüa (SHF). edayRbtikmµdkTwknigRbtikmµbiTGakulEdlRbRBwtþeTAtamlMdab;lMeday. karbMEbkecjBIKñanUvRbtikmµTaMgBIrenHpþl;nUv»kas nigKuNsm,tiþepSg²CaeRcIn. vaGaceGayGg;suImqøgkat;nUvsItuNðPaBx<s;CageKsMrab;dMeNIrkarRbtikmµEdlmankarekIneLIg ehIynigBBYksarFatuemeraKEdl)anmkBIRbtikmµbiTGakulRtUvqøgkat;sItuNðPaBbgÁÜr EdlnwgbegáInnUvkareRbIR)as;sár.

RbtikmµénGg;suIm Cellulose ekItmaneLIgeRkamsItuNðPaBkñúgxøÜnEdlmanenAkñúgRkBHrbs;BBYkstVEdlGacykGaharBIRkBHmkTMBamþgeTotdUcCastVeKa nigecom EdlenAkñúgRkBHenaHBBYkGg;suImRtUv


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

34

)anplitedayBYk)ak;etrI.dMeNIrkarenHeRbIR)as;nUvGg;suImmYYycMnYnenAdMNak;kalepSg²KñaénbMlas;bþÚrenH.edayeRbIR)as;nUvRbB½n§Gg;suImRsedogKñaenH smasFatuEdlman lignin enaHRtUvqøgkat;RbtikmµdkTwkecjedayeRbIGg;suImenAsßanPaBbgÁÜrmYy ¬KWmansituNðPaB 50◦C nig PH5¦ EdlenHGacbNþaleGaymankarbMEbksár Cellulose RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBedayKµankar kekItmaneLIgnUvkaksMNl;eRkayRbtikmµEdlnwgGackat;pþac;skmµPaBRbtikmµrbs;Gg;suIm)an.

Rkumh‘unEdlplitsarFatuGg;suImepSgeTot)ancUlrYmkarGPivDÄN_EdlRbkbedaybec©kviTüaCaeRcInkñúgkarpliteGtaNulecjBIsár Cellulose tamryHkarplitGg;suImCaeRcInsMrab;EtRbtikmµdkykTwkenAtMélRbkYtRbECg.

kareFVIeGaykøay ¬eLIgem¦

tamTMlab; emrbs;GñkeFVInM (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) minRtUv)aneRbIyUreT enAkñúg]sSahkmµeragcRk plitEGtaNulmkBI hexoses ¬kabUnsár-6¦. dl;eBlkMNt;cMeBaHFmµCatiEdlsauMjauMénvtþmankabUnGIuRdat enAkñúgCIvm:as lignocellulose cMnYn EdlmansarsMxan;én xylose nig arabinose ¬kabUnsár-5 Edl)anbMElgmkBIbMENk hemicellulose én lignocellulose¦ KWEtgEtmanvtþmanenAkñúghydrolysate . Ca]TahrN_ enAkñúg hydrolysate énsñÚleBatRbEhlCa 30PaKry EdleFVIeGaykøayTaMgGs;Casár KW xylose . CalT§pl lT§PaBenAkñúgkarbMElg mIRkUsrIragÁ eTACaGaceRbIR)as;)anTaMgGs;énsárEdl)anBI hydrolysate CaCIvitEdleFVIeGayekIneLIgcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkesdækic©én cellulose eGtaNul nig skþanuBlKImI bio-based.

enAkñúgqñaMbc©úb,nñ visVkmµrMrlayGaharsMrab;mIRkUsrIragÁRtUv)aneRbIkñúgplitpl\T§n³eGtaNul ehIy)anbgðajnUvkarRbesIreCOnelOnpgEdr. eRkABI Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mIRkUsrIragÁdUcCaZymomonas mobilis and Escherichia coli RtUv)ankMNt;Camunedayqøgkat; visVkmµrMlayGaharsMrab;plitpleGtaNul Cellulosic.

eBlbc©úb,nñ visVkrEdleFVIemRtUv)anerobrab;eGaydwgfa kareFVIeGaykøayEdleGaypll¥man xylose

and arabinose nigsUm,IEtTaMgBIrrYmKñapgEdr. ekasikaemEdlRsUby:agsMxan;CageKsMrab;kareFVICellulosic eGtaNuldUcEdlBYkeK)aneRbIenAkñúg CIvbec©kvIC¢asMrab;ryHeBl 100qñaM dUcEdlBYkeKeFVI


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

35

mineGaymanCatieGtaNulx<s; nigeFVImineGaymanPaBxab; ehIydUcEdlBYkeKGacdaMenAtMél pH

Tab EdleCosvag)annUvkarcMlgemeraK.

viFIbit ¬cMhuyykejIs¦

eGtaNul Edl)anplitmkBIviFIeFVIeGaykøay enAEtCabrimaNelIslb;énCatiTwk EdlRtUvEteFVIkarykecj. enHCakarsMercedayeRbIviFIbitedIm,IbMEbk. kargareFVIkarbMEbkedaykardaMTwkeGayBuHehIybBa©ÚlCatieGtaNul. cab;BIeGtaNulBuHenacMnucTabCag ¬78.3C¦ edayeRbobeFobCamYyTwk¬100C¦ CatieGtaNulERbeTACabeBa©j]sµ½nmuneBlTwkGacRtUv)aneFVIeGayxab; ehIy)anbMEbkecj.

viFIplit]sµ½n ¬mundl;karkMedAeday eRbIKImI¦

vIFIplit]sµ½nKWminGaRs½yelIkarBukrlYytamEbbKImIénExScgVak; Cellulose eT ¬Cellulolysis¦.CMnYseGaykarbMEbkEsluyLÚseTACam:UelKulsár kabUnenAkñúgvtßúFatuedImeqARtUv)anbMElgeTACa]sµ½n synthesis kñúgkareRbIGVIEdlmantMélcMeBaHcMehH. kabUnm:UNUGuksuIt kabUnDIGuksuIt nigGuIRdUEsn EdlbnÞab;mkGaceBjeTAkñúgGñkEdl)aneFVIeGaykøay. CMnYseGaykarkøayCasár CamYynigemviFIenHeRbImIRkUsrIragÁeQµaHfa “Clostridium ljungdahlii” . BBYkmIRkUsrIragÁenHnwgelb ¬suI¦kabUnm:UNUGuksuIt kabUnDIGuksuIt nigGuIRdUEsnehIyplitCaeGtaNulnigTwk.

dUcenHviFIenHGacbMEbkecjCabICMhan³

1> karplit]sµ½n³ m:UelKulRKwHd¾sauMjauMkabUnRtUv)anbMEbkCaEpñkeTAeFVICakabUndUcCa kabUnm:UNUGuksIut kabUnDIGuksuIt nigGuIRdUEsn RtUv)anplit.2> kareFVIeGaykøay³ bMElgkabUnm:UNUGuksIut kabUnDIGuksuItnigGuIRdUEsneTACaeGtaNuledayeRbI srIragÁ Clostridium ljungdahlii

3> karbit ¬cMhuyykejIs¦³ eGtaNul KWRtUv)ankat;pþac;ecjBITwk

karsikSaeBlbc©úb,nñRtUv)anrkeXIj Clostridium bacterium epSgeTotEdlhak;dUcCa mansmtßPaBeTVdgenAkñúgkareFVIeGtaNulBIkabUnm:UNUGuksuIt EdlRtUv)ansMKal;mYyxagelI. karqøas;KñaénkarsMeyaK]sµ½n mkBIkareFVI]sµ½nGaceBjcMeBaHRbtikmµktalIkr EdlsMeyaK]sµ½n RtUv)aneRbIedIm,I


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

36

pliteGtaNul nigGakulepSgeTotedayqøgkat;niymn½yviFIkMedAtamEbbKImI éncMNuH nigkareRbIR)as;.

4 GtßRbeyaCN_én\n§n³CIv³4.1 karGnuvtþsMrab;kardwkCBa¢Ún

m:as‘UtCIv³

\n§n³m:as‘UtsuT§minlay GacRtUv)ancak;cUledayRtg;eTAkñúgFugénRKb;yanynþm:as‘Ut dUcCaCamYym:as‘UtFmµta. suT§RtUv)anlayCamYyCIvm:as‘Ut nigCIvm:as‘Ut eRbgkat eRbgm:as’Ut Edlpþl;nUvkMlaMgesH kMlaMgbgVilFmµta nigryHcMgay\n§n³Edl)aneRbobeFobeTAnwg\n§n³m:as‘UtsaMg. enAkñúgTMrg;;suT§ CaFmµtaCIvm:as’UtnigmancMnuHfamBl 5%-10% FmµtaTabCag\n§n³saMg. mü:ageTot vaRtUv)ansMKal; eXIjfacMnuHfamBl\n§n³m:as‘Ut saMg GacERbRbYly:ageRcIn 15% BIkarpþl;mYyenAeBlbnÞab;. cMnuHfamBlEdlTabénCIvm:as‘Ut )anERbeTACakareFVImYy Edl)ankat;bnßytictYcenAeBlEdlCIvm:as‘UtRtUv)aneRbIkñúgRTg;RTay 100% eTaHbICaGñkeRbIR)as;FmµtaraykaN_tictYcBIkar pøas;bþÚrEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgryHcMgay rW kareFVI. enAeBlEdl)anlayCamYym:as‘Ut eRbgkat enAkMritB20 mankarpøas;bþÚrticCag 2% enAkñúgcMnuHfamBl\n§n³ CamYyGñkeRbIR)as;Fmµta kareFVIr)aykarN_minmankarpøas;bþÚr KYreGaykt;sMKal;eTenAkñúgryHcMgay rW esdækic©.

karrt;FugdMbUgrbs;GñkénCIvm:as‘Ut GñkRtUvEtbþÚrnUvtMrg\n§n³. CIvm:as‘UtsMGatecjnUvral;kMNkeRbgkat enAkñúgRbB½n§\n§n³rbs;Gñk EdlbnÞab;mkGackkCab;nwgtMrg. enAÉhagbþÚreRKOgbnøas;rbs;Gñkykl¥GñkRtUvTijtMrgBIr Gñknwg)anPJak;ep¥IlfaetIeRbgkatvakxVk;y:agNa! ´ENnaMcMeBaHkarTijnUvtMrgtUcsMGatkBa©k;CamYynigCamYyvtßúGacpøas;)anEdlGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkarsMGatCIvm:as‘Utdak;tMrgenHTukenAtMrgxagmuxrbs;m:asIun eBlmYytMrgRtUv)ansMGat. GñkRbEhlCaminRtUvsMGatBYkvamþgeToteTsMrab;ryHeBlEdlGñkmin)aneRbI m:as‘Ut eRbgkatmþgeTot.

m:asuInm:as‘Ut Edlcas;cab;taMgBImunTsSvtüTI70 nigmuneBlEdl)anpÁt;pÁg;CamYybMBg;ekAs‘U nigRta.elIsBIenH emtaNulenAkñúgCIvm:as‘Ut nigrMlayEpñkTaMgenH. b:uEnþenAkñúgm:asIunEdlfµI bMBg;ekAs‘U KWRtUv)aneFVIeGays¶Üt nigminman\T§iBledayemtaNuleT. EpñkekAs‘UenAkñúgm:asuInEdlfµI CagRsYlkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrCamYyEpñkEdleFVIeGays¶Üt dUcCaeRbgkat m:as‘Ut CIvm:as‘Ut nigxab;enAGakas EdlFatuRtCak;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

37

b:uEnþeFVIeGayeLIgsItuNðPaBekþAxøaMg. \n§n³EdlbEnßmedIm,IkarBarkarkkxab;enArdUv RtCak;KWGacrk)anenAÉhaglk;eRKOgbnøas; ehIyGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamYyCIvm:as‘Ut edayRKan;EtBYkeKeRbIeRbgkat.

rUbPaBTI 12³ rfynþRkug Edlrt;edayCIvm:as‘Ut

RbeTsEdl)aneRbIedayCIvm:as‘Ut

m©as;ksidæan\n§n³CnCatiGURsþalI (SAFF) )ancab;epþImkarlk;ray B100 enAGURsþalIPaKxagt,ÚgenA

kñúgqñaM 2001 ehIy\LÚv)anlk;pgEdrnUv B20 ¬lk;Ca “m:as‘Ut l¥CageK”¦ enAsßanIy_esvakmµxøHcMnYn 52 edayqøgkat;rdæ4. SAFF bc©úb,nñlk; B100 enAÉsßanIy_esvakmµTaMgenHcMnYn 14kEnøg.

RKb;rfePøIgkñúgraCFanI nig LanRkugenAkñúg Adelaide ¬TIRkugPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsGURsþalI¦ )andMeNIrkarnUvkarlay B5 .rdæaPi)alGURsþalIPaKxagt,Úg)anEføgfavaniwgpøas;bþÚrqab;²eTACa B20 rW Gaclay)ankñúgkMritx<s;CagenH.

eracRkplitCIvm:as‘UtBaNiC¢kmµ)anebIkenARbeTseRbsuIlkñúg Exmina 2005. vamansmtßPaBGaceFVIkarplit)an 12>000Em:RtKUb ¬3>2 million us gallons¦kñúg1qñaMén \n§n³CIvm:as‘Ut. vtßúFatuedImGac)anmkBIRbePTepSgKñadUcCa eRbgpáaQUkrtñ½ eRbgsENþkesog rWeRbgRKab;lðúg. plitplsMerc


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

38

nigGaclay)anFmµtasMrab;eRbg]sµ½nCamYy2% CIvm:as‘Ut nig bnÞab;mk 2011>5 %CIvm:as‘Ut. GaceRbIR)as;)anTaMgBIrenAkñúgma:suInm:as‘UtedayminmankarEkERb.

enAkñúgRbeTskaNadardæaPi)alénextþ Nova Scotia eRbICIvm:as‘UtenAkñúgsMNg;GaKarsaFarNxøHsMrab;karkMedA)any:agl¥ ¬in more isolated cases¦sMrab;meFüa)aysaFarN. salaRkugtMbn; Halifax

)aneFVIkarEkERb LanRkugCaeRcIneTAeRbICIvm:as‘Ut CamYytMrUvkareBlGnaKtsMrab; 7>500Em:RtKUb énB20 ¬20% eRbgCIvm:as‘Utlay¦ eTACa B50 EdlGackat;bnßycMnuHCIvm:as‘UtenAkñúgsItuNðPaBTabedIm,IFananigeCosvagkarxab; ehIy 3>000Em:RtKUb)anbMEbkcenøaHBI B20 nig B100 sMrab;kMedAsMNg;GaKar.

enAkñúgqñaM2006 karlk;énCIvm:as‘UtedaysßanIy_]sµ½nGalWøm:g;RtUv)anfycuH500>000etan. enHCaehtunaMeGayBn§elICIvm:as‘UteLIgx<s; ehIykarfycuHpgEdr)anTak;TajnUvGtifiCnCaeRcIn. PaKeRcInénkarlk;CIvm:as‘Ut)aneFVIeTAedaypÞal; cMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkayy:ageRcIn.

dUcCaenAqñaM2003 \NTanBn§GacmanlT§PaBeTA)anenAkñúgshrdæGaemriksMrab;kareRbIR)as; CIvm:as‘Ut. enAqñaM2004 PaKeRcIn 30 million US gallons (110,000m3) énmuxCMnYjEdl)anplitCIvm:as‘UtRtUv)anlk;enAkñúgshrdæGaemrikmankarekIneLIgBIcMnYnticCag 0.1 milliion US gallong (380

m3) enAkñúgqñaM 1998. Projections sMrab;qñaM2005 plit)ancMnYn 75 million gallons BIeragcRkcMnYn45 nig 150 million gallons ¬570 lanlIRt¦

kñúgryHeBlEdlmantMrUvkarRtYtBinitükarbMBulxül;ekIneLIg nig Bn§)anFUres,Iy TIpSarshrdæGaemrik )ansgÆwmfamankarekIneLIgcMnYn 1 eTA 2 lan US gallons ¬4,000,000 to 8,000,000m3¦enAqñaM2010.

enAqñaM2007 eragcRkCIvm:as‘UtmYycMnYn )ankMBugdMeNIrkarenAkñúgRbeTséf EdlkMBugeRbIR)as;nUveRbgdUgesssl;/kñúgkrNIxøHsMbkdUg eRbgbEnøsMNl; CavtßúFatuedImeqA. cMNuHplitplKWRbEhl1lanlIRtkñúg1éf¶ ehIy Gacdl;2lanlIRt munqñaM2008. mansßanIy_eRbgRbEhl 400 Edl\LÚvkMBugeFVIkarEckcay B5 ¬5PaKry CIvm:as‘Ut CamYy95 PaKrym:as‘Ut¦ enATIRkugQagém:nig)agkk.

CIvm:as‘Ut\LÚv)ankMBugplitkñúgRsukenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐasMrab;eRbIkñúgreTHGUsm:UtUkg;bI m:asuInTaMgenHCaFmµtaeRbIeRbgm:as‘UtFmµta rW CNG b:uEnþeBlGtItkaleRbgkatRtUv)aneRbIBIeRBaHvamanefakCag


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

39

ehIydMeNIrkar)anl¥ y:agNak¾edayeRbgkat eFVIeGaykxVk; ehIymin)annUvsMGatcMehHeT.CIvm:as‘Ut RtUv)aneKeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrjwkjab;TaMgeRbgkat nigm:as‘UtedIm,IeFVIeGayvamansmtßPaBx<s;efak ehIysMGatpøas;bþÚr. KMeragéf¶enHkMBug)ancab;epþImkt;Rtanig daMduHnUvrukçCati jatropha elIdI EdlGt;CICati edIm,IeRbIeRbgvasMrab;plitplCIvm:as‘Ut.

eGtaNulRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkñúgm:asuIneRbgCakarCMnYseGaysaMg vaGacRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚlCamYysaMgRKb;cMnYnPaKry. PaKeRcInm:asuIneRbgyanynþpøas;TI EdlmanRsab;Gacrt;)anedaylayCIveGtaNulelIsBI 15PaKry CamYyeRbg nigsaMg. eRbgsaMgRtUv)anbEnßmCamYyeGtaNulEdlmanCatiGuktanx<s;Edlmann½yfam:asuInrbs;GñkGaceqHekþAFmµta ehIymanRbsiT§PaBeRcIn. sßitkñúgTItaMg EdlmannIvUx<s; ¬xül;tic¦ . enAsPaBEdlkMritxøHRtUv)anlaybBa©ÚlKñaéneRbgsaMgnigeGtaNuldUcCaGuksuItkmµenArdUvRtCak; edIm,Ikat;bnßy karsayPaynUvkarbMBulbriyakas.

kareRbIR)as;eGtaNul ¬E100¦ enAkñúgm:asuInmYyKWRbmaNCa 34PaKryx<s;CageRbgsaMg ¬famBlkñúg1ÉktamaDKW TabCag34PaKry¦ Edlmann½yfaRtUvkareRbgeRcIn ¬maD nigm:asmaD¦ edIm,IeGay)ancMgayesµIKña. eRbgelIkdMbUgmantMélx<s; cMnuHtic rWminmanCatieGtaNulenAkñúgm:asuInsMBaFx<s; eGtaNultic eRbgelIkdMbUgeqHyWt²KW)antMrUveGaymankarRby½tñnUvkarxUcxat munkarbeBa¢H¬TgÁic¦. eRbgsaMgynþehaHéføxøaMg (Avgas) KW100 GuktaneFVImkBIeRbgminTan;sø 100PaKry.tMélx<s;éneGtaNulsUnü Avgas min)anrab;TaMgBn§pøÚvrdæ nigshB½n§.

eGtaNulKWkat;xøaMgcMeBaHRbB½n§eRbg RTnab; nigbMBg;ekAs‘U GaluymIjÚ:m nigbMBg;cMehH. dUcenHvaKWpÞúy nigc,ab;cMeBaHkareRbIeRbgEdlmancMnuHGakulenAkñúgynþehaH. eGtaNulKWminsmamaRtKñaCamYyFugeRbgsMrab;navasmuRT ¬vaeFVIeGayBYkvaTaMgenaHFøay¦. sMrab;karlayPaKryénCatieGtaNulx<s;100PaKryyanynþeGtaNul m:asuIn)antMrUveGaymankarEkERb.

eGtaNulEdlkat;xøaMgminGacCBa¢Ún)anenAkñúgbMBg;eRbgkateT dUcenHmanéføx<s;sMrab;FugEdkEfbrfynþdwktampøÚv tMélekIneLIg ehIy)antMrUveGayfamBleRbIR)as;cMeBaHkarykeGtaNuleTAeGayGtifiCnenAkEnøgbUm.

eragcRkplitLanCaeRcIn \LÚvkMBugplitrfynþEdl\n§n³Gacpøas;bþÚr)an (FFV’s) EdlGacrt;edaysuvtßiPaBRKb;kareRbICIveGtaNul nigeRbg rhUtdl;100PaKry CIveGtaNul. rfynþTaMgenHGacdwg


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

40

edaytamlkçN³emkarnikenAeBleRbIGs;cMNuHGuksuIEsn ehIyeRbIdMeNaHRsay RbB½n§kuMBüÚT½rrbs;m:asuIn páaePøIg nig eGayRsbeTAtamkarcak;bBa©ÚleRbg. karbEnßmenH KWCaéfødMbUg ehIy)anekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab;kñúgkarEfTaMyanynþ. TinñplFøak;cuHkarbeBa©jCatiBulmankarekIneLIg enAeBlEdlkarEfTaMRbB½n§ FFV RtUvkar¬edaymin)anKitdl;cMeBaH karcab;epþImeRbIR)as;karlayeGtaNul BI0% eTA 100%¦ b:uEnþ min)aneFVI ¬CamYyRKb;yanynþenaHeT¦. FFV cMehHm:asuInEpñkxagkñúg)aneFVIeGaykan;EtsµúKsµaj dUcCaRbB½n§BhuKuNénkarrujRcaneTAmux FFV yanynþkUnkat; EdlmankarRbTHeTAnwgtMél, karEfTaM, GacTukcitþ)an nig manGayukaleRbIR)as;)anyUrGEgVg.

rUbPaBTI 13³ CIveGtaNul E85 GacrkmanenAkñúgsßanIy_

éf¶enH esÞIrEtBak;kNþalénLanrbs;CnCatieRbsuIlGaceRbIeGtaNuleFVICa\n§n³)an100PaKry Edlrab;TaMgm:asuInEdleRbIEteGtaNul nigm:asuInEdlGaceFVIpøas;bþÚr\n§n³. m:asuIn EdlGacpøas;bþÚr\n§n³)anenAkñúgRbeTseRbsuIl GaceFVIkarCamYy)anRKb;eGtaNul rWRKb;eRbgsaMg rWk¾TaMgBIr. enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik yanynþEdlGacpøas;bþÚr\n§n³)anGacdMeNIrkar)anCamYy eGtaNulBI 0% eTA 85%

¬15% eRbgsaMg¦ cab;taMgBIkarlayeGtaNulx<s;minRtUv)anGnuBaØatenAeLIy.

RbeTs EdleRbIeGtaNul

GñkpliteGtaNulEdlQanmuxeKcMnYn5 enAkñúgqñaM2006 KW shrdæGaemrik ¬4>855 lan US

gallons kñúg1qñaM ¬bgy¦¦, eRbsuIl¬4>491 ¬bgy¦¦, cin¬1>017 ¬bgy¦¦, \NÐa¬0>502 ¬bgy¦¦,


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

41

nig)araMg ¬0>251 ¬bgy¦¦. RbeTs\NÐa nigshrdæGaemrik man 90PaKry sMrab;RKb;plitpleGtaNul. dUcenHRtUv)aneKkt;sMKal; KWshrdæGaemrik \LÚvkarplitmancMnYn 4>6 lan US gallons

kñúgmYyqñaM KWRtUv)aneKKity:agxøaMgfa CaGñkpliteGtaNuld¾FMCageKelIBiPBelak. karelIkTwkcitþy:agxøaMgedayrYmTaMgCamYynigKMnitkarGPivDÆN_Epñk]sSahkmµepSg² KWrYmman]sSahkmµtUc² EdleTIbnwgekItenAkñúgRbeTsdUcCaRbeTséf hVIlIBIl kULMb‘I saFarNrdædUmInIexn nigm:aLavI .y:agNak¾eday enAminTan;mankareFVIeGaysñamNamYyenAkñúgkareRbIeRbgelIBiPBelakeT.

taragTI 6³ karEckcayCIveGtaNulenAkñúgshKmGuWr:ub

RbeTs sßanIy_ cMnYn/106 nak;

s‘uyEGt 792 86.6

GaLWm:g; 73 0.89

)araMg 36 0.56

Gg;eKøs 14 0.24

eGoLg; 13 3.07

sVIs 6 0.8

cMnYnsßanIy_CIveGtaNulenAGuWr:ubKW RbeTss‘uyEG‘tmanbrimaNx<s;CageK mansßanIy_lk;cMnYn 792.enAkñúgshrdæGaemrikbc©úb,nñmansßanIy_cMnYn 1441 eTaHPaKeRcInénsßanIy_TaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgrgVg;épÞdIdaMeBat. RbB½n§mYy Edl)aneFVIkarBiPakSasMrab;karerobcMenAkñúgkareRbIR)as;bMBg;naMeRbg EdlmanRsab;enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik EdlcMehHkat;BaseBj.

RbeTseRbsuIl

RbeTseRbgsuIlmankmµviFI\n§n³CIv d¾FMbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak Bak;B½n§plitpl\n§n³eGtaNul BIsárGMeBA ehIy \LÚveGtaNulpþl; 30PaKry én\n§n³yanynþsV½yRbvtþirbs;RbeTs. CamYylT§plTaMgenH GaCIvkmµénFnFaneRbg TwkeRkamdI, eRbsuIl EdleRcInqñaMknøgeTA)aneFVIkarnaMcUlnUv karEckcayd¾FM éneRbgsaMgEdlCatMrUvkarsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk bc©úb,nñ)anykTaMgRsugkareRbIR)as;eRbgRKb;RKan;pÞal;xøÜn.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

42

eRbsuIl)anplitRbEhlCa 16>4 lanlIRteGtaNulenAkñúgqñaM 2004 ehIy)aneRbI 2>7 lanhiktaéntMbn;dIsMrab;karplitenH ¬4>5 PaKryéntMbn;dIrbs;RbCaCneRbsuIlEdl)aneRbIsMrab;karplitRKab;enAkñúgqñaM 2005¦. TaMgenH RbEhlCa 12>4 lanlIRt )anplitCa\n§n³sMrab;yanynþEdl)aneRbIR)as;famBleGtaNul enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsuk. famBleGtaNul nigyanynþeRbI\n§n³EdlGacpøas;bþÚr)anKW)anplitcMeBaHeGtaNulEdlFn;karpSMTwk.

rUbPaBTI 14³ FugeRbgsaMgenAxageqVg FugGal;kulenAxagsþaM enAsßanIy_cak;\n§n³RbeTseRbsuIl

shrdæGaemrik

T,anPaKeRcInenAtamdgpøÚvenAéf¶enH kñúgshrdæGaemrikGacdMeNIrkarlayCatieGtaNulelIsBI 10PaKry ehIyGñkplityanynþ m:UtU)aneRBogeFVIrYcral;enAkarplityanynþEdlGacdMeNIrkar)anedaylayeGtaNulEdlmankMritx<s;. enAkñúgqñaM 2007 Portland, Oregon Edlbc©úb,nñ)ankøayCaRkugcMNat;fñak;TI1 enAkñúgshrdæGaemrikEdl)antMrUveGaylk; RKb;\n§nHTaMgGs;RtUvman cMNuHkMNt;eGtaNuly:agehacNas; 10PaKry enAkñúgRkugenH. eragcRkplit m:UtU yanynþ BIreTAbIrab;TaMgFord, DaimlerChrysler nig GM (General Motos Corporation), lk;yanynþ EdlGaceRbIR)as;saMg niglayeGtaNul BIsaMgsuT§rhUtelIsBI 85PaKry eGtaNul(E85) Bak;kNþalqñaM2006manyanynþRbhak;RbEhl 6lanén E85-EdlGaceRbI)anenAtampøÚvénshrdæGaemric.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

43

rUbPaBTI 15³ Ford Taurus “ edIredaycMehHeGtaNuls¥at ” énRkugBaJÚy:k;

RbeTsenAGWru:b

kareRbIR)as;CIveGtaNul mancMnYneRcInCageKenATVIbGWr:ub dUcCakñúgRbeTs GaLWm:g;/ s‘uyEGt/ )araMgnigeGs,a:j.GWru:bplit)an90°énkareRbIR)as;rbs;xøÜn¬2006¦. GaLWm:gplit )an70° énkar eRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn/eGs,a:j60°nigs‘uyEGt50°¬2006¦. enARbeTss‘uyEGtmansßanIy_cak; E85 cMnYn 131kEnøg ehIyenAkñúgRbeTs)araMgRBmTaMg 550kEnøgeTotkMBugsagsg;.

eyagtamc,ab;sMParRbeTss‘uyEGt ral;sßanIy_eRbg\n§n³RtUvpÁt;pÁg;eRbg\n§n³CMnYs (alternative

fuel) ya:gtic1RbePT ehIyenA Stockholm sBVéf¶LanmYykñúgcMenam50 maneRbIR)as; ya:gehacNas; eRbg\n§n³CMnYsxøH²/ PaKeRcIn eKeRbIeGtaNul.

Stockholm nwgdak;eGayeRbI rfynþRkugkUnkat;eRbGKÁisnIplitenAs‘uyEGtkñúgRbBn½§dwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarN³elImUldæansakl,gkñúgqñaM2008. rfynþRkugTaMgenHnwgeRbIR)as;ma:sIuncMehHfamBleGtaNul nigma:sIunGKÁisnI. ma:sIunma:sUtrbs;rfynþ nwgeRbIR)as;eGtaNul.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

44

taragTI 7³ kareRbIR)as; CIveGtaNulenAGWr:ub (GWh)

elx RbeTs 2006 2005

1 GaLWm:g; 3,573 1,682

2 s‘uyEGt 1,895 1,681

3 )araMg 1,747 871

4 eGs,aj 1,332 1,314

5 b:ULÚj 611 329

6 Gg;eKøs 561 502

7 hULg; 238 0

8 hg;karI 125 28

9 Lithuania 99 1010 saFarN³rdæEqk 14 0

11 hVaMgLg; 9 0

12 eGoLg; 8 0

13 GuItalI 0 59

14 Latvia 0 527 shKmGuWr:ub 10,210 6,481

1 toe=11.63 MWh

taragTI 8³ karpliteGtanenAkñúgshKmGuWrub (GWh)

elx RbeTs 2006 2005

1 Germany 2,554 9782 Spain 2,382 1,7963 France 1,482 8534 Sweden 830 9075 Italy 759 476 Poland 711 3797 Hungary 201 2078 Lithuania 107 479 Netherlands 89 4710 Czech Rep. 89 011 Latvia 71 7112 Finland 0 7727 Total 9,274 5,411100 l bioethanol=79.62 Kg. 1 tonne bioethanol=0.64 toe


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

45

TIVbGasIu nigGUesGanI ³

E10 RtUv)anENnaMeGayeRbIR)as;enATUTaMgRbeTséf ehIynwgCMnYssaMg EdlmanGUbtanx<s;enAkñúgqñaM2007. c,ab;GURsþalIkMNt;eGaybEnßm eGtaNul10°kñúgkarlayeRbg\n§n³. karlayeRbgKµanCatisMN 90°CamYyeGtaNul10° eKEtgehAfa E10 rk)anenAtamsßanIy_eRbg BP, Caltex,

Shell nigUnitedRBmTaMgenAtamsßanIy_tUc²mYycMnYn. minEmnCakarcMElkeT Edl E10 manenARKb;kEnøg Ek,rRbPBénplit kmµrdæ Queensland kñúg New Sowth Wales. CaFmµta vaRtUv)anlayCamYyeRbgFmµta EdlKµanCatisMNr. haglk;rayTaMgGs; RtUvbit pøakfamanlayeGtaNul elIFugsMrab;cak;RsaMg (dispenser) .

4.2 karGnuvtþn_sMrab;karbegáItfamBlGKÁisnI

ma:sIunePøIgGKÁisnI KWCa]bkrN_EdlbMElgfamBlemkanik eGayeTACafamBlGKÁisnI CaTUeTAedayeRbIR)as; electromagnetic induction bRBa©as;mkvijkarbMElgfamBlGKÁisnI eTACafamBlemkanikRtUv)aneFVIedaym:UT½r/ ehIym:UT½r nigma:sIunePIøgmanPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñaCaeRcIn. RbPBénfamBlemkanicRbEhlCakartbt rW ma:sIunTUbIncMhay ¬turbine steam engine¦/ TwkFøak;BITUbInrWk¾ pøÚvTwk¬waterwheel¦ rW ma:sIunePøIgGnþrCati / TUbInxül; / ma:sIunrévedayéd/ famBlRBHGaTitü / xül;hab;rWRbPBepSgeTotrbs; famBlemkanic.

ma:sIunePøIgGnþrCati CakarbnSMrbs;ma:sIunePøIgGKÁisnI nigma:sIun¬prime mover¦RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKñaedIm,IbegáItTMrg;bMENk]bkrN_mYy. ma:sIunePøIgenH k¾RtUv)aneKehAfa engine-generator set rW gen-

set. enAkñúgbribTCaeRcIn ma:sIunRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;pþl;eGaynigbBa©ÚlCaÉkt³mYy RtUv)aneKehAya:ggayfa ma:sIunePøIg.

ma:sIunePøIg RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;pþl;famBlGKÁisnI kñúgkEnøgEdlmCÆmNÐlkNþalminGacpþl;)an rWk¾kEnøg EdlfamBlRtUv)anRtUvkarenAeBlbeNþaHGasnñb:ueNÑaH. eBlxøHma:sIunePøIgtUceRbIsMrab;pþl;]bkrN_famBlenARCugénkarsagsg;. ma:sIunePIøg Trailer-mounted pþl;famBlsMrab;temporary installation of lighting, RbB½n§GFib,aysMelg / karCiHelgkMsanþ .l.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

46

rUbPaBTI 16³ ma:suInePøIg EdlGacgaypøas;TI rUbPaBTI 17³ m:asuInePøIgm:asU‘tCIv³ 2500WVA

kareRbIR)as;eRbgmaneRcInRbePT edIm,IeFVIeGayma:sIunePøIgdMeNIrkar manTaMgeRbgkatra:v nig]sµn½rYmCamYyDIEy:Esl nigeRbgsaMg. xN³eBl EdlbIy:UDIEy:EslnigeGtaNul RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgma:sIun BYkvak¾GackMBugEteRbIsMrab;ma:sIunePøIg. kareRbIR)as;bIy:UDIEy:Esl rWeGtaNulmansar³RbeyaCn_CaeRcIn BiesstMbn;EdlenAq¶ayBIRbBn½§bMerIfamBl. TaMgbIy:UDIya:Esl nigeGtaNulGacplitBIdMNaMfamBl nig]bkrN_ EdlGacenAmUldñan nig kardutdUcCa \n§n³kat;bnßykarbnSay CO2

. ]TahrN_ eragcRkfamBlbIy:UDIEy:Eslén biofuel 6emkava:t; CMnYsRbB½n§famBlRtUv)andak;sMrab;mhaviTüal½ykalIhVrBaJa: KMeragsakl,g Riverside’s 2001 nigbgðajBIGtþsBaØaNbegÁalkñúgkic©xMRbwg edIm,Ikat;bnßykarpSaytam ma:sIunePøIgesþn)ay (standby). eRBaHvibtiþfamBlenAkalIhVrBaJa:kñúgqñaM2001 )anlatRtdagnigbgçMPaBgayRsYlCaeRcIn ¬many facilities¦ edIm,IpSayecjfama:sIunePøIgDIEy:EslGacs<ay rWelIkdak; ¬portable diesel generator¦ edIm,IkarBarRbtibtiþkard¾eRKaHfñak;RbqaMgnwgkarBnøt;ePøIg Rkumh‘un Southern States Power CYyrdækat;bnßykarbBa¢Ún (emission) kareGayeRbI EdlCaFmµtaRtUv)anP¢ab;CamYy]bkrN_RbePTenH.

CabeNþaHGasnñ kareRbIma:sIunePøIgcMehHDIEy:EsleRbgkat CakarRbRBwtþmYyEbbenAkñúgeBlRbfucjú:c KµanplcMeNjbnÞab;BIRbtikmµcb;sMrab;kat;bnßykarbBa¢Ún (emission). kareRbIR)as;\n§n³qøas;Kña sMrab;RbPBeRbIR)as;famBlcaM)ac; KWviFIsaRsþeGayplkMNt;tMél (cost effective method)

énkarkarBarbriyakas. kñúg\n§n³man100° bIy:UDIEy:Esl ¬B100¦/ ma:sIunePøIgenHCYykat;bnßykarpSay(emission) ebIeFobeTAnwgcMehHeRbgkat enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcIn. GIuRdUkabUnCaktþanaMeTArkB’tmankMNt;kEnøgénsµÚKnigGUhSÚn (smoug and ozone) ehIykarpSayPays<an;F½r KWCaFatud¾sMxan;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

47

énePøógGasIutRtUv)ankMcat;ecaledaykareRbI B100 karbeBa©jcMhaykabUnm:UNUDIGuksIut EdlCa]sµn½Bul KWRbEhlCakMritTab;50° enAkñúgm:asUtCIv³ CagkarpSayPaykabUnm:UNUDIGuksIutBIcMehHeRbgkat. bBaðatUcmYy KWeRKaHfñak;sux PaBrbs;mnusSRtUv)ankat;bnßymYyPaKbI edaytUcCagkat;bnßyGs;BIrPaKbI.

rUbPaBTI 18³ eragcRkfamBledIredayeRbgm:asUtCIv³enA California shrdæGaemrik

karBnül;BIkareRbIR)as;ma:sIunePøIg enAExsIhaqñaM2001 )anbgðajya:gc,as;BIsBaØaBIrrWbIénEpSgEdlbeBa©jrYmCamYynwg\n§n³ m:asUt. karRbRBwtþeTAénma:sIunePøIg KWCaEpñkénkarsakl,gkmµviFIRbcaMs)aþh_begáIteday Riverside Public Utilities edIm,IFanaPaBgayRsYlkñugkrNIeRbIR)as;enH.

ma:sIunePøIg Cummins bI dak;bgðajrdæGMBIsil,³kñúgkarRsuHRsYlbec©kviTüama:sIuneRKOgynþ rYmCamYyRtYtBinitü]bkrN_dak;RbTak;¬ExSePøIgGKÁisnI¦eGLicRtUnic. ral;bMBg;16 man 3673 / 2 922 HP

Turbocharged rWk¾sItuNðPaBkMuBüúT½rcuHRtCak;RtYtBinitüma:sIun]sSahkmµkg;4dwkRcasF¶n; ¬heavy

duty brushless¦ma:sIunePøIgRbePTemEdkGciéRnþb:UlbYnGacpþl;Tinñpldl;eTA2lanva:t; rbs;famBlenAkMrit480 v:ul. GñkbMElgEbgEcksMrab;ma:sIunePøIgnimYy²edIm,IbegáInkMritEdlGacTukcitþ)ankMlaMgCav:uleTARbECg)an 12 470v:ul sMNaj;lYsGKÁisnIRtUv)aneFVInigrkSaTukeday Riverside

Publich Utilities. ma:sIunePøIg3 eFVITinñplTaMgGs; )ansIuesÞIrEt 450 gallon én \n§n³ kñúg1ema:g.mYyFugeRbgcMNuH 55 Gallon eRbI)anRbmaNCa7naTI. enaHKWCasmUhPaBénBak;kNþal kVat (quart)

sMrab;ral;vinaTIéndMeNIrkar. Rkumh‘un Southern State Power 5000 Gallon enArfynþdwk eRbgsaMg


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

48

Eckcay\n§n³RKb;RKan;sMrab;ral;11ema:g éndMeNIrkar. SSPC rkSaTukrfynþdwkeRbg saMgrYmCamYym:asU‘tCIv³sMerc edIm,ICMrujnigbEnßmfamBl ma:sIun ePøIg RtUvkarral;mUldæan24ema:g.

4.3 kareRbIsMrab;cMGinmðÚb nigkMedA

m:asUtCIv³ nigeGtaNulGacRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;cMGinmðÚb nigkMedA\n§n³. kñúgkareRbICa\n§n³cMGinBYkeKGaceRbICamYynwg cRgááaneRbIeRbg EdlmanenATIpSarRsab; (exiting commercial liquid stove)

EdlcRgááanBaNiC¢kmµmanRsab;xøHeFVItMrUvtam\n§n³eRcInRbePT. CaTUeTAmancRgááanBaNiC¢kmµBIrRbePT/RbePTRbeqH ¬wich type¦ nigcRgáansm<aF ¬pressurized burner¦.

cRgáanRbeqHGacCa RbeqHtUceRcIn/ RbeqHEtmYyQrenARCugrbs;va ¬gravlity flow butterfly design¦rWk¾ykRbeqHRbePTCargVg;. cRgáansm<aF/ \n§n³ravRtUvEtbgðÜtmunsMrab;dut. edIm,IbMeBjkargarenHKMrUcRgáannaMykCYr\n§n³ pÞúk\n§n³ravEk,rGNþatePøIgrbs;cRgáan. kMedABIGNþatePøIgbMElg\n§n³rav eTACa]sµn½muneBlvaeTAdl;cRgáan EdlCakEnøgvalayCamYyxül;nigFatuEdlduteqH. KMrUxøHeRbIRbB½n§RBYs (spray system) EdlminTamTarkMedATukCamun.

dMeNIrRbRBwtþrbs;cRgáanCamYynwg\n§n³rav RtUv)andutkMedA nigerobcMmuneBlcRgáanebIk. cRgáanCaeRcInTamTarGñkRbRBwtþ edIm,IebIkKMrbya:grh½s dUecñaHvahUrcUlkñúgxÞHtUc(small pan). brimand¾tictYcén]sµn½ enHKWlatRtdagnigGnuBaØatsMrab;dut. enAeBl EdlKMrbsnÞHRtUv)anebIkmþgeTot\n§n³hYtecjBIkarkMedArbs;xÞH. c®gáanxøHGt;man]bkrN_enHeT ehIyRtUvEtdutkMedATuk CamunedayeRbIRbPBkMedABIxageRkAdUcCa dMu\n§n³rwg.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

49

rUbPaBTI 19³ eKalkarN_dMeNIrkarenAkñúgLc®gáansuILaMg ¬LeRbIsMBaFeTAelIGgÁFaturav¦

cRgáanCaeRcIn sm<aFdMbUg KWRtUv)anbegáItedaybMBugb:UmédtUc (small hand pum) EdlbgçMxül;eGaycUleTAkñúg]bkrN_pÞúk\n§n³. eRBaHEt\nÞn³RtUv)ansIu sm<aFfycuHGaRs½ynwgc,ab; Boyle dUcenHbMBugRtUvEtRbRBwtþeTAkñúgkMLúgeBl EdlsaMunwgkarRbRBwtþrbs;cRgáan.

\LÚvenHc®gáandutsm<aF GaceRbIsMrab;dut vtßúravEdlCaFatuGacdut)anrYmman³ Gal;kul/ m:as‘Ut rW\nÞn³m:UtUepSgeTot/ eRbgkat/ jet propellant nigepSg²eTot. kic©karenHCadMeNIrkarN_duteRbgrukçCati. xøHGacdut\n§n³CaeRcIn rWk¾l,ayesµIsac;. xøHTamTareGaymansMNl;Tabén\n§n³cRgáan.xøHeTotRtUv)aneKdak;KMrU edIm,IraraMg]bsKÁ rWk¾edIm,IPaBgayRsYl nigkarsMGatya:geTogTat;énkarsMNl;.

\n§n³RtUv)ancak;cUleTAkñúgLehIyRtUvdutedaypáaePøIgBIEpñkkNþal

GNþatePøIgbeBa©jkMedAdut\n§n³ nigEpñkxagkñúg EdlbNþaleGayrMhYt\n§n³

enAeBlekþARKb;RKan; sMBaFcMhaybNþaleGayePøIg)ac;ecjCargVg;


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

50

\LÚvenHcRgáandutsm<aF EbgEckkarRtYtBinitüxøHelIcMnYnénplitplkMedA. KMrUxøHGnuBaØatikMedATukCamun¬kMedAdMbUg¦ sMrab;kareRbIEt\n§n³sMxan;b:ueNÑH/ xøHeTotTamTareGayeRbIya:geRcIn én\n§n³EdlGaceqH )andUcCabnÞH Methylated spirit ‘emtan’ rWC½rs¥itEdlmanCatiGakulsMrab;dutkMedATuk.TaMgenHEbgEck Rbdab;bUmTwkrYmbBa©ÚlKñasMrab;begáInsm<aFdMbUg/ xøHTamTareGayeRbIRbdab;bUmTwkdac;edayELkBIKña. mYycMnYntUc dUcCa Optimus nig Primus minRtUvkarRbdab;bUmTwk b:uEnþbegáInsm<aFedayxøÜnÉgenAeBlEdl cRgáanRtUveKkMedATukCamun.

rUbPaBTI 20³ c®gáaneRbIR)as;\n§n³eGtan¼emtan rUbPaBTI 21³ c®gáaneRbIR)as;Bhu\n§n³

cRgáanEdleRbIR)as;bgÁúMeGtaNulTab RtUv)anbegáItedayviTüasßanRsavRCavksikmµnImka ¬Nimbkar

Agriculture Research Institute¦ enA\NÐa / cRgáanenHbegáItedayeRbI50°¬v/v¦ rW cRgáanEdlRbmUlpþúMeGtan/TwkeRcIn. Epñkrbs;cRgáan)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb22 Rbdab;dut¬burner¦CacMNucsMxan;rbs;cRgáan. vaRBYsl,ayTwk nigeGtaNulmuneBlkardut. kardutTukCamunRtUv)anTamTar enAeBlc®gáancab;epþImRtCak; ¬dUcRtUv)anTamTar edaycRgáaneRbgkateRbInaeBlfµI²¦. CalT§pl sMGatGNþatePIøgdutCamYyBN’elOg ehIysItuNðPaBBI 850-9000C sItuNðPaBd¾TabenH nigBN’ )anbgðajBIcMhayTwkenAkñúgtMbn;cMehH. rUbPaBTI23 bgðajBIGNþatePøIgrbs;cRgáan. GNþatePøIgGacmanrebobya:ggay edaysnÞHsMbkGNþatePøIgmanrebob/ KMlaténrebobGNþatePøIg Edlvapþl;eGayKWCakareRbobeFobya:gxøaMgkøa KWsnµteRbIcRgáan LPG (liguid petroleum gas). snÞHKMrberobrysm<aFCaRbePTdüaRkam nigeTogTat;GRtalMhUén\n§n³eRcInelICYrd¾Evgénsm<aFFug. RbsinebIFug\n§n³RtUv)anbMeBjCamYy \n§n³BI1>8eTA2lIRt nigbegáInsm<aFdl; 150 edaybMBugédcgP¢ab;nwg


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

51

Fug\n§n³/ cRgáanGacRbRBwtþ)anbnþ2ema:gedayKµanbMBug ¬maneBlRKb;RKan;cMGinGaharsMrab;mnusSBI4eTA5nak;¦

rUbPaBTI 22³ eRKagc®gáaneRbIeGtan NarI rUbPaBTI 23³ sNæanGNþatePøIgrbs;c®gáaneRbIeGtan NarI

GacRtUv)aneRbIdUc\n§n³kMedAenAkñúgtMbn;nigqñaMdaMTwkesdækic©. enAshrdæGaemric m:asUtbBa©ÚlKñaCamYy\n§n³kMedAsþg;da EdlehAfa bioheat fuel. Bioheat fuel GacbBa©ÚlKñaenA ratioCaeRcIn. karTTYlykfµI²enHkMNt;RtwmbIy:UDIEy:Esl5° edIm,IlayCamYy\n§n³duteqH95°. Bioheat RtUv)aneKeRbIienAkñúgRbB½n§dutkMedAeRbg (oilheating system) edayKµankarEkERb.


EIE-06-256 REEPRO

52

5 Éksareyag

J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, and R. Pruszko July 2004 • NREL/SR-510-36244, Biodieselproduction technology

Biodiesel, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel

Bioethanol fuel, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanol

Energy content of biofuel, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel

Oil yields and characteristic, http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html,

Ethanol fuel resource . http://www.ethanolfuelresource.com/index.php

cellulosic ethanol,http://www.ethanolfuelresource.com/search.php?query_string=Abengoa+Bioenergy

Treehugger, http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/green-basics-ethanol.php.

Treehugger. http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/green-basics-biodiesel.php

Ethanolbasis.http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_bioethanol.htm

Liquid fuel stove http://www.stpaulmercantile.com/MSButtbrass.htm,

Mike Pelly’s biodiesel method, http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_mike.html#filter

The Mother Earth News, 1980,http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ethanol_motherearth/meCh3.html#alcoholyield

U.S. Department of energy office of science.http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/ethanolproduction.shtml.

BF textbook Biofuel TRI KHMER 08 07 25 - COMPED

Documents

Transcript of BF textbook Biofuel TRI KHMER 08 07 25 - COMPED