Population II:Population II:MigrationMigration

““African-American”African-American”vs. “European American”vs. “European American”

TRUE / FALSE:TRUE / FALSE:People of European descent rarely call

her / himself a “European American.”

• African-AmericanAfrican-American• Asian-AmericanAsian-American• Native AmericanNative American• LatinoLatino

NotNotSpecific!Specific!

But why?But why?• Unknown origin?Unknown origin?

• Place doesn’t exist anymore?Place doesn’t exist anymore?

• Lost / No documentation?Lost / No documentation?

• Not important?Not important?

• Not sure where that place is?Not sure where that place is?

• Geographic bias?Geographic bias?

“Polish” Immigration (1900-1930) (1900-1930)

Most Poles cameMost Poles cameto US to US whenwhen Poland Polandwas not a country!was not a country!

??

19001900 TodayToday

17951795 prior to 1917prior to 1917 TodayToday

Geographic Perspective:Geographic Perspective:Geographic BiasGeographic Bias

People who were in charge of reporting / documenting / transferring the specific information (European-Americans) where not from / not as familiar with these specific places, so they only passed on general information to others who were equally unfamiliar

Eurocentric PerspectiveEurocentric Perspective• “American history” = European Legacy

• Words of the literate and educated

• Decision makers / people in control in past– Land / Slave owners / traders – Immigration workers (i.e. Ellis Island)– Politicians and Business Owners

• More extreme in past, but still true / legacy lives on today! So be aware: sources, information, laws, systems, etc.

Let’s be “G.C.!”Let’s be “G.C.!”

““Yoruban-American”Yoruban-American”““Dyula-American”Dyula-American”““Kongoan-American”Kongoan-American”

-OR--OR-““Cameroonian-American”Cameroonian-American”““Gambian-American”Gambian-American”““Liberian-American”Liberian-American”

““RACE?”RACE?”ArtificialArtificial classification based on physical

features, such as skin color, nose shape or other perceived physical characteristics.

• Not natural (genetic or scientific) differences• Socially created categories• Often used to define classes, rights, and power• Often used in colonialism, slavery, land ownership,

etc.Yet race has shaped identities:

how people are viewed and view themselves

Not a “culture” necessarily

Distribution of Ethnic and Racial Groups in Los Angeles

Migration BasicsMigration Basics• Emigration (from) or Immigration (to)Emigration (from) or Immigration (to)

• Voluntary or Involuntary (forced)Voluntary or Involuntary (forced)

• InternationalInternational (between countries) or (between countries) or InternalInternal (within the same country) (within the same country)

• Documented or UndocumentedDocumented or Undocumented

• Sending vs. Receiving countriesSending vs. Receiving countries

• Generally goes from “Poor to Rich”Generally goes from “Poor to Rich”

““Push”Push” FactorsFactors• Violence (war or high crime)Violence (war or high crime)

• Relatively poor economy / perceived Relatively poor economy / perceived lack of opportunitylack of opportunity

• Ethnic or religious persecutionEthnic or religious persecution

• Degraded resources or less favorable Degraded resources or less favorable climate and/or conditionsclimate and/or conditions

““Pull”Pull” factors factors• Peace / SecurityPeace / Security

• Economic opportunities / good servicesEconomic opportunities / good services

• Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression

• Better sense of place or climate / Better sense of place or climate / natural conditionsnatural conditions

Where from, where to, and why?

Intervening ObstaclesIntervening Obstacles• Restrictions on immigrationRestrictions on immigration

– LegalLegal– PhysicalPhysical

• Bias against immigrantsBias against immigrants• Distance and lack of moneyDistance and lack of money• Cultural unfamiliarityCultural unfamiliarity

– LanguageLanguage– CustomsCustoms– LawsLaws

• Geographic unfamiliarityGeographic unfamiliarity

Chain Migration

• Family/friends write home, invite and assist new immigrants

• Family reunifications

• “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

““Guest Workers”Guest Workers”

• Temporary legal employment / migration

• Perform jobs locals don’t want to do / can’t fill

• Remittances:Remittances: Send money home

• Kids become citizens? Born in U.S.A.

Turks in Germany, 1980s

Mexican“braceros”in U.S., 1950s

Eastern Europeans: Eastern Europeans: Wisconsin Dells—TODAY!Wisconsin Dells—TODAY!

The Train of Death

“La Bestia”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7UZk6Hg-Xo

Thousands Of Foreign Students Come To the Dells For Workhttp://www.nbc15.com/news/headlines/Thousands_Of_Foreign_Students_Come_To_the_Dells_For_Work_152761845.html | May 22, 2012 | WMTV Madison, WI

The unofficial start to summer in the Dells area means over 2.9 million tourists, with their cash, are on the way. It's creating a lot of job openings and they're being filled by foreign students.Jeff Kaminski with Chula Vista Resort says, "There's just not enough folks around the area." With a peak season of 3 months, foreign students on their university breaks are brought in to fill the gaps.J-1 International Student Consortium Chairperson Stacie Tollaksen says, "Part of the regulations is that they're not taking jobs away from Americans, so they really do need to be in seasonal temporary positions."Every year about 3,000 students from countries all over the world come to the Dells area to work. Student Nova Camille is from the Philippines. She says, "It opens up doors to my future. It's a very good opportunity."Mt. Olympus HR director Carrie Rohrer [also] says, "If we didn't have the internationals working for us the Dells would probably close down in August." Camille [adds], "Working here is a very big deal for our country." It's also a very big deal to a community of people who say they need them. A lot of the students end up being placed in summer jobs that fit their field of study, everything from public relations to food service.

““Brain Drain”Brain Drain”

• EducatedEducated, skilledskilled migrate for better jobsmigrate for better jobs

• Wealthy, educated Wealthy, educated (core) country gains(core) country gains

• Poor country (periphery) Poor country (periphery) loses skilled peopleloses skilled people

REFUGEES(involuntary)

• Flee war, persecution, destruction– International or internal (“IDP’s”)(“IDP’s”)

• Many move to temporary camps or locations

• Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

“Internally Displaced Persons” (IDP’s)

http://blog.internal-displacement.org/tag/idps

Migration and the

U.S.

International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

DiasporaDiasporaA group widely scattered due to large-scale out migration

Jewish DiasporaJewish DiasporaAfrican Diaspora

““Midwest Diaspora?”Midwest Diaspora?”

Internal / Involuntary:Internal / Involuntary:Indian Removal eastIndian Removal eastof Mississippi Riverof Mississippi River

““Trail of Tears”Trail of Tears”1838-391838-39

Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s

Immigrants

Annual Immigration to the U.S. (1800-2000):Region of OriginRegion of Origin

Q: Who gets in—and why?

Quota System*• Immigration Policy to manage / limit immigration by:

- Region (hemisphere)- Country (i.e. Sudan, Somalia, Iraq, El Salvador, others)- Type of Immigrant (educated, wealthy, refugee, etc.)

LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONSLIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS• <675,000 immigrants / year

• EXCEPTIONS:- 140,000: for needed job skills- Sanctuary: for certain refugees- Exemption: >$1,000,000

* Rules are NOT the same for every country

AsiaAsia

CaribbeanCaribbean

AfricaAfrica

MexicoMexico

EuropeEurope

Lat AmLat Am

CubaCuba“Wet Foot, Dry

Foot” Policy

Immigration Patterns from Latin AmericaImmigration Patterns from Latin America

“OTM’s”

• Are immigrants good or Are immigrants good or bad for the U.S.?bad for the U.S.?

• We should be done with We should be done with the illegals: the illegals: – Legalized? Legalized? – Jailed?Jailed?– Deported?Deported?

• Can we stop them from Can we stop them from entering into the U.S.? entering into the U.S.? – ““The Wall” (700 mi!)The Wall” (700 mi!)

• Security risks-OTMs?Security risks-OTMs?• Guest-worker programs?Guest-worker programs?

The Immigration DebateThe Immigration Debate

Anti-immigrantmovements

Riot againstChinese in

Denver, 1880

Signs againstSigns againstJapanese inJapanese in

California, 1930sCalifornia, 1930s

Immigration Raids Hurting Farmers By Moira Herbst Oct 26, 2007 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21491778/A climate of fear is spreading among undocumented immigrant workers. As rows of cabbage and winter squash stand ready for harvest on her 11,000 acre farm, [Maureen Torrey, an 11th-generation farmer in the rural town of Elba, N.Y.,] can't find enough workers to bring in the crops. The problem, she says, is fear. [Her farm] has been raided twice since last October, when she says immigration officials kicked in the doors of workers' housing and apprehended 34.

In August, the Homeland Security Dept. announced that employers would be required to terminate workers who fail to produce valid Social Security numbers. An estimated 3/4 of agricultural workers in the U.S. are undocumented, and growers are starting to feel the paralyzing effects of losing their workforce. They say that unless the government implements workable reforms, the future of the U.S. as a food-producing nation is in jeopardy.

Agriculture does not play the role it once did in the U.S. economy. In 1900, 41% of the U.S. population was employed in agriculture, while that number now stands at less than 2%. Farmers hire workers for about 3,000,000 agricultural jobs each year, but only 1/4 of that workforce is legally authorized. Farm advocates say that immigrant workers are allowing U.S. farmers to compete in a fierce global marketplace, and that losing the workforce means losing domestic sources of food. "The choice is simple: Do we want to import workers or import food?" says Craig Regelbrugge, co-chair of the Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Reform. "What's at stake here is not prices, but food safety," he says. Torrey and other farmers agree. "We need to wake up to the realities of food safety and security issues," says Torrey. "A country not in control of its food supply is a weak nation."

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18132087/

US Ethnicities (2010): US Ethnicities (2010): Port of EntryPort of Entry

African-Americans

Asian-Americans

Latinos “European”Americans

Percent Native AmericanPercent Native American

U.S. Internal Migration• 1/9 Americans move every year: used to be

higher (1/5)• Rural to Urban / Urban to Suburban• North to South (“Rustbelt to Sunbelt”)• Fastest growing cities:

– Raleigh-Durham, NC– Austin, TX– Salt Lake City, UT– San Antonio, TX– Oklahoma City, OK

Shifting Center of U.S. PopulationShifting Center of U.S. Population1790 - 20101790 - 2010

Rural-to-Urban (Voluntary/internal)

Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th centuryShift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century

2008 Electoral College Map2012 Electoral College Map

Wisconsin Ancestry: 2010Wisconsin Ancestry: 2010

Indian Land Cessions and RemovalsIndian Land Cessions and Removals• Land Cessions: 1829-42Land Cessions: 1829-42• Removals: 1830-1870Removals: 1830-1870• Reflective of other land Reflective of other land

cessions by tribes and cessions by tribes and other removal efforts by other removal efforts by the U.S. Governmentthe U.S. Government

“Trail ofTears”1838-39

Anglo-Americans (Yankees)Anglo-Americans (Yankees)

European European Ancestry Ancestry

in WIin WI

““German”German”ImmigrationImmigration1845-19101845-1910

German ImmigrationGerman Immigration• Largest immigrant group in United StatesLargest immigrant group in United States• Much influence on our language, lifestyle todayMuch influence on our language, lifestyle today

- kindergarten,- kindergarten, mann, haus mann, haus - Holstein Cows- Holstein Cows- bratwurst, beer,- bratwurst, beer, cheesecheese- Catholics and Lutherans- Catholics and Lutherans

• Pennsylvania “Dutch” = Amish Pennsylvania “Dutch” = Amish • Famous German Immigrants:Famous German Immigrants:

- Adolph Augustus Busch, Joseph Schlitz, - Adolph Augustus Busch, Joseph Schlitz, Henry John Heinz, Barney Kroger, Henry Henry John Heinz, Barney Kroger, Henry Steinweg, Albert EinsteinSteinweg, Albert Einstein

IrishIrish Immigration Immigration(1846-1890)(1846-1890)

PercentPercent

• 1845-6 Irish1845-6 Irish Potato FaminePotato Famine

• Largest GroupLargest Group until Germansuntil Germans

• Now 2Now 2ndnd largest largest group in WI (11%)group in WI (11%)

1.8 – 7.51.8 – 7.57.6 – 9.77.6 – 9.79.8 – 11.99.8 – 11.912.0 – 13.812.0 – 13.813.8 and up13.8 and up

Irish Ancestry: 1880

““Polish” ImmigrationPolish” Immigration(1900-1930)(1900-1930)

0.7 – 3.90.7 – 3.94.3 – 7.74.3 – 7.78.3 – 12.08.3 – 12.012.6 – 19.912.6 – 19.933.1 and up33.1 and up

PercentPercentPolonia, WIPolonia, WI

Polish ImmigrationPolish Immigration• 9.3% 9.3% of Wisconsinites of Wisconsinites

are of Polish descent are of Polish descent (highest % of any (highest % of any state in the U.S.)state in the U.S.)

• WI has the WI has the 66thth highesthighest Polish-descent Polish-descent population (Illinois #2)population (Illinois #2)

• Chicago is “2nd Chicago is “2nd Largest Polish city in Largest Polish city in the World” (Warsaw)the World” (Warsaw)

Poles in Poles in “Rust Belt”“Rust Belt”

Nearly Nearly halfhalf of all of allScandinavian-Scandinavian-AmericansAmericanslive in Upper Midwest live in Upper Midwest (MN, WI, ND, SD, IA)(MN, WI, ND, SD, IA)

LutefiskLutefisk

LindberghLindbergh

Scandinavia?Scandinavia?

ScandinaviansScandinavians(1870-1920)

““Scandinavia” Scandinavia” vs. Nordic Culturevs. Nordic Culture

OtherOtherEuropeansEuropeans

Belgians!

There’s even a Belgium, Wisconsin!

Old Belgium!

African-Americans in Wisconsin

Urban AreasUrban Areas FreedomFreedom + Industry+ Industry = Opportunity= Opportunity

African Americansmoved from Southto North to work

in industry

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration(1914-1950)(1914-1950)

Urban AND RuralUrban AND Rural• Originally ruralOriginally rural• MechanizationMechanization• Now seek urbanNow seek urban

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12856106

Mexican-AmericanMexican-Americanmigrant workermigrant workerroutes, 1970sroutes, 1970s

Latinos(Hispanics)Mexicans, Puerto Ricans,

other Latin Americans

Latino Population Change in Wisconsin by County

http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Wisconsin_2010_census_data_set_to_be_released_117737728.html

Asian ArrivalsAsian ArrivalsHmong, Laotians,Hmong, Laotians,

Vietnamese, Chinese,Vietnamese, Chinese,Indians, Koreans,Indians, Koreans,

Filipinos, etc.Filipinos, etc.

Hmong tribal regionHmong tribal regionin Laos (yellow)in Laos (yellow)

Hmong veteransHmong veteransof Vietnam Warof Vietnam War

Major Hmong Communities Major Hmong Communities in the U.S.in the U.S.

NuyoNuyoricansricans• New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descentNew Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent• Born in New YorkBorn in New York• Parents born in Puerto RicoParents born in Puerto Rico• Often raised in Spanish speaking Often raised in Spanish speaking

environment, but may only speak environment, but may only speak “Spanglish” (not English)“Spanglish” (not English)

• Are they New Yorkers? Puerto Are they New Yorkers? Puerto Ricans? Neither? Both?Ricans? Neither? Both?

Cultural Identity?• “Melting Pot:” Me Belgian Polish Dutch Norwegian German Irish

11/32 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/16 1/32

• “Melting Pot:” My WifeSwedish German Irish Scottish 1/2 3/8 1/16 1/16

• “Melting Pot:” Theoretical Offspring =

Mutt.

Immigrant History “Fading Away”Immigrant History “Fading Away”• Is this good? bad? Is this good? bad? • Less cultural historical identity? Less cultural historical identity? • Less racism and prejudice? More Less racism and prejudice? More

anti-immigration sentiments?anti-immigration sentiments?

• What about YOU? • Should the geography of your

ancestry even matter? Will it matter to your kids?