Khmer Script

7/27/2019 Khmer Script

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Khmer alphabet

The Khmer script(Khmer:; IPA:[as kmae])[2]is analphasyllabaryscript used to write the

Khmer language(the official language ofCambodia). It is also used to writePaliamong the Buddhist

liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.

It was adapted from thePallavascript, a variant ofGranthadescended from theBrahmiscript ofIndia.[3]

The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found atAngkor BoreiinTakev Provincesouth of Phnom Pe

and dates from 611.[4]

The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the

inscriptions of the ruins ofAngkor.

Contents

1 Orthography

o 1.1 Styles

2 Consonants

3 Dependent vowels

4 Independent vowels

5 Diacritics

6 Punctuation marks

7 Ligatures

8 Numerals

9 Unicode

10 See also

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

Orthography

Khmer is written from left to right with multiple levels of character stacking possible. Originally, therewere 35 consonants, but only 33 are now in use for modern Khmer. The vowel system consists of

independent vowels and dependent vowels. The dependent vowels have two registers ofphonemesto

account for the fact that there are fewer vowelgraphemesfor the vowelphonemesin the spoken languagKhmer also uses diacritics that further enhance the pronunciation of words.

Styles

Several styles of Khmer writing are used for varying purposes. The two main styles are ksr chring (lit

slanted script) and ksr mul (lit., round script).

ksr khm (,Aksar Khom), an antique style of the Khmer script as written in Uttaradit, Thailand. In this

picture, although it was written with Khmer script, all texts in this manuscript are in Thai languages.
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org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Consonantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Orthographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takev_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Boreihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#cite_note-Huffman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Khmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language


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ksr chring () refers toobliqueletters. Entire bodies of text such as novels and other publications

may be produced in ksr chring. Unlike inwritten English, oblique lettering does not represent anygrammatical differences such asemphasisor quotation. Handwritten Khmer is often written in the obliq

style.

ksr chhr() orksr trng () refers to upright or 'standing' letters, as opposed to obliqueletters. Most modern Khmertypefacesare designed in this manner instead of being oblique, as text can

italicized by way of word processor commands and other computer applications to repsent the oblique

manner ofksr chring.

ksr khrm () is a style used in Palipalm-leaf manuscripts. It is characterized by sharper serifs and

angles and retainment of some antique characteristics; notably in the consonant k (). This style is also f

yantra tattoosandyantrason cloth, paper, or engravings on brass plates in Cambodia as well as in

Thailand.

ksr mul() iscalligraphicalstyle similar to ksr khm as it also retains some characters reminiscen

of antique Khmer script. Its name in Khmer, lit. 'round script', refers to the bold and thick lettering style.

is used for titles and headings in Cambodian documents, books, or currency, on shop signs or banners. It

sometimes used to emphasize royal names or other important nouns with the surrounding text in a

different style.

Consonants

There are 35 Khmer consonant symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become

obsolete. Each consonant has an inherent vowel of // or //. These inherent vowels are used to

determine the pronunciation of the two registers of vowel phonemes represented by the diacritical

vowels.

The consonants have subscript forms that are used to write consonant clusters. Also sometimes referred t

as "sub-consonants", subscript consonant resemble the corresponding consonant symbol but in a

minuscule form. In Khmer, they are known as cheung ksr(), meaning thefoot of a letter. Most

subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript ris written before

while a few others have ascending elements which appear after. Subscript consonants were previously

used to write final consonants. This method of writing has ceased in modern written Khmer but is retaine

in the word ay (, /aoj/).
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Consonants Subscript form UN romanization IPA

k k

kh k

k k kh k ng ch c chh c ch c chh c nh

d th t d th t

n n t t th t


4/13

t t th t

n n b ph p p p

ph p m m y j r r

l l v sh - ss -

s s

h h

* l l


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q

* The consonant l has no subscript form, but some Khmer fonts do provide a subscript form for this

letter. In Khmer orthography, the subscript form of the consonant l is not used.

For some phonemes inloanwords, the Khmer writing system has 'created' supplementary consonants.

Most of these consonants are created by stacking a subscript under the character for/h/ to formdigraph

The consonant for/p/, however, is created by using the diacritical sign called musktndover theconsonant for/b/. These additional consonants are mainly used to represent sounds in French and Thai

loanwords.
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Digraph consonants UN romanization IPA

g g n n p p m m l l

f, w f, w f, w f, w , z , z , z , z

Dependent vowels

The Khmer script uses dependent vowels, or diacritical vowels, to modify the inherent vowels of consonants.

Dependent vowels are known in Khmer as srk nissy() or srk phsm (). Dependent vowels must alway

be combined with a consonant inorthography. For most of the vowel symbols, there are two sounds (registers).

The sound of the vowel used depends on the series (the inherent vowel) of the dominant consonant in a syllablecluster.
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Dependent

vowels

UN romanization IPA[2]

a-series o-series a-series o-series

a a a i e i ei i j i

o u o u ou u u u aeu eu a eua i i ei e ae

ai ey aj j a o ao o au u aw w
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DiacriticsUN romanization IPA

a-series o-series a-series o-series

om m om um m um m um m m am om ng eng a e h eh a e

h uh o u

h ei e ah uh a e

Independent vowels

Independent vowels are non-diacriticalcharacters that stand alone (i.e. without being attached to a consonant

symbol) used to represent vowel phonemes occurring at the beginning of syllables. In Khmer they are called

(/sra petu/) which means "complete vowels". The independent vowels are used in a small number of words,

mostly of Indic origin, and consequently there is some inconsistency in their use and pronunciations.[2]

However,

few words in which they occur are used quite frequently: (/jlw/ "now"), (/wpuk/ "father"), (/r/ ~

/r/ "or").
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Independent

vowelsUN romanization IPA

e

ei j

u u w r r r r l l l l

ae; ,e ai aj

, a, ay ao

u aw

Diacritics


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Diacritics Name Notes

nkkht () niggahita; nasalizes the inherent vowels and some of the dependentvowels, seeanusvara, sometimes used to represent [a] in Sanskritloanwords

rehmkh ()"shining face"; adds finalaspirationto dependent or inherent vowel

usually omitted, corresponds to thevisargadiacritic, it maybeincluded as dependent vowel symbol

yklekpnt()

ugalabindu ("pair of dots"); adds finalglottalnessto dependent orinherent vowels, usually omitted

musktnd()

msikadanta ("mouse teeth"); used to convert some o-series

consonants to the a-series

reispt () trsabda; used to convert some a-series consonants to the o-series

kbih kram()

also known as bkcheung (); used in place when the diacritics

treisptand musktnd impede with superscript vowels

' bntk() used to shorten some vowels

rbat ()rphek()

rapda, repha; behave similarly to the tndkhat, corresponds to thDevanagaridiacritic repha, however it lost its original function

which was to represent avocalic r

tndkhat( ) daaghta; used to render some letters as unpronounced

kakbat ()

kkapda ("crow's foot"); more a punctuation mark than a diacritic;used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation ointerjection; often placed onparticlessuch as /na/, /n/, /n/, /vj/

and the feminine response /cah/

sda ( ) denotes stressed intonation in some single-consonant words[5]

sanhyok sannharepresents a short inherent vowel in Sanskrit and Pali words; usuallyomitted
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( )

vram () a mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponds to thevirma

cheung () a.w. coeng; a sign developed for Unicode to input subscriptconsonants, appearance of this sign varies among fonts

Punctuation marks

The Khmer script uses several unique punctuation marks as well as some borrowed from the Latin script such as

thequestion mark. The period in the Khmer language "" resembles aneighth restin music writing.Guillemetsa

used forquotation marks.

Ligatures

Most consonants, including a few of the subscripts, formligatureswith all dependent vowels that contain

the symbol used for the vowel a (). A lot of these ligatures are easily recognizable, however a few may

not be. One of the more unrecognizable is the ligature for the b and a which was created to differentiatefrom the consonant symbol h as well as the ligature forch and a. It is not always necessary to connect

consonants with the dependent vowel a.

Examples of ligatured symbols:

la (/li/) An example of the vowel a () forming a connection with the serif of a consonant.

chba (/ca/) Subscript consonants with ascending strokes above the baseline also form ligatures

with the dependent vowel a ().

msau (/msaw/) Another example of a subscript consonant forming a ligature. In this case, it is wit

the digraph dependent vowel au. The digraph dependent vowel au includes the cane-like stroke othe vowel a.

bau (/aw/) The combination of the consonant b () and any vowels or digraph vowels based onthe vowel a () is written with a stroke in the center of the ligature to give a distinction between

the consonant h ().

tra (/tra/) The subscript forr () is written precedent to the consonant it is pronounced after.
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Numerals

The numerals of the Khmer script, similar to that used by other civilizations in Southeast Asia, are also

derived from the southern Indian script.Arabic numeralsare also used, but to a lesser extent.

Khmer numerals

Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Unicode

Khmer was added to theUnicodeStandard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Additiona

Khmer symbols were added to theUnicodeStandard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.

The Unicode block for basic Khmer characters is U+1780U+17FF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned

code points:

KhmerUnicode.org chart(PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+178x

U+179x

U+17Ax

U+17Bx

U+17Cx

U+17Dx

U+17Ex

U+17Fx
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The Unicode block for additional Khmer symbols is U+19E0U+19FF:

Khmer Symbols[1]

Unicode.org chart(PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+19Ex

U+19Fx
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Khmer Script

Documents

Transcript of Khmer Script