American and European Empires_Colomer

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    ! #$% &'()$*+ ', -./'*$0( 1$2$/03456

    78- 9-./'*$ 4( :.$5+4'(;

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    -** ./$0# $1%,$##$2 /3 45/# %6%$, 6,$ 45"#$ "7 45$ 6845", 632 2" 3"4 3$9$##6,/*: ,$%,$#$34 45$

    ./$0# "7 45$ $2/4",# ", 45$ ;

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    !" $%&'(&") *+, -.,/&01" 1"( *+,

    2%/34,1" 2.4&/,5 !"#$% '( )"*"+$,>

    -75*/10* ?5$ %,"9$##$# "7 @8/*2/3A 45$ B3/4$2

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    B17', 3; :3"*,"*5-@#4,694

    CD $%&'(&") 5*1*,5 ;/3. ,.4&/,5 1"( E&0, E,/51 W

    ?D F,'&.&*&") *+, *,//&*3/G R

    Q(X( ?5$ B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    P

    !" $%&'(&") *+, -.,/&01" 1"( *+,

    2%/34,1" 2.4&/,5

    X( U8/*2/3A #464$# 7,"+ $+%/,$# 632 ./9$ .$,#6

    ?5$ 3"4/"3 "7 H$+%/,$I 963 699"834 7", 45$ 5/#4",/96* 632 %,$#$34 9"37/A8,64/"3# "7 45$

    B3/4$2

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    B

    [3 9"34,6#4 4" H$+%/,$IG 45$ H#464$I /# 6 7",+ "7 A".$,3+$34 4564 963 @$

    2$7/3$2 @: 45$ 7"**"0/3A 956,694$,/#4/9#N

    Q1/), 3/ .&((',R5&J,( G /3 4$,+# "7 @"45 4$,,/4",: 632 %"%8*64/"3(

    L&O,( *,//&*3/G 1"( ;3/.1' 73%"(1/&,5 ( ?5$ 9*$6, $#46@*/#5+$34 632 7",$/A3

    ,$9"A3/4/"3 "7 45$ 4$,,/4",/6* */+/4# "7 6 #464$ 6,$ /34$32$2 6# %,"4$94/"3 7,"+

    $14$,36* 64469M#G /3.6#/"3#G /++/A,634#G 632 /+%",4#(

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    R

    L", 45$ B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    S

    - #"E96**$2 )"34/3$346* )"3A,$##G 7",+$2 @: ,$%,$#$3464/.$# "7 45/,4$$3 "7 45$ U,/4/#5

    9"*"3/$# 6*"3A 45$ -4*634/9 9"6#4G 2$9*6,$2 /32$%$32$39$ /3 XYY`( ?5$ 83/"3 06#

    /3/4/6**: 9,$64$2 +6/3*: 6# 6 +$9563/#+ "7 #$*7E%,"4$94/"3 7,"+ U,/46/3( K5$3 45$ 06,

    7", /32$%$32$39$ 06# 0"3 /3 XYTWG 45$ /3/4/6* 4$,,/4",: "7 45$ 45/,4$$3 9"*"3/$# 06#$3*6,A$2 4" +",$ 4563 2"8@*$ 45$ 6,$6G 0/45 "45$, U,/4/#5 *632# *"964$2 4" 45$ 3",45

    632 4" 45$ 0$#4 "7 45$ -%%6*695/63 '"8346/3# 834/* 45$ '/##/##/%%/(

    ?5$ /32$%$32$34/#4# 6#%/,$2 4" /39*82$ )63626( [3 45$ -,4/9*$# "7 )"37$2$,64/"3G

    45$: #464$2N e)63626 699$2/3A 4" 45/# 9"37$2$,64/"3G 632 62F"/3/3A /3 45$ +$6#8,$# "7

    45$ B3/4$2

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    @

    ;"8/#/636G 45$ B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    T

    ,$%,/#$ "7 45$ -+$,/963 P$."*84/"3 6A6/3#4 45$ U,/4/#5G @84 0$,$ 4" 3" 6.6/*( j45$,

    /37/*4,64/"3# 4""M %*69$ 78,45$, #"845G /3 O636+6G 05/95 #%*/4 7,"+ )"*"+@/6 /3 XbSW

    632 05$,$ 45$ 9636* 06# %84 832$, B(

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    U

    5/A5 2$A,$$ "7 *$A6* 5"+"A$3$/4: ,$A6,2/3A @6#/9 58+63 ,/A54#G 05/95 *$2 5/+ 4"

    2$9*6,$ 45$ 7,$$2"+ "7 #*6.$#( -# ,$9$34*: "@#$,.$2 @: \,$0 c/*%/3 L68#4N

    VW( +I$ 64223$ ', +I$ (4($+$$(+I )$(+./XY +I$ Z(4+$2 8+0+$5 $6[0/\$2

    '( 0 ($% /$30+4'(5I4* %4+I 2$0+IY $(+$/4(O 4(+' 0 )4]43 %0/ +I0+ */']$2[3''24$/ +I0( 0(X '+I$/ )'(,34)+ 4( !6$/4)0( I45+'/XY 0 %0/ +I0+ %'.32*/$50O$ +I$ 530.OI+$/ ', J'/32 J0/ W^5 J$5+$/( 1/'(+ 0(2 +I$ O3'[03)0/(0O$ ', +I$ +%$(+4$+I )$(+./X> _I$ (.6[$/ ', 5'324$/5 %I' 24$2[$+%$$( PU@P 0(2 PU@SY 0( $5+460+$2 @B?Y???Y 45 0**/'`460+$3X $a.03+' +I$ +'+03 !6$/4)0( ,0+034+4$5 4( +I$ b$]'3.+4'(Y +I$ J0/ ', PUPBY +I$H$`4)0( J0/Y +I$ 8*0(45IF!6$/4)0( J0/Y J'/32 J0/ WY J'/32 J0/ WWY0(2 +I$ K'/$0( J0/ )'6[4($2> _I$ &4]43 J0/^5 /0+$ ', 2$0+IY 4+54()42$()$ 4( )'6*0/45'( %4+I +I$ 54c$ ', +I$ !6$/4)0( *'*.30+4'(Y %0554` +46$5 +I0+ ', J'/32 J0/ WW> ! 546430/ /0+$Y 0['.+ B *$/)$(+Y 4( +I$Z(4+$2 8+0+$5 +'20X %'.32 6$0( 54` 64334'( ,0+034+4$5> !5 +I$ ($%5'.+I$/( (0+4'( 5+/.OO3$2 ,'/ 5./]4]03 0O04(5+ 0 %$03+I4$/ 0(2 6'/$*'*.3'.5 $($6XY 4+5 2$0+I +'33 /$,3$)+$2 +I$ 245*/'*'/+4'(0+$ 5+/04(5'( 4+5 I.60( )0*4+03> &'(,$2$/0+$ 6$( 24$2 0+ 0 /0+$ +I/$$ +46$5 +I0+ ',+I$4/ d0(\$$ )'.(+$/*0/+5e '($ 4( ,4]$ %I4+$ 5'.+I$/( 6$( ', 6434+0/X0O$ 242 ('+ 5./]4]$ +I$ &4]43 J0/fh

    ?5$ P$9"3#4,894/"3 674$, 45$ )/./* K6,G 5"0$.$,G %,".$2 4" @$ +",$ 2/77/98*4 4563

    $1%$94$2 28$ 4" ,$#/*/$34 2/./#/"3# 0/45/3 45$ 9"834,:(

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    C

    %69/7:/3A /34$,.$34/"3# 632 "998%64/"3# 0$,$ /+%*$+$34$2 /3 ^/96,6A86 /3 XbXSEQR

    632 XbQYEWWG '$1/9" /3 XbXZ 632 XbX`EXYG k6/4/ /3 XbXREWZG 632 45$ \"+/3/963

    P$%8@*/9 /3 XbX`EQZ( k"0$.$,G /3 9"34,6#4 4" 45$ %,$./"8# %,"9$##$# "7 $3*6,A$+$34

    +$34/"3$2 6@".$G 45$#$ /34$,.$34/"3# 2/2 3"4 #8@#4634/64$ 45$+#$*.$# /34" 45$633$164/"3 "7 3$0 4$,,/4",/$# /34" 45$ B3/4$2

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    P?

    ?D?D B+, 2%/34,1" T"&3" ,"'1/),.,"*

    ?5$ 83/"3 "7 =8,"%$ 06# /3/4/6**: %,"+"4$2 @: 45$ +/2E40$34/$45 9$348,:G $#%$9/6**:

    @: #"+$ L,$395 632 [46*/63 *$62$,#G 6# 6 ,$694/"3 4" /39,$6#/3A*: 7,$_8$34 632 *$456*

    9"37*/94#G $#%$9/6**: 6,"832 45$ $1%63#/"3/#4 644$+%4# "7 45$ c$,+63 $+%/,$G 56./3A

    98*+/364$2 /3 45$

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    PP

    U8/*2/3A =8,"%$E0/2$ 9"++"3 /3#4/484/"3# ,$_8/,$2 6 @6#/9 9"3#$3#8# 6+"3A /4#

    +$+@$, #464$# "3 2$+"9,64/9 %,/39/%*$#( L8,45$, $1%63#/"3# 0$,$ 2,/.$3 @: 45$ 6/+

    "7 $#46@*/#5/3A 28,6@*$ 2$+"9,69: 632 6AA,$A64/3A ,$#"8,9$# @: 4,62$ ,645$, 4563 @:

    2/,$94 +/*/46,: /3/4/64/.$#G 05/95 06# 5/A5*: #899$##78* /3 %,$.$34/3A 45$ $+$,A$39$"7 +"4/.$# 7", 3$0 /34$,E#464$ 06,#(

    ?5$ /3/4/6* 9",$ "7 #/1 +$+@$,E#464$# "7 45$ =8,"%$63 )"++83/4: C=)D 06# *"964$2 64

    45$ 4$,,/4",/6* 9$34$, "7 45$ 9"34/3$34G *6,A$*: 9"/39/2/3A 0/45 45$ *632# "7

    )56,*$+6A3$I# +$2/$.6* =+%/,$ C05/95 *64$, $."*.$2 /34" 45$ P"+63 632 c$,+63

    $+%/,$D( ?5$ 7/,#4 $1%63#/"3# "7 45$ =) 0$,$ /+%*$+$34$2 4"06,2# 45$ 0$#4 632 45$

    #"845( ?5$ 9632/269: "7 45$ B3/4$2 h/3A2"+ 06# /3/4/6**: ,$F$94$2 /3 Xb`XG 05/95/+%*/$2 45$ 0/452,606* "7 /4# %6,43$,# /3 45$ 6*4$,364/.$ =8,"%$63 L,$$ ?,62$

    -##"9/64/"3G \$3+6,MG [,$*632 632 ^",06:( ^$.$,45$*$##G \$3+6,MG [,$*632 632 45$

    B3/4$2 h/3A2"+ 0$,$ 699$%4$2 6# 3$0 #464$E+$+@$,# "7 45$ =) /3 XbYW( ^",06:

    ,$+6/3$2 "84 674$, 40" 76/*$2 ,$7$,$328+# 7", +$+@$,#5/%G 6*45"8A5 /4 @$*"3A# 4"

    45$ =8,"%$63 =9"3"+/9

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    PQ

    /34$,36* #"9/6* #8%%",4( K/45 6** 45$#$ WT ", #" 9"834,/$#G 45$ =8,"%$63 B3/"3 0"8*2

    +8*4/%*: 45$ /3/4/6* 6,$6 "7 45$ ` 7"832/3A +$+@$, #464$# @: 7"8, C6*45"8A5 /4 0"8*2

    #4/** 6+"834 4" *$## 4563 40" 45/,2# 45$ 6,$6 "7 45$ B3/4$2

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    PR

    6@"84 XQR :$6,# %6##$2 a8% 4" XbXQG 45$ $.$ "7 K",*2 K6, [EE( L", 45$ =8,"%$63

    B3/"3G 6 9"+%*$4$ 632 #46@*$ 9"3#4/484/"36* 7",+8*6 56# 3"4 :$4 @$$3 $#46@*/#5$2(

    HDCD B+, 5*1*,5 &" *+, T

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    PS

    A".$,3+$34# 9"+@/3/3A 6 *"96**: $*$94$2 *$A/#*648,$ 0/45 6 A".$,3", 632 "45$,

    "77/9/6*# #$34 @: 45$ 7$2$,6* A".$,3+$34( - 4$,,/4",: _86*/7/$2 7", #464$5""2 /7 /4

    695/$.$2 6 %"%8*64/"3 "7 `SGSSS( U84 28,/3A 45$ 40$34:E7/.$ :$6,# 7"**"0/3A 45$ )/./*

    K6,G 7$2$,6* )"3A,$## +62$ 6 #464$ "7 "3*: "3$ 4$,,/4",: C)"*",62"DG 05/*$ 4$,,/4",/6*A".$,3+$34# #8@#/#4$2 7", 2$962$#(

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    P@

    -+$,/96 L,$$ ?,62$ -A,$$+$34G 6*#" /39*82/3A '$1/9"G 7/.$ :$6,# *64$,( ?5$

    2$.$*"%+$34 "7 /39,$6#/3A 9"34/3$346* $9"3"+/9 ,$*64/"3# 56# 3"4 "3*: ,$289$2 45$

    #4,$3A45 "7 45$ @",2$,#G @84 56# 6*#" 9"34,/@84$2 4" +"2/7:/3A 45$ /34$,36* 4$,,/4",/6*

    @6*639$ 0/45/3 $695 9"834,:( [3 )63626G 2$+632# 7", 78,45$, #$*7EA".$,3+$34 632/32$%$32$39$ "7 g8$@$9 56.$ @$$3 769/*/464$2 @: 45$ $1%$9464/"3 4564G 0/45 @$44$,

    699$## 4" 45$ B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    PT

    k"0$.$,G 45$ #/J$ "7 45$ *6,A$#4 #464$# 632 45$ 2/77$,$39$# @$40$$3 #464$# 6,$

    #"+$5"0 ,$289$2 @: /34$,36* 2$9$34,6*/J64/"3 632 45$ #4,$3A45 "7 ,$A/"36*

    A".$,3+$34#( ?5$,$ 6,$ YZ ,$A/"3# 0/45 $*$94$2 A".$,3+$34# 632 6##$+@*/$# 0/45

    *$A/#*64/.$ %"0$,# 0/45/3 #$.$3 "7 45$ *6,A$#4 #464$# /3 =BG 05/95G 4"A$45$, 0/45 45$+"#4*: +$2/8+E 632 #+6**E#/J$2 40$34: 83/46,: #464$#G 0"8*2 %,"289$ 63 6.$,6A$ "7

    6@"84 R(W +/**/"3 /356@/4634# %$, %"*/4/96* 83/4 a6 #/+/*6, #/J$ 4" 45$ 6.$,6A$ #464$

    0/45/3 45$ B

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    PU

    9"*"3/$#G 6,$ =B 9/4/J$3#G @84 45$: $3F": #%$9/6* 461 $1$+%4/"3#( ?5$: /39*82$G 7",

    U,/46/3G 45$ @6/*/0/9M# /3 45$ )5633$* /#*632#G '63 632 45$ $39*6.$ "7 c/@,6*46,] 7",

    L,639$G 45$ 2$%6,4+$34# "7 c8/636G c862$*"8%$G '6,4/3/_8$ 632 P$83/"3G 6# 0$** 6#

    45$ H9"**$94/./4/$#I "7 ^$0 )6*$2"3/6G '6:"44$G

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    PC

    '","99"I# @/2 7", +$+@$,#5/% 06# ,$F$94$2 /3 XbTY( ?5$ =B /# "3*: 4,:/3A 4" A86,2

    /4# #"845$,3 7,"34/$, 6# 6 #46@*$ @",2$,(

    ?5$ 2$.$*"%+$34 "7 /39,$6#/3A 9"34/3$346* /34$A,64/"3 632 45$ #46@/*/J64/"3 "7

    $14$,36* @",2$,# +"2/7: "*2 /34$,36* 4$,,/4",/6* @6*639$# 0/45/3 +$+@$,E#464$#( j3*:

    c$,+63: 632 -8#4,/6 0$,$ ",A63/J$2 6# 7$2$,64/"3# 8%"3 F"/3/3A 45$ =8,"%$63

    B3/"3G 6# 45$: 562 2$,/.$2 7,"+ 45$ 40" *6,A$#4 $+%/,$# /3 )$34,6* =8,"%$( U84

    78,45$, %,"9$##$# "7 2$9$34,6*/J64/"3 /3 76."8, "7 ,$A/"36* A".$,3+$34# 4""M %*69$

    *64$, /3 U$*A/8+ 632 56.$ 2$.$*"%$2 /3 [46*: #/39$ 45$ XbYS#G

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    B?

    Z( \$#/A3/3A 6 L$2$,64/"3

    )"3#4/484/"3# 7", @"45 45$ B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    BP

    B3/"3 0$,$ 9,$64$2 7,"+ #9,6495G 64 45$ 4/+$ "7 "%$3/3A 45$ U,8##$*# 9"3.$34/"3 45$

    =8,"%$63 B3/"3 562 6 +",$ 9"3#4,6/3/3A %,$./"8# /3#4/484/"36* #4,8948,$G 05/95 *$2

    45$ 2/#98##/"3 4"06,2# 626%4/.$ ,$7",+# "7 45$ 6*,$62: $1/#4/3A 7,6+$0",M(

    [3 @"45 45$ -+$,/963 632 45$ =8,"%$63 )"3.$34/"3#G 6 9"34,".$,#: 2$.$*"%$2

    @$40$$3 45"#$ /3 76."8, "7 6 #4,"3A$,G 7$2$,6* 83/"3 632 45"#$ %,$7$,,/3A 4" +6/346/3

    "3*: *""#$G /34$,A".$,3+$346* ,$*64/"3# ", 6 9"37$2$,64/.$ */3M( U84 05/*$ 45$

    -+$,/963 2$*$A64$# 96+$ 7,"+ /32$%$32$34 #464$# 4564 0$,$ F8#4 4$+%",6,/*: */3M$2

    /3 6 9"37$2$,69: 7", ,$6#"3# "7 #$*7E2$7$39$ 632 06,G 45$ 2$9/#/.$ %6,4/9/%634# /3 45$

    =8,"%$63 9"3.$34/"3 ,$%,$#$34$2 +$+@$,E#464$# "7 45$ =8,"%$63 B3/"3 0/45

    #4,"3A$, *$A6* 632 +64$,/6* */3M# 6+"3A 45$+( -99",2/3A*:G #"+$ *$62$,# "7/32$%$32$34 #464$# /3 -+$,/96 9"8*2 9,$2/@*: 45,$64 0/45 3"4 F"/3/3A 45$ B3/"3 ",

    $.$3 0/45 #$$M/3A 3$0 /34$,364/"36* 6**/$#G 6# 69486**: #"+$ 2$*$A64$# 2/2 /3

    O5/*62$*%5/6( [3 9"34,6#4G 45$ 9"#4# "7 *$6./3A 45$ B3/"3 0$,$ 5/A5$, 7", 45$ =8,"%$63

    %6,4/9/%634#( ?58# /3 -+$,/96 45$ #+6** #464$#I 2$*$A64$# @$96+$ %6,43$,# "7 45$

    /3/4/6* 0/33/3A 9"6*/4/"3 /3 45$ )"3.$34/"3 @$968#$ 0/45"84 45$+ 45$ %,"F$94 "7 6

    83/"3 +/A54 56.$ 76/*$2 632 45$,$ 0"8*2 3"4 56.$ %,"@6@*: @$$3 9"3#4/484/"3 64 6**(

    ?5$: 695/$.$2 4" %,$#$,.$ /+%",4634 #464$#I ,/A54# "84 "7 45$ 3$0 7$2$,6* F8,/#2/94/"3

    632 6*#" "@46/3$2 #"+$ ".$,E,$%,$#$3464/"3 /3 45$ 7$2$,6* /3#4/484/"36* 7,6+$0",M( [3

    9"34,6#4G /3 =8,"%$G 05$,$ 45$ ./6@/*/4: "7 #+6** #464$# "84 "7 45$ B3/"3 0"8*2 @$

    28@/"8#G 45$ *6,A$, #464$# 0$,$ 6@*$ 4" %,$.6/* +",$ 9*$6,*: "3 +"#4 /+%",4634

    /3#4/484/"36* 95"/9$#(

    KDCD -.,/&01" T"&3"

    ?5$ 9"3#4/484/"36* )"3.$34/"3 A645$,$2 /3 O5/*62$*%5/6 7,"+ '6: 4"

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    BB

    ,$#%$94/.$*:] "3*: 3$0 9"3.$34/"3# /3 45$#$ #464$# ,64/7/$2 45$ 9"3#4/484/"3 674$, 45$

    7/,#4 B3/4$2

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    D'5$* H> &'3'6$/

    BQ

    L/36**:G 45$ 38+@$, "7 !8#4/9$# "7 45$

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    N( E.4324(O +I$ !6$/4)0( 0(2 +I$ -./'*$0( -6*4/$5

    BR

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