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Water Quality Monitoring Activity in South Tarawa,Kiribati

Monitoring of water and sediment quality of three landfill sites

Prepared for Ministry of Foreign Affairs and TradeWellington

New Zealand

March 2014

© All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without thepermission of the copyright owner(s). Such permission is only to be given in accordance with theterms of the client’s contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and anystorage of material in any kind of information retrieval system.

Whilst NIWA has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the information contained in thisdocument is accurate, NIWA does not give any express or implied warranty as to the completeness ofthe information contained herein, or that it will be suitable for any purpose(s) other than thosespecifically contemplated during the Project or agreed by NIWA and the Client.

Authors/Contributors:Chris HickeyMike Crump

For any information regarding this report please contact:Dr C.W. HickeyPrincipal Scientist

+64-7-856 [email protected]

National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta PointWellington 6021Private Bag 14901, KilbirnieWellington 6241New Zealand

Phone +64-4-386 0300Fax +64-4-386 0574

NIWA Client Report No: WLG2014-10Report date: March 2014NIWA Project: MFA13301

Cover photo: View of South Tarawa looking east towards Bikenibeu (J. Siddle, BBC)

Water Quality Monitoring Activity in South Tarawa, Kiribati

Contents

Executive summary..............................................................................................................6

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................7

2 Background .................................................................................................................7

3 Methods .....................................................................................................................11

3.1 Study design ......................................................................................................11

3.2 Sampling ............................................................................................................13

3.3 Ambient nutrient characterisation .......................................................................13

4 Results .......................................................................................................................17

4.1 Hazard assessment in landfills ...........................................................................17

4.2 Risk assessment in receiving waters..................................................................22

4.3 Risk assessment in sediments adjacent to landfills ............................................28

4.4 Reference nutrient concentrations......................................................................30

5 Discussion.................................................................................................................32

6 Conclusions...............................................................................................................34

7 Recommendations ....................................................................................................35

8 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................36

9 References.................................................................................................................37

Appendix A Tiered decision tree recommended for use in conjunction withmetal guidelines (ANZECC 2000) .............................................................................38

Appendix B Analytical methods and detection limits...........................................39

Appendix C Analytical data and report for December 2011 sampling.................42

Appendix D Analytical data and report for March 2012 sampling .......................51

Appendix E Analytical data and report for October 2012 sampling ....................64

Appendix F Analytical data and report for March 2013 sampling .......................76

Appendix G Analytical data and report for November 2013 sampling ................87

Appendix H Site codes for landfill sampling.........................................................99

Water Quality Monitoring Activity in South Tarawa, Kiribati

Appendix I Monitoring data and summary statistics for Nanikai lagoonand ocean control sites ..........................................................................................102

TablesTable 2-1: Parameters measured in water (W) and sediment (S) quality monitoring

programme. 9Table 4-1: Bikenibeu hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to

water quality guidelines. 18Table 4-2: Nanikai hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to water

quality guidelines. 19Table 4-3: Betio hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to water

quality guidelines. 20Table 4-4: Bikenibeu external site concentrations relative to water quality

guidelines. 24Table 4-5: Nanikai external site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. 25Table 4-6: Betio external site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. 27Table 4-7: Sediment quality data. 29Table 4-8: Summary statistics for Nanikai lagoon and ocean control site water

quality. 31

Table B-1: Analytical methods and detection limits for waters. 39Table B-2: Analytical methods and detection limits for sediments. 41Table C-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for December 2011. 44Table C-2: Nanikai analytical data for December 2011. 45Table C-3: Betio analytical data for December 2011. 46Table D-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for March 2012. 57Table D-2: Nanikai analytical data for March 2012. 58Table D-3: Betio analytical data for March 2012. 59Table E-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for October 2012. 70Table E-2: Nanikai analytical data for October 2012. 71Table E-3: Betio analytical data for October 2012. 72Table F-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for March 2013. 81Table F-2: Nanikai analytical data for March 2013. 82Table F-3: Betio analytical data for March 2013. 83Table G-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for November 2013. 93Table G-2: Nanikai analytical data for November 2013. 94Table G-3: Betio analytical data for November 2013. 95Table H-1: Bikenibeu site codes. 99Table H-2: Nanikai site codes. 100Table H-3: Betio site codes. 101Table I-1: Control site data and summary statistics for Nanikai. 102

Water Quality Monitoring Activity in South Tarawa, Kiribati 5

FiguresFigure 3-1: Locations of sampled landfills on South Tarawa, Kiribati. 12Figure 3-2: Bikenibeu sampling sites for monitoring programme. 14Figure 3-3: Nanikai sampling sites for monitoring programme. 15Figure 3-4: Betio sampling sites for monitoring programme. 16

Figure C-1: Bikenibeu sampling locations December 2011. 47Figure C-2: Nanikai sampling locations December 2011. 49Figure C-3: Beteo sampling locations December 2011. 50Figure D-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites March 2012. 60Figure D-2: Nanikai sampling sites March 2012. 62Figure D-3: Beteo sampling sites March 2012. 63Figure E-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites October 2012. 73Figure E-2: Nanikai sampling sites October 2012. 74Figure E-3: Beteo sampling sites October 2012. 75Figure F-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites March 2013. 84Figure F-2: Nanikai sampling sites March 2013. 85Figure F-3: Betio sampling sites March 2013. 86Figure G-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites November 2013. 96Figure G-2: Nanikai sampling sites November 2013. 97Figure G-3: Betio sampling sites November 2013. 98

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6 Water Quality Monitoring Activity in South Tarawa, Kiribati

Executive summaryThis study reports on the results of one of several studies being jointly undertaken by NIWAand ESR on environmental water quality in South Tarawa. The project is funded by the NewZealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The objective of this project was to provideinformation on the impacts of solid waste on the levels of water and sediment contaminationaround landfills.

Water quality sampling was undertaken at three landfill sites (Bikenibeu, Nanikai, Betio) onSouth Tarawa, Kiribati on five occasions during the period December 2011 to November2013. The results show that the landfill walls do allow some contaminants to leach through tothe surrounding lagoon or near-shore ocean waters. However, the level of exceedance ofwater quality guidelines is low, with generally less than a 5 to 10-fold dilution required toachieve the guideline concentration. These measurements indicate any adverse effectswould be localised and generally limited to 10 to 20 m distance from the landfill walls. Theconcentrations of copper was the most common contaminant which exceeded guidelines ateach of the landfills. Concentrations of heavy metals, such as mercury and cadmium, whichmight seriously affect food-chains were not present at levels of concern.

Highest metal and ammonia concentrations within the ponds are associated with landfillwater deoxygenation. Co-disposal of organic waste and metal-containing wastes in a wetand porous landfill is highly likely to result in elevated contaminant concentrations andincreased leaching to the environment. This process could be minimised by separatedisposal practices for the organic and inorganic refuse.

Nutrient concentrations were highly elevated in each of the landfills and commonly resultedin marked concentration increases at external monitoring sites. The nutrient leaching is likelyto result in growths of attached algae on the outside of landfill walls and in potential algalblooms in lagoon waters. Elevated nutrient release from the landfills is likely to be thegreatest water quality effect on lagoon areas.

Generally, the use of porous coral sand walls around the landfills will provide an effectivebarrier to the release of large particulate debris and particle-associated toxicants to thelagoon environment. However, consideration should be given to standardising the designand construction of the landfill walls to ensure that porosity is minimised in order to reducetidal pumping of contaminants to the lagoon waters.

There may be leakage of material to sub-surface freshwater aquifers in areas adjacent to thelandfills. The study recommends that the location of near-by wells should be reviewed inorder to determine whether specific sampling is required for assessment of potential landfillwater intrusion


1 IntroductionThe islands of Kiribati are one of the most densely settled places on Earth. Most people wholive on Kiribati's main island, South Tarawa, which is home to around 50,000 people. Theislanders rely on the surrounding seas for their livelihoods, however, contamination fromhousehold sanitation practices, agriculture and livestock, together with general refugethreatens the local aquatic environments.

One of the key issues facing Kiribati, as with many developing nations, is providing enoughfood, water and adequate sanitation for the population, together with maintaining highenvironmental quality necessary to protect local ecosystems and marine food chainsessential for sustainable harvests.

This study reports on the results of one of several studies being jointly undertaken by NIWAand ESR on environmental water quality in South Tarawa. The project is funded by the NewZealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Activity code: A11116-A01). The overarchinggoals and outcomes are:

1. Water and shellfish-borne heath risks and incidence of diarrhoea-related illness havebeen reduced in South Tarawa.

2. Warnings to communities are available where water or shellfish contamination levelsare at specific locations above limits.

3. Solid waste leachate from landfills does not have a detrimental impact on surroundinglagoon sediment or water quality.

4. Effectiveness of implemented water and sanitation interventions is quantified.

5. Increased food security and economic potential for improved lagoon health in SouthTarawa.

This project addresses outcome 3 by conducting detailed analysis and reporting on waterand sediment quality at three landfill sites, Nanikai, Betio and Bikenibeu. Detailed waterquality testing at the landfill sites is required in order to obtain licences. The specific objectiverelating to this study is:

Objective 3: Information is available on the impacts of solid waste on the levels of water andsediment contamination around landfills.

2 BackgroundLandfill leachate is a potentially polluting liquid, which unless managed and/or treated, andeventually returned to the environment in a carefully controlled manner, may cause harmfuleffects on the groundwater and surface water that surround a landfill site.

This applies to leachate from all types of landfill. Hazardous and non-hazardous landfills mayproduce leachate that has elevated concentrations of contaminants, such as ammoniacalnitrogen, heavy metals and organic compounds. These could, if not contained and managed,affect both surface and groundwater resources.


The three landfills are all located on the lagoon side of South Tarawa (Figure 3-1). No detailsbeen provided about construction of the structures, but it appears that their retention wall iscompacted coral sand and that this is to some extent permeable to seawater during tidalfluctuations. This is supported by the elevated salinity levels measured within the landfillsand by water level fluctuation studies conducted in one of the landfills (**REF). Thecombined effects of intermittent rainfall and tidal seawater exchange will result in variablewater levels and contaminant concentrations within the landfill.

The lagoon area adjacent to each of the landfills is tidal and dries during low tide periods. Forthis reason the lagoon sampling was undertaken at mid-tide in order to standardiseconditions. Wind waves in the shallow lagoon sites resulted in some apparent disturbance ofsediment material during some sampling events (as indicated by elevated water turbidity),which may also have contributed to elevated concentrations of some resuspendedcontaminants.

The conditions within the landfills was assessed from the Google images which indicate thatthe degree of revegetation and standing water differs between landfills. The images indicate:Bikenibeu is rectangular with largely water with a small dry area (Figure 3-2). It was newlyconstructed and operated partially filled with water at the start of this sampling program, andwas constructed with a sand bund to separate out the filling cell (Alice Leney, Pacific ReefSavers Ltd, pers com. August 2011); Nanikai is a long rectangle with 75% partially vegetatedfill area and the remainder a pond area (Figure 3-3); and Betio is bounded on two sides byland and about 60% vegetated with the remainder semi-wet area (Figure 3-4).

Contaminants of potential concern

The suite of water quality parameters included chemical contaminants (such as heavymetals), which may be toxic to organisms resident in the local receiving waters or may leachto affect groundwaters. Nutrients, especially nitrogen species, may affect receiving waters bystimulating growths of attached algae in areas where leaching occurs. Table 2-1 summarisesthe suite of analytical components and provides background information on the basis forinclusion.

No analyses were undertaken for trace organic contaminants, such as herbicides andpesticides. The basis for this decision was both the high cost of the analyses and the lack ofinformation on the potential for used pesticide containers to have been disposed of in thefacilities.

Water and sediment quality guidelines for potential adverse effects on marine ecologicalcommunities formed the basis for the effects assessment. These were based on theAustralian and New Zealand guidelines (ANZECC 2000) for marine waters. The ANZECCguidelines provide effects-based thresholds for protection from long-term contaminantseffects. Assessments were not made against drinking water guidelines because the waters inthe landfills were largely saline and thus were not drinking water quality.

The effects of dissolved nutrient increases may be evident as algal growths attached to thewalls of the landfills or in blooms of planktonic algae in the lagoon waters. The level ofleakage of nutrients from the lagoons was assessed by comparison of measured externalnutrient concentrations with those measured at local control sites.


Table 2-1: Parameters measured in water (W) and sediment (S) quality monitoringprogramme. Bold indicates marine water or sediment quality toxicity guidelines available.

Parameter Water (W) /Sediment (S)

sampling

Description

Toxicants

Aluminium W High concentrations naturally present in clays. No marine water qualityguideline.

Arsenic W, S Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is common in soils and livingorganisms. Historically used as insecticide and is still widely used fortimber treatment. No ANZECC marine water quality guideline. Notexpected to be present in elevated concentrations unless treated timberdisposed to landfills.

Boron W Naturally elevated and highly conservative constituent of seawater. Maybe used to calculate seawater content of landfills. No marine water qualityguideline. Not expected to be elevated by contaminants added to landfill.

Cadmium W, S Cadmium occurs naturally in low levels in the environment, and is alsoused in batteries, pigments and metal coatings. Shellfish canbioaccumulate cadmium. ANZECC water and sediment guidelines usedfor assessment.

Chromium W, S Naturally occurring element which is used in timber treatment. ANZECCwater and sediment guidelines used for assessment.

Cobalt W Naturally occurring element which is used in metal products. ANZECCwater guidelines used for assessment.

Copper W, S Naturally occurring element which is essential for growth for allorganisms. Widely used for herbicides, water pipes, timber treatment andbiofouling control paints. ANZECC water and sediment guidelines usedfor assessment.

Iron W Naturally occurring element which is not generally toxic. Highconcentrations in landfill will occur when anoxic conditions occur.

Lead W, S Lead is used in batteries, solder, ammunition, paints and used to beadded to petrol. Lead can accumulate in many species. ANZECC waterand sediment guidelines used for assessment.

Manganese W Naturally occurring element which is particularly toxic to corals. Highconcentrations in landfill will occur when anoxic conditions occur. RevisedANZECC marine guideline used for water assessment.

Mercury S Mercury occurs naturally in the environment and released throughindustrial pollution. It is present in fish and seafood products asmethylmercury. Biomagnifies through food-chain, with in predatory fishtending to have highest levels. Sediment guidelines used to providemeasure of mercury contamination.

Nickel W, S Naturally occurring element. ANZECC water and sediment guidelinesused for assessment.

Zinc W, S Naturally occurring element which is essential for growth for allorganisms.

Nutrients /Physico-chemical

Dissolvedreactive

W Dissolved phosphate is generated during the breakdown of organicmaterial. Highest concentrations occur when anoxic conditions occur. Noguidelines available for nutrient limitation in tropical waters – potential


Parameter Water (W) /Sediment (S)

sampling

Description

phosphorus effects based on increases above local reference site concentrations.

Totalphosphorus

W A measure total phosphorus compounds present in the water (i.e.,dissolved + particulate phosphorus).

Ammoniacal-nitrogen(nutrient &potentialtoxicant)

W Ammonia is generated during the breakdown of organic material. Highestconcentrations occur when anoxic conditions occur. High ANZECCmarine guidelines used for assessment. Potential effects also assessedby increases above local reference site concentrations.

Nitrate(nutrient &potentialtoxicant)

W Elevated nitrate concentrations will occur when organic matterbreakdown occurs in the presence of oxygenated waters. Only toxic inmarine waters at very high concentrations. Canadian marine guidelinesused for assessment. Potential effects also assessed by increases abovelocal reference site concentrations.

Totaldissolvednitrogen

W A measure of the concentration of all dissolved nitrogen compounds.Nitrogen is the likely nutrient limiting algal growths. No guidelinesavailable for nutrient limitation in tropical waters – potential effects basedon increases above local reference site concentrations.

Total nitrogen W A measure total nitrogen compounds present in the water (i.e., dissolved+ particulate nitrogen).

Conductivity W Electrical conductivity is used to measure the quantity of salts present inthe seawater.

Salinity W Calculated from electrical conductivity measurements and expresses adpercentage seawater.

Turbidity W Measurement of water clarity.

pH W Measurement of acidity of seawater. Normal seawater pH slightly alkalinewith a value around 8.4.


3 Methods

3.1 Study designThe three landfill sites, Nanikai, Betio and Bikenibeu, were sampled on five occasions atapproximately six monthly intervals from December 2011 to November 2013.

The sampling on each occasion included sites within the landfill (generally at one to threelocations) – in order to characterise the contaminants present and establish the potentialhazard of the liquor within the landfills. The salinity of the landfill waters was also measuredon each occasion, establish the degree of saline intrusion and to provide a measure of thetidal exchange with the lagoon waters. These sites were termed internal (INT) in the datasummaries.

Sites in lagoon waters adjacent to the landfills (and on the ocean side of Nanikai) weresampled at mid-tide to standardise the receiving water conditions. The number and locationof sites differed between sampling occasions and ranged from three to ten sites. These siteswere termed external (EXT) in the data summaries.

Water samples from local reference sites, termed controls (CON) in data summaries, in orderto characterise local receiving water quality and provide a basis for nutrient effectsassessment. Samples were generally collected from lagoon waters 10-20 m distant from theedge of the landfill. At the Nanikai site control samples were collected from both the lagoonand ocean waters. The data from these sites for the five sampling occasions has beensummarise to provide a general characterisation of the lagoon and ocean water quality.

Sediment samples were collected from an internal and external site in each of the landfills onone occasion (March 2012). The objective of the sediment sampling was to provide anindicative measure of the potential heavy metal and metalloid contaminants present witheach of the landfills and the lagoon area immediately adjacent. The measurement ofsediment-associated metals is particularly useful for integrating contaminants which mayvary greatly over time and also have a high risk for food-chain effects (e.g., mercury,cadmium). Concentrations of sediment contaminants measured in the lagoon werecompared with the ANZECC (2000) sediment guidelines to provide an assessment of thepotential for adverse effects.

Effects assessment

A hazard assessment provides a quantitative measure of the risk for local receiving watereffects. A hazard index (HI) may be calculated from measured water (or sediment)contaminant concentrations and relevant quality guidelines following equation (1).

HI = Contaminant concentration / Relevant water quality guideline (1)

The ANZECC (2000) guidelines for water and sediment quality have been used for the HIcalculations. The water quality guideline (WQG) used the 95% protection threshold for allcontaminants, except for cadmium and nickel where a higher 99% protection threshold wasused to provide additional protection for potential bioaccumulation in shellfish, and theproposed new manganese guideline value. The recently revised Environment Canadamarine nitrate guideline (CCME 2012) was used as the ANZECC (2000) guidelines do notprovide a marine assessment criteria.


Values of the HI greater than 1 indicate a potential risk to the receiving environment.Concentrations which exceed the WQG are identified in the results section for two HIcategories: >1-5 and >5; with measured concentrations provided in the appendices.

Concentrations of both total and dissolved contaminants were monitored on each samplingoccasion. The total concentrations provide a potential hazards while the dissolved metalsfraction represents the form most likely to result in toxic effects. The hazard assessmentfollows that ANZECC tiered approach (Appendix A) with potential effects assessment basedon the dissolved fraction. Dissolved nutrients are also the fraction which will likely form themajority of the material which passes through the landfill walls – hence this was used as theprimary measure indicating leakage from the landfills.

Contaminants which biomagnify in the food-chain, such as mercury, require specialconsideration for assessment of WQG values to account for the various levels ofbiomagnification associated with protection of shellfish and fish communities for humanconsumption. Such assessments were not required in this case as mercury exposure riskwas considered low based on measured sediment concentrations.

The potential for nutrient enrichment effects was based on comparison with measuredconcentrations at local control sites. The level of relative increase in concentrations ofdissolved nutrients was arbitrarily scored and identified in the results section for twocategories: >5-10x and >10x; with measured data provided in the appendices.

Dissolved iron concentrations were also used as a tracer measurement to indicate the levelof leakage to the surrounding waters. The nutrient classification categories were also appliedto measured iron concentrations.

Figure 3-1: Locations of sampled landfills on South Tarawa, Kiribati.


3.2 SamplingFiltration kits and sample bottles for nutrient analysis (250 mL plastic bottles) and metalanalysis (100ml plastic bottles containing acid preservative) were sent from the NIWA WaterQuality Laboratory to Ross Craven (MFAT, Kiribati) for each sampling run. Samples forDissolved Nutrients and Dissolved Metals were filtered through a 0.45 µM membrane filter.Samples for Total Nutrients (also used for pH, Conductivity and Turbidity analyses) and TotalMetals were collected with no pre-treatment and no preservative added. Nutrient sampleswere kept frozen until despatch to the NIWA laboratory.

The location of the sampling sites was provided on sampling maps supplied on eachoccasion. These maps are provided in the Appendices together with the analytical results foreach occasion. Unfortunately, the coded site locations for each landfill varied betweensampling locations resulting in some inconsistency in ability to compare data between sitelocations and over time. A unified set of site codes is provided in Appendix H and used toprovide site locations in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 and in the results.

3.3 Ambient nutrient characterisationNo information was available on the background concentration of metals and nutrients inlagoon or nearshore ocean waters. As part of this project the nutrient concentrations wasmeasured at reference sites (termed “Controls”) near each of the landfills on each monitoringoccasion. The Control measurements provided the basis for assessing local nutrient leakagefrom the landfills, with measurements summarised in the Results and details provided in theAppendices.

The monitoring data from a consistent lagoon and near-shore ocean sites were availablefrom the Nanikai site (Appendix I). This data was analysed to provide indicative summarystatistics for local marine environments.


Figure 3-2: Bikenibeu sampling sites for monitoring programme. See Appendix H for site codes from individual sampling occasions.


Figure 3-3: Nanikai sampling sites for monitoring programme. See Appendix H for site codes from individual sampling occasions.


Figure 3-4: Betio sampling sites for monitoring programme. See Appendix H for site codes from individual sampling occasions.


4 ResultsThe results and a preliminary analysis and interpretation was provided as separate reportsfollowing each sampling occasion. These reports, together with analytical data and site mapsare provided in the Appendices. The following provides an overview of the generalconclusions which may be drawn from the sampling programme.

4.1 Hazard assessment in landfillsMeasurements of contaminants with the landfills provides a robust measure of the types ofcontaminants present, with their concentrations providing an indicative risk to theenvironment if the containment walls were not present.

Each of the landfills showed a high variability in the internal concentrations of contaminantsexceeding receiving water guidelines between sampling occasions. General characteristicsare addressed below.

4.1.1 Bikenibeu internalThe sampling site locations for Bikenibeu are shown in Figure 3-2 with sampling dataprovided in the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table4-1. The results showed that the landfill was generally saline (average 65% seawater, range20-98%). Guidelines for metals were exceeded on most occasions for copper, butoccasionally for: chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, zinc and ammonium (Table 4-1).

Generally, the level of guideline exceedance for toxicants was low (<5x), with only totalchromium requiring a higher dilution (6x) on one occasion. Neither cadmium nor lead weredetected on any of the monitoring occasions.

Dissolved iron was low on all monitoring occasions. This indicates that the waters in theponds generally remain oxygenated, which is supported by the generally low ammoniacal-Nconcentrations.

Nutrient concentrations were markedly elevated for DRP, ammonia, nitrate and TDN onsome occasions relative to the local control sites. This indicates a high potential for localaffects of nutrients should leakage occur.


Table 4-1: Bikenibeu hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5xrelevant guideline; “x” = >5x guideline (dissolved iron measured relevant 1g/m3 value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control sitevalues. See Figure 3-2 for site locations.


Table 4-2: Nanikai hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5xrelevant guideline; “x” = >5x guideline (dissolved iron measured relevant 1g/m3 value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control sitevalues. See Figure 3-3 for site locations.

Nanikai

NA

N IN

T #2

NA

N IN

T #4

NA

N M

AN

#1

NA

N IN

T#2

NA

N IN

T#6

NA

N M

AN

NA

N IN

T #3

NA

N IN

T #8

NA

N IN

T #2

NA

N M

AN

#1

NA

N IN

T #8

NA

N IN

T #3

NA

N IN

T #2

NA

N M

AN

NA

N IN

T #2

NA

N IN

T #3

NA

N IN

T #7

NA

N M

AN

MetalsDissolved Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Chromium - - - - - -Total Chromium - - - -Dissolved Cobalt - - - - - - - - - -Total Cobalt - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Copper - - - - -Total Copper

Dissolved Iron -Total Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Lead - - - - - - - -

Dissolved Manganese - -

Total Manganese

Dissolved Nickel - - - - - - - - -Total Nickel - - - - - -Dissolved Zinc - - - - -Total Zinc -Ammonium Nitrogen (toxic threshold)

Nitrate (toxic threshold)

Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) - - -

Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N)

Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N)

Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN)

NAN internal sites:Dec 2011

NAN internal sites:Mar 2012

NAN internal sites: Oct2012

NAN internal sites: Mar2013

NAN internal sites: Nov2013


Table 4-3: Betio hazard assessment: internal site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5xrelevant guideline; “x” = >5x guideline (dissolved iron measured relevant 1g/m3 value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control sitevalues. See Figure 3-4 for site locations.

Betio

BETINT:Oct

2012

BET

INT

#6

BET

INT

#3

BET

INT

#5

BET

INT

#5

BET

INT

#4

BET

INT

#1

BET

INT

#2

Metals

Dissolved Cadmium - - - - - - -Total Cadmium - - - - - -Dissolved Chromium - - -Total Chromium -Dissolved Cobalt - - -Total Cobalt -Dissolved Copper - -Total Copper - - -Dissolved Iron

Total Iron - - - - - - -Dissolved Lead - - - - - -Total Lead - -Dissolved Manganese

Total Manganese

Dissolved Nickel - - -Total Nickel - -Dissolved Zinc -Total Zinc - -Ammonium Nitrogen (toxic threshold)


Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP)


Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) -Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN)

BET internal sites:Dec 2011

BET internal sites:Mar 2012


4.1.2 Nanikai internalThe sampling site locations for Nanikai are shown in Figure 3-3 with sampling data providedin the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table 4-2. Theresults showed that the landfill was generally saline (average 48% seawater, range 6-81%).Guidelines for metals were exceeded on most occasions for: copper, chromium, cobalt, lead,manganese, nickel, zinc and ammonium, but occasionally for: cadmium (Table 4-2).

Frequently, the level of guideline exceedance for toxicants was low (<5x), however higherdilution would be required for multiple metals on numerous occasions (maximally: chromium,57x; cobalt, 9x; copper, 146x; lead, 19x; manganese, 1.7x; nickel, 8x; zinc, 386x; andammonium, 62x). Together these data indicate a high potential for pollution effects onreceiving waters.

Dissolved iron was elevated on all monitoring occasions and very high on two occasions.This indicates that the waters in the ponds generally deoxygenated, which is supported bythe generally elevated ammoniacal-N and very low nitrate concentrations. Notably, thehighest metal concentrations occur when anoxic conditions occur with highest ironconcentrations (as for Betio).

Nutrient concentrations were markedly elevated for DRP, ammonia and TDN on mostoccasions relative to the local controls. Nitrate was elevated on some occasions, indicatingoxygenated conditions in the landfill waters at those times. This indicates a high potential forlocal affects of nutrients should leakage occur.

4.1.3 Betio internalThe sampling site locations for Nanikai are shown in Figure 3-4 with sampling data providedin the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table 4-3. Theresults showed that the landfill was generally saline (average 24% seawater, range 18-30%).Guidelines for metals were exceeded on most occasions for: copper, cobalt, lead,manganese, nickel, and zinc, and occasionally for: chromium and ammonium. (Table 4-2).Cadmium was not detected in any of the samples.

Generally, the level of guideline exceedance for toxicants was low (<5x), however higherdilution would be required for multiple metals on some occasions (maximally: cobalt, 7x;copper, 10x; nickel, 10x; zinc, 8x; and ammonium, 12x). Together these data indicate amoderate potential for pollution effects on receiving waters.

Dissolved iron was elevated on all monitoring occasions and high on one occasion. Thisindicates that the waters in the ponds generally deoxygenated, which is supported by thegenerally elevated ammoniacal-N. Notably, the highest metal concentrations occur whenanoxic conditions occur with highest iron concentrations (as for Nanikai).

Nutrient concentrations were markedly elevated for DRP, ammonia and TDN on mostoccasions relative to the local controls. This indicates a high potential for local affects ofnutrients should leakage occur.


4.2 Risk assessment in receiving watersEach of the landfills showed a high variability in the internal concentrations of contaminantsexceeding receiving water guidelines between sampling occasions. General characteristicsare addressed below.

4.2.1 Bikenibeu externalThe sampling site locations for Nanikai are shown in Figure 3-2 with sampling data providedin the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table 4-4. Theresults showed that the external waters were generally fully saline (average 93% seawater,range 66-100%), with three of the four sites sampled in November 2013 having reducedsalinity (range 66-81% seawater).

Metal concentrations only exceeded guidelines consistently for total nickel, and infrequentlyfor copper (2 occasions) and cobalt (1 occasion) (Table 4-4). On most of these occasions thedissolved metal concentrations did not exceed the guideline. The degree of guidelineexceedance is low, with a maximum of 4-fold dilution to meet receiving water guidelines.

Notably, the elevated concentrations of total nickel measured in the external samples onmost sampling occasions (Table 4-4) were not reflected in concentrations measured withinthe landfills (Table 4-1). This indicates that natural resuspension of lagoon sediments mayincrease the nickel concentrations above guideline levels.

Dissolved iron concentrations were relatively elevated only for the December 2011 sampling,when ammoniacal-N was also elevated, indicating deoxygenated conditions within the landfillat that time. Subsequent samplings have not shown markedly elevated dissolved ironconcentrations.

Dissolved nutrient concentrations were elevated at one or more of the external sites on eachof the sampling occasions, though nitrate concentrations were all well below the water qualityguideline for toxic effects (Table 4-4). The absence of significant ammonia concentrations isindicative of oxygenated conditions within the landfills. The elevated nutrient concentrationsindicative of leachate seeping from the ponds and may result in increased algal growthsadjacent to the landfill.

4.2.2 Nanikai externalThe sampling site locations for Nanikai are shown in Figure 3-3 with sampling data providedin the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table 4-5. Theresults showed that the external waters were generally fully saline (average 98% seawater,range 92-100%), with all sites on the October 2012 sampling having a reduced salinity (92-95% seawater.

The high concentrations of metals found in internal sites (Table 4-2) were not found atexternal sampling sites (Table 4-5). Total copper concentrations most commonly exceededguidelines, with occasional exceedance of chromium, lead, manganese, nickel and zincguidelines. Dissolved metal concentrations were generally below guidelines or requiredminimal dilution (<3-fold) to be below the guideline value – indicating that any toxic effectswould be highly localised. Cadmium concentrations were below guidelines on all samplingoccasions.


The concentrations of ammoniacal-N and nitrate were all below guidelines. However, highlyelevated dissolved iron and ammoniacal-N (see Appendix) were indicative of deoxygenatedlandfill conditions and leaching through the wall on three of the sampling occasions. TheDRP concentrations were also markedly elevated on one of the sampling occasion, andammonia on three sampling occasions (Table 4-5), which is indicative of leaching occurring.The elevated receiving water concentrations are generally restricted to the area around thewet area of the landfill adjacent to the NAN MAN internal site.

4.2.3 Betio externalThe sampling site locations for Nanikai are shown in Figure 3-4 with sampling data providedin the Appendices for the individual sampling occasions and summarised in Table 4-6. Theresults showed that the external waters were generally fully saline (average 91% seawater,range 50-100%), with two sites having low salinity on March 2013 (75% & 50%) and onNovember 2013 (89% and 78%).

Elevated total and dissolved copper concentrations exceeded guidelines on each samplingoccasion at one or more sites. Nickel concentrations also often exceeded guidelines, as didchromium, cobalt, lead and zinc very occasionally. Concentrations of ammoniacal-N andnitrate were below guidelines on all occasions. Dilutions of <5-fold were required for alldissolved metal concentrations to meet guidelines (Table 4-6), indicating that any toxiceffects would be localised. Cadmium concentrations were below guidelines on all samplingoccasions.

Dissolved iron concentrations were relatively elevated at most of the sampling sited on eachof the sampling occasions, as were ammoniacal-N concentrations at most external sites(Table 4-6), indicating deoxygenated conditions within the landfill. Deoxygenated conditionswithin the landfill are to be expected to result in elevated concentrations of dissolved metals(e.g., see October 2012, Table 4-3).

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients were high at all sites in October 2012, but only at somesites on other occasions (Table 4-6). This indicates that the degree of leachate leaching isprobably highly variable both with time and between sampling locations adjacent to thelandfill.


Table 4-4: Bikenibeu external site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5x relevant guideline; “x” =>5x guideline (dissolved iron measured relevant average ocean concentration value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control sitevalues. See Figure 3-2 for site locations.

Bikenibeu

BIK

EX

T #6

BIK

EX

T #5

BIK

EX

T #3

BIK

EX

T #2

BIK

EX

T #6

BIK

EX

T #5

BIK

EX

T #3

BIK

EX

T #2

BIK

EX

T #6

BIK

EX

T #4

BIK

EX

T #1

BIK

EX

T #6

BIK

EX

T #4

BIK

EX

T #1

? BIK

EX

T #6

BIK

EX

T #1

BIK

EX

T #4

BIK

EX

T #2

MetalsDissolved Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Manganese - - - - - - - - - -Total Manganese - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Nickel - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ammonium Nitrogen (toxic threshold)






BIK external sites:Mar 2013

BIK externalsites: Oct 2012

BIK External sites:Mar 2012

BIK external sites:Dec 2011

BIK external sites: Nov2013


Table 4-5: Nanikai external site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5x relevant guideline; “x” =>5x guideline (dissolved iron measured relevant average ocean concentration value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control sitevalues. See Figure 3-3 fpr site locations.


Nanikai

OC

EAN

OC

EAN

NA

N E

XT

#5

NA

N E

XT

#4

NA

N E

XT

#3

NA

N E

XT#

2

NA

N E

XT#

1

NA

N E

XT

#9

NA

N E

XT

#8

NA

N E

XT

#6

NA

N E

XT

#3

NA

N E

XT

#1

NA

N E

XT

#9

NA

N E

XT

#7

NA

N E

XT

#3

NA

N E

XT

#1

NA

N E

XT

#10

NA

N E

XT#

9

NA

N E

XT

#7

NA

N E

XT

#3

NA

N E

XT

#1

NA

N E

XT

#11

NA

N E

XT

#9

NA

N E

XT

#8

NA

N E

XT

#5

NA

N E

XT

#1

MetalsDissolved Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Manganese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Manganese - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ammonium Nitrogen (toxic threshold)






NAN External sites: Mar 2013 NAN external sites: Nov2013

NAN external sites: Nov 2011 NAN external sites: Mar 2012 NAN external sites: Oct 2012


Table 4-6: Betio external site concentrations relative to water quality guidelines. Ecotoxic (metals, ammonia, nitrate): “!” = >1-5x relevant guideline; “x” = >5xguideline (dissolved iron measured relevant average ocean concentration value). Dissolved nutrients: (shaded rows) “!” = >5-10x; “x” = >10x local control site values.See Figure 3-4 for site locations.

Betio

BE

T E

XT

# 1

BE

T E

XT

#5

BE

T E

XT

#8

BE

T E

XT

#9

BE

T E

XT

#11

BE

T E

XT

#1

BE

T E

XT

#5

BE

T E

XT

#8

BE

T E

XT

#7

BE

T E

XT

#1

BE

T E

XT

#2

BE

T E

XT

#4

BE

T E

XT

#7

BE

T E

XT

#9

BE

T E

XT

#11

BE

T E

XT

#1

BE

T E

XT

#2

BE

T E

XT

#3

BE

T E

XT

#7

BIK

EX

T #9

BIK

EX

T #1

1

BE

T E

XT

#1

BE

T E

XT

#2

BE

T E

XT

#3

BE

T E

XT

#4

BE

T E

XT

#5

BE

T E

XT

#6

BE

T E

XT

#7

BE

T E

XT

#8

BE

T E

XT

#9

BE

T E

XT

#10

Metals

Dissolved Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cadmium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Chromium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Cobalt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Copper - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Iron - - - - - - -Total Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Manganese - - - - - - - -Total Manganese - - -Dissolved Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Dissolved Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Total Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ammonium Nitrogen (toxic threshold)




Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N)Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN)

BET external sites: Nov 2013BET external sites: Mar 2012 BET external sites: Oct 2012 BET external sites: Mar 2013BET external sites: Nov 2011


4.3 Risk assessment in sediments adjacent to landfillsThe sediment sampling was limited to one internal site and one external site (except Nanikaiwhich had two external sites) and analysis of heavy metals and arsenic to provide anindicative measure of contaminant levels. The analysis results are presented in Table 4-7compared with ANZECC (2000) sediment quality guidelines.

The results showed that only the Betio landfill exceeded sediment quality guidelines for eitherinternal or external sites. Betio internal exceeded the ANZECC low effects threshold forcadmium, lead and zinc. The ANZECC high probability of effects threshold was markedlyexceeded for copper, indicating that copper is the major metal contaminant present in landfill.

Notably, the concentration of mercury was below detection at all sites, and significantlyelevated cadmium was restricted to the Betio internal site.

The concentrations of internal and external sediment metals was very similar at theBikenebeu and Nanikai sites. For Bikenibeu this probably reflects the limited use of thisfacility, while the Nanikai internal sediment sample was collected at an eastern site distantfrom the wet area of the landfill (Figure 3-3). Data from the Nanikai sediments from within thewet area would provide a better indication of the nature of contaminants present in the landfilland which might otherwise affect the local lagoon area.

Overall, this assessment indicates that copper is the primary metal contaminant of potentialconcern – particularly from the Betio landfill. Mercury and cadmium were not identified ascontaminants of potential concern.


Table 4-7: Sediment quality data. Samples collected March 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of ISQG_High guideline; red highlight indicatesexceedance of ISQG_Low guideline.

Kiribati sediment samples: 13-15 March 2012BET INT 01 BET EXT 07 BIK INT 01 BIK EXT 01 NAN INT 02 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 05 Sampler ID

Criteria:ANZECC

ISQG_L/ISQG_HGM8 GM9 GM18 GM19 GM31 GM32 GM33 NIWA Code

Arsenic mg/kg dry wt 20/70 7 < 2 < 2 < 4 < 4 < 4 < 2 Cadmium mg/kg dry wt 1.5/10 2.6 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 0.13 Chromium mg/kg dry wt 80/370 19 3 3 7 < 4 4 3 Copper mg/kg dry wt 65/270 3,200 6 < 2 5 5 < 4 3 Lead mg/kg dry wt 50/220 136 9.5 1 7.4 3.5 5.1 3.6 Mercury mg/kg dry wt 0.15/0.71 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.02 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.10 Nickel mg/kg dry wt 21/52 14 9 9 10 8 8 9 Zinc mg/kg dry wt 200/410 280 19 < 4 24 10 11 8

Betio Bikenibeu Nanikai


4.4 Reference nutrient concentrationsNo information was available on the expected concentrations of nutrients, or physico-chemical measures (e.g., salinity, turbidity, pH) in order to provide a baseline for effectsassessments.

As part of this monitoring programme, the concentrations of nutrients measured at localreference sites, termed “Controls”, on each sampling occasion. These measurements wereused to provide a measure of the local effects of leakage from the landfills on the lagoon andnear-shore ocean waters. The local control data proved highly variable both for total anddissolved nutrient concentrations (see Appendices for individual site data). This suggeststhat the degree of local site impact of nutrients will vary over time.

The data from the control sites from the lagoon sites were used to provide summary statisticsfor the water quality parameters (Table 4-8). Many of the dissolved nutrient parameter varieswidely both at the lagoon and ocean sites (e.g., DRP, ammonia). This high variabilityindicates that both “Control” sites are exposed to various pollution sources which mayadversely affect water quality. The higher variation in turbidity in the lagoon is likely ameasure of wind waves affecting sediment resuspension at these sites.

The summary statistics provide mean concentrations for general water quality comparison ofpotential leachate water effects.


Table 4-8: Summary statistics for Nanikai lagoon and ocean control site water quality. SeeAppendix I for data.

Metals Unit Mean Min Max Mean Min MaxDissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0063 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 3.6 2.6 4.4 3.7 2.4 4.2Total Boron g/m3 3.9 1.7 5.1 4.0 2.5 5.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.00039 0.00039 0.00039 0.00034 0.00029 0.00039Dissolved Chromium g/m3 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0009 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0010Total Cobalt g/m3 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00078 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0017 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0018Total Copper g/m3 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0026Dissolved Iron g/m3 0.0065 < 0.004 0.007 0.015 < 0.004 0.034Total Iron g/m3 0.022 < 0.0042 0.031 0.051 0.011 0.174Dissolved Lead g/m3 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Dissolved Manganese g/m3 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0013Total Manganese g/m3 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0012Dissolved Nickel g/m3 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0146Dissolved Zinc g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0044Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 5 1 12 10 3 19Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 16 1 54 24 10 59Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) mg/m3 40 13 105 39 22 62Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) mg/m3 85 23 306 97 6.0 390Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 130 5.0 376 153 6.0 419Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 216 16 356 250 31 422Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 369 10 838 369 20 780Conductivity mS/cm 50 38 55 54 52 55Salinity % SW 92 71 102 99 96 101Turbidity NTU 13 3.8 26 3.9 1.6 5.3pH pH units 8.57 8.36 8.82 8.61 8.26 9.37

Lagoon OceanSummary Statistics


5 DiscussionThe internal concentrations are potentially highly time-variable for a number of reasons,including: (i) types of contaminants being disposed of to the particular landfill; (ii) antecedentrainfall and evaporation (affecting freshwater dilution); and (iii) tidal condition (affectingseawater dilution). Thus a wide range of factors will affect both the hazard of the landfillcontaminants (i.e., the concentrations and volume of liquor within the landfill) and the risk tolagoon and nearshore ecological communities (i.e., as determined by receiving waterconcentrations).

Water quality guidelines are available for heavy metals and potentially toxic inorganiccontaminants ammonia and nitrate. These guidelines have been used to quantify thepotential ecological risks posed by the contaminants. Unfortunately, there are no waterquality guidelines available for nutrients in tropical lagoon waters. Therefore, an assessmentof potential effects of nutrient enrichment was based on increases in dissolved nutrientconcentrations relative to local background concentrations. Dissolved nitrogen contaminantsare the most likely nutrients to result in enrichment and enhanced algal growths.

The results show that the landfill walls do allow some contaminants to leach through to thesurrounding lagoon or near-shore ocean waters. However, the level of exceedance of waterquality guidelines is low, with generally less than a 5 to 10-fold dilution required to achievethe guideline concentration. These measurements indicate any adverse effects would belocalised and generally limited to 10 to 20 m distance from the landfill walls.

The concentrations of copper was the most common contaminant which exceeded guidelinesat each of the landfills. Betio had the highest concentrations of multiple metals exceedingguidelines, which also had common exceedance at external sites. Nanikai had a consistentexceedance of guidelines for metals and ammonia within the ponds, but more infrequentexceedance at external sites. Spatially, the external exceedances were widely dispersedaround the Betio landfill, but located close to the lagoon area of the Nanikai landfill. Thisindicates that highest leaching rates are likely to be adjacent to ponded wet areas within thelandfill.

Highest metal and ammonia concentrations within the ponds are associated with landfillwater deoxygenation - as indicated by high dissolved iron concentrations. Co-disposal oforganic waste and metal-containing wastes in a wet and porous landfill is highly likely toresult in elevated contaminant concentrations and increased leaching to the environment.This process could be minimised by separate disposal practices for the organic and inorganicrefuse.

Nutrient concentrations were highly elevated in each of the landfills and commonly resultedin marked concentration increases at external monitoring sites. The nutrient leaching is likelyto result in growths of attached algae on the outside of landfill walls and in potential algalblooms in lagoon waters. The aerial photo of Betio landfill (Figure 3-4) shows what appearsto be algal growths on outer edge of walls, which would support the chemical measurementsof high nutrient concentrations in these areas.

Elevated nutrient release from the landfills is likely to be the greatest water quality effect onlagoon areas. Like the metals, co-disposal of organic and inorganic refuge will result inconditions which exacerbates production of undesirable nutrient concentrations.


Generally, the use of porous coral sand walls around the landfills provides an effectivebarrier to the release of large particulate debris and particle-associated toxicants to thelagoon environment. The porous wall results in tidal seawater influx, as evidenced by thehigh salinity measured in this study, and by landfill water level fluctuations measured in otherstudies (Leney et al 2012). However, the quantity of nutrient released from the landfills isunknown be because of the daily tidal exchange process. In order to minimise this tidalexchange and contaminant release, improved design of the wall construction may bedesirable to provide a reduced drainage/exchange capacity.

There may be leakage of material to sub-surface freshwater aquifers in areas adjacent to thelandfills. The concentrations of contaminants measured in the landfills could be used tocompare with drinking water guidelines for livestock and human health consumption.However, such leakage would be associated with increased salinity from the saline landfillwaters, which should be readily detectable in local wells. The risk of local well-waters shouldbe considered as part of public health monitoring of local drinking water wells.


6 ConclusionsThe following conclusions have been established form the landfill monitoring programme:

1. Each of the landfills contains saline water and leaks through the wall to themarine environment with tidal pumping;

2. Concentrations of a range of heavy metal and inorganic toxicants (ammonia)exceed water quality guidelines with the landfills – indicating a potential hazardfrom materials within the landfills;

3. Concentrations of heavy metals and inorganic toxicants exceeded water qualityguidelines on occasions at exterior sites – but only a small dilution is required toreach the ecological effect guidelines;

4. Copper was the major common element to exceed the guidelines to each of thelandfills;

5. No evidence was found of persistent toxicants, such as cadmium or mercury,which may adversely affect food-chains in receiving waters;

6. Any adverse effects associated with leaching of toxicants is likely to berestricted to a limited area (10-20 m) around the landfills;

7. Nutrients leaching from the landfills may be having more widespread effects onthe lagoon environment;

8. A statistical summary of lagoon and near-shore ocean control sites hasestablished expected water quality (nutrient, turbidity) conditions and identifiedhigh variability;

9. Consideration should be given to reducing co-disposal of organic and inorganicwastes – which together deoxygenate landfill waters and result in elevate metaland ammonia concentrations;

10. Consideration should be given to standardising the design and construction ofthe landfill walls to ensure that porosity is minimised in order to reduce tidalpumping of contaminants to the lagoon waters.


7 RecommendationsThe following is recommended for future monitoring:

1. Continued sampling regime for a nutrient suite at same frequency

2. Establish representative sampling sites at more distant lagoon sites to get truebackground concentrations in the receiving waters;

3. Undertake an annual sampling for the extended analysis suite of metals andnutrients in the landfill waters and at selected external sites;

4. Consider the need to assess the mass load of nutrients and metals leakingduring tidal cycles;

5. Review the design and construction guidelines for the landfill walls to determineif an improved low porosity construction is practicable;

6. Review near-by wells to determine whether specific sampling is required forassessment of potential landfill water intrusion.


8 AcknowledgementsWe are grateful for the assistance of Ross Craven, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairsand Trade, for collection and dispatch of samples.


9 ReferencesANZECC (2000). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water

quality. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No. 4, Australianand New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture andResource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra,Australia.

CCME (2012). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life:Nitrate. No. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999. CanadianCouncil of Ministers of Environment, Winnipeg. (http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/). pp.17.

Leney, A; Pulefou, T. Redfern, F. (2012) Landfill construction and leachatemanagement for low-lying coral atols. Presentation to Asia Pacific LandfillsSymposium (APLAS 2012), Bali.


Appendix A Tiered decision tree recommended for use inconjunction with metal guidelines (ANZECC 2000)


Appendix B Analytical methods and detection limitsA summary of methods used and detection limits is as follows:

Table B-1: Analytical methods and detection limits for waters.Parameter Description Detection

LimitElectrical Conductivity(EC) Electrical Conductivity meter, measured at 25°C, APHA

2510B0.01 uS/cm

Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) DRP,NH4-N,NO3-N, flow injection analyser, Quick ChemMethod 31-107-04-1-A

1 g/m3

Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) DRP,NH4-N,NO3-N, flow injection analyser, Quick ChemMethod 31-107-06-1-1-B

1 g/m3

Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) DRP,NH4-N,NO3-N, flow injection analyser, Quick ChemMethod 31-115-01-1-I

1 g/m3

pH measurement(pH) Laboratory pH meter and probe, APHA 4500H 0.1 pH unitsTurbidity(TURB) Turbidimeter rated against Formazin stds, APHA 2130B 0.1 NTUTotal Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) Persulphate digest, auto cadmium reduction, FIA. APHA

4500 N (mod), Quick Chem 31-107-04-1-A10 g/m3

Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) Persulphate digest, molybdenum blue, FIA. APHA 4500 P(mod). Quick Chem 31-115-01-1-I

1 g/m3

Total Nitrogen(TN) Persulphate digest, auto cadmium reduction, FIA. APHA4500 N (mod). Quick Chem 31-107-04-1-A

10 g/m3

Total Phosphorus(TP) Persulphate digest, molybdenum blue FIA. APHA 4500 P(mod). Quick Chem 31-115-01-1-I.

1 g/m3

Total Digestion of Saline Samples Nitric acid digestion. APHA 3030 E 22nd ed. 2012(modified)

-

Filtration for dissolved metals analysis Sample filtration through 0.45 m membrane filter andpreservation with nitric acid. APHA 3030 B 22nd ed. 2012

-

Dissolved Aluminium Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B22nd ed. 2012

0.012 g/m3

Total Aluminium Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125B 22nd ed. 2012

0.013 g/m3

Dissolved Arsenic Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.004 g/m3

Total Arsenic Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0042 g/m3

Dissolved Boron Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B22nd ed. 2012

0.04 g/m3

Total Boron Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125B 22nd ed. 2012

0.042 g/m3

Dissolved Cadmium Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B22nd ed. 2012

0.0002 g/m3

Total Cadmium Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125B 22nd ed. 2012

0.00021 g/m3

Dissolved Chromium Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0010 g/m3

Total Chromium Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0011 g/m3

Dissolved Cobalt Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B22nd ed. 2012

0.0006 g/m3

Total Cobalt Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125B 22nd ed. 2012

0.00063 g/m3

Dissolved Copper Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0010 g/m3

Total Copper Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0011 g/m3

Dissolved Iron Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.004 g/m3

Total Iron Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0042 g/m3

Dissolved Lead Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B 0.0010 g/m3


Parameter Description DetectionLimit

22nd ed. 2012Total Lead Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125

B 22nd ed. 20120.0011 g/m3

Dissolved Manganese Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0010 g/m3

Total Manganese Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0011 g/m3

Dissolved Nickel Filtered sample, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125 B22nd ed. 2012

0.006 g/m3

Total Nickel Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS, ultratrace level. APHA 3125B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0063 g/m3

Dissolved Zinc Filtered sample, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.004 g/m3

Total Zinc Nitric acid digestion, ICP-MS with dynamic reaction cell,ultratrace. APHA 3125 B 22nd ed. 2012

0.0042 g/m3


Table B-2: Analytical methods and detection limits for sediments.Parameter Description Detection Limit

Environmental Solids SamplePreparation

Air dried at 35C and sieved, <2mm fraction. Used forsample preparation. May contain a residual moisturecontent of 2-5%.

-

Heavy metals, trace Arsenic Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<2 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Cadmium Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<0.10 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Chromium Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<4 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Copper Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<2 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Lead Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

0.4 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Mercury Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<0.02 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Nickel Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

2 mg/kg dry wt

Heavy metals, trace Zinc Dried sample, <2mm fraction. Nitric/Hydrochloric aciddigestion, ICP-MS, trace level.

<4 mg/kg dry wt

Total Recoverable digestion Nitric/hydrochloric acid digestion. US EPA 200.2 -


Appendix C Analytical data and report for December 2011sampling


Table C-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for December 2011. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates highconcentration of dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: Bikenibeu BIK Internal site BIK Control siteSample Date: 13 December 2011 BIK INT #1 BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT #5 BIK EXT #3 BIK EXT #2 BIK CON #2 NIWA Code

BR1 BR3 BR4 BR5 BR6 BR2 Lab IDMetals Unit Criteria* BIK-INT BIK-1 BIK-2 BIK-3 BIK-4 BIK-C Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.071 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 0.026 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.016 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.4Total Boron g/m3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.3 3.7Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 0.00025 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0015 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 0.002 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 < 0.0011 0.0012 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.007 0.028 0.029 0.156 0.016 0.009Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.0047 0.129 0.0165 0.0094 0.028 0.0054Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0022 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 0.0013 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0037 0.0016 0.0019Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0019 0.0016 < 0.0011 0.0076Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006 0.008 < 0.006 0.009Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0123 0.027 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 0.007 < 0.004 0.012 < 0.004 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.0042 0.0066 0.0127 < 0.0042 0.0055 < 0.0042Dissolved ReactivePhosphorus(DRP)

mg/m3 <1 16 1 16 <1 <1

Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 10 60 16 60 27 33Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 <1 144 3 339 57 6Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) mg/m3 157 516 185 573 230 681Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 185 590 379 789 359 880Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 14 157 44 441 65 15Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 8 27 7 23 6 4

BIK external sites


Table C-2: Nanikai analytical data for December 2011. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates highconcentration of dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: NanikaiSample Date: 13 December 2011 OCEAN LAGOON

NAN INT #2 NAN INT #4 NAN MAN #1 NAN EXT #5 NAN EXT #4 NAN EXT #3 NAN EXT#2 NAN EXT#1 NAN CON #1 NAN CON #2 NIWA CodeBR16 BR17 BR18 BR19 BR20 BR21 BR22 BR23 BR24 BR25 Lab ID

Metals Unit Criteria* NAN INT 01 NAN INT 02 NAN-MAN NAN-01 NAN-02 NAN-03 NAN-04 NAN-05 NAN-C1 NAN-C2 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.045 0.023 0.07 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.013 < 0.012 0.025 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.089 1.46 0.36 9.8 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.022 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.006 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 0.0136 0.0107 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0044 0.0045 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 2.5 2.5 2.6 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.1Total Boron g/m3 2.8 2.8 2.7 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 0.00068 0.00056 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0035 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0017 0.0171 0.0069 0.0024 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0012 < 0.0011 0.0016 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0011 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 0.00091 0.00157 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0099 0.0021 0.0049 0.0011 0.0013 0.0042 < 0.0010 0.0042 0.0018 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0131 0.065 0.041 0.0016 < 0.0011 0.0013 0.0025 0.0017 0.0015 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.076 0.165 0.27 0.015 0.008 0.044 0.009 0.066 0.034 0.007Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.156 3.9 4.7 0.25 0.03 0.0143 0.0133 < 0.0042 0.038 0.0189Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.001 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.0017 0.084 0.013 0.0014 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 0.029 0.178 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0024 < 0.0010 0.0018 0.0013 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0038 0.072 0.21 0.0029 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.012 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.008 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.0069 0.0159 0.0152 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 0.012 0.055 < 0.004 0.01 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.008 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0101 0.2 1.05 < 0.0042 0.0085 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0047 0.0044 0.0167Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 22 58 800 2 1 1 2 17 6 7Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 99 659 56100 38 23 19 12 82 59 54Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 4590 105 3720 83 13 11 21 9 57 105Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) mg/m3 4870 2090 52100 469 369 311 185 360 390 306Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 5510 2940 65200 689 845 355 243 592 419 376Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 94 382 1760 26 20 21 17 83 31 16Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 27 78 868 11 10 11 11 29 20 10

NAN internal sites NAN external sites NAN Control sites


Table C-3: Betio analytical data for December 2011. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentrationof dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: Betio BET Control siteSample Date: 13 December 2011 BET INT #6 BET INT #3 BET INT #5 BET EXT # 1 BET EXT #5 BET EXT #8 BET EXT #9 BET EXT #11 BET CON #2 NIWA Code

BR7 BR8 BR9 BR10 BR11 BR12 BR13 BR14 BR15 Lab ID

Metals Unit Criteria* BET INT 01 BET INT 02 BET INT 03 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 07 BET EXT 08 BET C 09 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 0.027 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 0.049 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.104 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0043 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 4.0 2.3 1.09 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7Total Boron g/m3 4.0 2.3 1.09 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 0.0018 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0013 0.0023 0.0013 0.0026 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 0.0009 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.00071 0.00095 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0059 < 0.0010 0.0047 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.001 < 0.0010 0.002 0.0023Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0077 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0019 < 0.0011 0.0027 0.0015 0.118 0.0015Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.083 0.37 0.24 0.027 0.009 0.019 0.015 0.013 0.008Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.45 0.45 5.8 0.078 0.0043 0.026 0.065 0.135 0.054Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0014 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0088 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.051 0.174 0.09 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.058 0.183 0.104 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0018 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.01 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.069 < 0.0063 0.0076 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.004 0.006 0.01 0.005 0.006 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0121 < 0.0042 0.0075 0.0067 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0047 0.098 0.0044Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 80 770 46 1 1 1 3 9 4Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 238 10900 3390 30 8 11 8 38 10

Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 <1 519 106 46 15 26 82 302 20Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) mg/m3 4820 11400 6960 209 140 140 196 365 208Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 10500 15300 8120 321 172 185 204 442 226Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 1170 1100 566 33 14 15 31 53 30Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 206 809 139 10 10 9 9 23 12

BET internal sites BET external sites


Figure C-1: Bikenibeu sampling locations December 2011.


Figure C-2: Nanikai sampling locations December 2011.


Figure C-3: Beteo sampling locations December 2011.


Appendix D Analytical data and report for March 2012sampling


Table D-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for March 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentrationof dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati water samples: Bikenibau BIK Control site(collected March 2012) NIWA ID BIK INT #4 BIK INT #5 BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT #5 BIK EXT #3 BIK EXT #2 BIK EXT CON #2 NIWA Code

LAB ID GM11 GM12 GM14 GM15 GM16 GM17 GM13 Lab ID

Unit Criteria* BIK INT 01 BIK INT 02 BIK 01 BIK 02 BIK 03 BIK 04 BIK C Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.013 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012

Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.161 0.6 0.027 0.017 0.045Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.013 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 0.0051 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 3.8 2.8 3.9 3.1 4.2 4.2 3.7Total Boron g/m3 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.2Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00032 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0033 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00074 < 0.00063 0.00064 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010

Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0011 0.0038 < 0.0011 0.0014 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG < 0.004 < 0.004 0.016 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.0165 0.0136 0.28 0.77 0.067 0.05 0.051Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0013 0.0021 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0024 0.0016 0.008 0.0012 0.0011 0.0031 0.0021Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0066 0.005 0.0121 0.027 0.0019 < 0.0011 0.003Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.008 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.0096 0.013 0.0111 0.0144 0.0143 0.0133 0.0114Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.0042 0.0158 0.0051 0.0128 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 2 <1 41 4 3 6 3

Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 9 2 40 8 6 8 6Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 31 10 249 247 120 84 42Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 3 16 72 73 44 42 49Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 294 10 190 18 14 12 21Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 884 582 447 336 291 322 258Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 942 853 582 703 551 798 401Conductivity mS/cm 49.7 52.7 53.6 53.5 53.8 54.4 53.6Salinity % SW 92 98 99 99 100 101 99Turbidity NTU 3.1 1.6 70.4 173 104 23.8 17.8pH pH units 8.47 8.79 7.89 8.22 8.11 8.43 8.28

BIK internal sites BIK External sites


Table D-2: Nanikai analytical data for March 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentration ofdissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: NanikaiCollected March 2012 OCEAN LAGOON

NAN INT#2 NAN INT#6 NAN MAN NAN EXT #9 NAN EXT #8 NAN EXT #6 NAN EXT #3 NAN EXT #1 NAN CON# 8 NAN CON #1 NIWA CodeGM21 GM22 GM30 GM25 GM26 GM27 GM28 GM29 GM23 GM24 Lab ID

Unit Criteria* NAN INT 01 NAN INT 02 NAN MAN NAN EXT 01 NAN EXT 02 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 05 NAN CON 01 NAN CON 02 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.022 < 0.012 0.052 0.015 0.014 0.024 < 0.012 0.016 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.026 0.020 3.1 < 0.013 0.016 < 0.013 0.016 0.112 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 0.014 < 0.004 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.0106 < 0.0042 0.039 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0046 0.0052 < 0.0042 0.0063Dissolved Boron g/m3 3.0 2.8 3.3 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.4Total Boron g/m3 3.2 2.7 3.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.0033 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00023 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00039 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.002 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0052 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.0043 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 0.0178 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0017Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0024 0.0181 0.19 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0068 < 0.0011 0.0017Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.166 < 0.004 0.138 < 0.004 0.004 0.011 0.008 0.017 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.23 0.0171 31 0.078 0.125 0.058 0.081 0.68 0.0106 0.031Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0061 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.056 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0063 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.052 < 0.0010 0.123 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0016 0.0023 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.056 0.0018 0.24 < 0.0011 0.0014 0.0014 0.0017 0.0058 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.009 0.009 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.0142 0.0114 0.042 0.0148 0.0172 0.0178 0.0157 0.0067 0.0146 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.027 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0091 0.0062 5.8 0.016 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.023 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 158 1 462 12 8 8 5 13 19 12Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 212 10 531 14 13 11 8 18 21 12Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 405 17 923 31 38 32 32 318 27 21Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 8 12 35000 18 24 55 265 315 53 25Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 1 <1 291 98 19 7 59 9 161 75Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 1970 1320 39800 386 281 359 702 878 387 356Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 2810 1380 41100 472 410 423 673 1840 294 392Conductivity mS/cm 44.0 40.0 35.0 55.1 52.0 55.1 55.1 54.4 54.3 55.3Salinity % SW 81 74 65 102 96 102 102 101 101 102Turbidity NTU 126 2.7 147 10.5 23.6 19.0 23.0 134 1.6 9.1pH pH units 7.99 9.75 7.75 8.51 8.52 8.46 8.57 8.31 8.26 8.71



Table D-3: Betio analytical data for March 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentration ofdissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: BetioCollected March 2012 BET INT #5 BET INT #4 BET INT #1 BET EXT #1 BET EXT #5 BET EXT #8 BET EXT #7 NIWA ID

GM1 GM2 GM3 GM4 GM5 GM6 GM7 Lab IDUnit Criteria* BET INT 01 BET INT 02 BET INT 03 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 07 Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.026 < 0.012 0.012 < 0.012 0.027Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 0.027 0.075 0.034 0.022 0.035 0.045Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 0.0051 0.0058 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 0.97 1.3 1.08 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9Total Boron g/m3 1.00 1.33 1.41 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.6Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 0.0017 0.0026 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 0.0016 0.0038 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0014 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 0.001 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.00098 0.0013 0.0015 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 0.0034 0.0028 0.0046 0.0018 < 0.0010 < 0.0010

Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0011 0.0057 0.0063 0.0165 0.0029 0.0024 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.5 0.73 0.99 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.019 0.17Total Iron g/m3 NG 8.3 8.2 10 0.149 0.057 0.09 0.192Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.0024 0.0048 0.0074 0.003 0.0012 0.0015 0.0014Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.122 0.073 0.051 0.0035 0.0017 0.0018 0.0133Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.141 0.1 0.113 0.0045 0.0017 0.0093 0.0126Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 0.006 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.011 0.008Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 0.0069 0.0132 0.0102 0.0124 0.0112 0.0186Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.007 0.008 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.0042 0.0151 0.042 0.0173 0.0085 0.0071 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 32 83 149 14 8 7 93Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 85 174 270 18 11 12 118Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 627 574 1710 35 27 39 133Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 2320 673 595 65 26 64 580Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 101 <1 <1 146 132 86 17Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 5330 4180 1810 390 325 387 847Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 5870 4520 11500 362 341 466 1160Conductivity mS/cm 11.6 15.0 16.1 47.4 53.5 53.1 47.4Salinity % SW 21 28 30 88 99 98 88Turbidity NTU 100 58.2 99.0 12.2 9.9 16.7 13.5pH pH units 7.77 8.58 8.47 8.15 8.24 8.19 7.88

BET internal sites BET external sites


Figure D-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites March 2012.


Figure D-2: Nanikai sampling sites March 2012.


Figure D-3: Beteo sampling sites March 2012.


Appendix E Analytical data and report for October 2012sampling


Table E-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for October 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates highconcentration of dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: BikenibauCollected October 2012 BIIK INT#6 BIK INT #4 BIK INT #3 BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT #4 BIK EXT #1 BIK CON #2 BIK CON #1 NIWA Code

RJ1 RJ2 RJ3 RJ4 RJ5 RJ6 RJ7 RJ8 Lab IDUnit Criteria* BIK INT 00 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 02 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 05 BIK CON 06 BIK CON 07 Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 0.066 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 0.032 < 0.013 0.035 0.033 0.031 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 0.005 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.0051 0.0051 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0077Dissolved Boron g/m3 2.7 1.35 1.99 3.5 3.8 2.2 3.9 3.5Total Boron g/m3 3.2 0.71 3.0 3.3 4.3 4.4 4.2 3.5Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00024 < 0.00021 0.00023 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 0.0022 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0018 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0011 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG < 0.004 0.047 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.013 0.007 0.006 0.012Total Iron g/m3 NG < 0.0042 0.089 0.0052 0.029 0.028 0.059 0.040 0.0168Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 0.058 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0016 0.001 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0051 0.024 0.0067 0.003 0.0042 0.007 0.0049 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0082Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.0042 0.0049 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0049Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 3 293 10 12 11 18 <1 3Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 14 74 14 18 17 33 6 2Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 23 754 17 45 30 95 38 36Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 18 174 58 2 56 1 10 11Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 19 90 19 159 113 8 20 11Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 552 3330 607 225 252 177 176 211Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 779 5730 762 261 268 967 396 332Conductivity mS/cm 36.9 18.6 36.3 50.5 51.2 51.3 50.9 51.2Salinity % SW 68 34 67 94 95 95 94 95Turbidity NTU 1.5 19.7 0.7 30.4 18.3 9.7 20.4 23.6pH pH units 8.38 7.61 8.18 7.89 7.94 8.17 8.13 8.13

BIK internal sites BIK external sites BIK Control sites


Table E-2: Nanikai analytical data for October 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentrationof dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: NanikaiCollected October 2012 OCEAN LAGOON OCEAN

NAN INT #3 NAN INT #8 NAN INT #2 NAN MAN #1 NAN EXT #9 NAN EXT #7 NAN EXT #3 NAN EXT #1 NAN EXT #10 NAN CON #3 NAN CON#6 NIWA CodeRJ9 RJ10 RJ11 RJ12 RJ13 RJ14 RJ15 RJ16 RJ17 RJ18 RJ19 Lab ID

Unit Criteria* NAN INT OO NAN INT OA NAN INT 01 NAN MAN 02 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT 07 NAN CON 08 NAN CON 09 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.041 0.24 0.137 0.051 0.023 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.092 0.39 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.019 0.015 0.036 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 0.011 0.144 0.038 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.025 0.143 0.044 0.0059 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0044 < 0.0042 0.0053 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 0.77 0.62 1.52 2.4 3.8 4 2.7 1.82 2.8 2.6 2.4Total Boron g/m3 1.41 0.66 1.47 2.1 4.3 3.2 1.9 4.2 3.8 1.67 2.5Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.00021 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 0.0006 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00022 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0027 0.0187 0.015 0.0018 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0059 0.021 0.0155 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 0.004 < 0.00063 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 0.004 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 0.029 0.0017 0.0012 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0015 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0046 0.047 0.0075 0.0113 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.088 10 0.24 0.26 0.063 0.058 0.041 0.069 0.011 0.006 0.005Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.76 13.8 1.59 1.47 0.079 0.047 0.046 0.184 0.0147 < 0.0042 0.0145Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 0.0139 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 0.021 0.0021 0.0028 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.07 0.056 0.22 0.053 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0025 0.001 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.143 0.078 0.21 0.045 0.0019 0.002 0.0031 0.006 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 0.023 < 0.0063 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.0084 0.021 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 0.24 0.0043 0.029 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.008 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.008 0.36 0.021 0.47 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0074 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 1700 352 3000 188 62 41 68 12 17 2 6Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 1760 1360 3290 202 74 48 69 14 22 1 11Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 2670 2630 4980 321 77 55 73 20 29 13 22Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 7620 6710 16100 11500 200 169 485 445 129 40 26Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 17 <1 <1 931 29 15 42 115 21 5 24Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 10700 25500 17400 13900 335 307 591 619 271 214 214Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 14700 36200 23200 14400 313 319 672 639 317 838 387Conductivity mS/cm 18.8 3.3 18.3 28.3 50.3 50.5 49.8 49.9 51.4 52 51.6Salinity % SW 35 6 34 52 93 94 92 92 95 96 96Turbidity NTU 111 212 109 98.7 0.6 1.9 10.7 1.6 2.5 3.8 4.8pH pH units 7.57 8.15 7.1 7.31 7.69 7.8 7.69 7.84 8.22 8.4 8.34

NAN Control sitesNAN internal sites NAN external sites


Table E-3: Betio analytical data for October 2012. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentration ofdissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: Betio BET internal siteCollected October 2012 BET INT #2 BET EXT #1 BET EXT #2 BET EXT #4 BET EXT #7 BET EXT #9 BET EXT #11 BET CON #3 BET CON #8 NIWA Code

RJ20 RJ21 RJ22 RJ23 RJ24 RJ25 RJ26 RJ27 RJ28 Lab IDUnit Criteria* BET INT 00 BET EXT 01 BET EXT 02 BET EXT 03 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 06 BET CON 07 BET CON 08 Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.045 < 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.017 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.073 0.017 0.019 0.027 0.027 0.028 0.021 0.024 0.03Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 0.0137 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.0166 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0065 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 1.34 3.2 4.0 3.9 4.1 2.5 2.6 4.1 4Total Boron g/m3 1.29 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.3 2.6 4.8 4.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 0.00023 0.00034 < 0.00021 0.00034 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.012 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0117 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0066 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0065 < 0.0010 0.003 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0021 0.0032Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0135 < 0.0011 0.003 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.003 0.0048Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 8.2 0.24 0.008 0.193 0.103 0.091 0.26 0.009 < 0.004Total Iron g/m3 NG 15.6 0.31 0.0196 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.34 0.103 0.063Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.0049 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.016 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0025Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.174 0.0018 < 0.0010 0.0056 0.0037 0.0019 0.0077 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.179 0.0035 0.0022 0.0088 0.0058 0.0049 0.0097 0.0017 0.0041Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.021 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.0168 < 0.0063 0.0073 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0073Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.029 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.115 < 0.0042 0.0054 < 0.0042 0.0053 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0062Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 439 41 22 31 8 32 34 7 3Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 752 56 31 41 21 41 47 11 8Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 3050 53 33 51 43 46 59 24 28Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 118000 6360 131 1810 2070 3540 448 82 10Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 <1 20 396 133 16 27 11 22 28Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 135000 5910 521 2180 1950 3980 636 268 147Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 144000 5950 552 2370 2040 4610 658 287 199Conductivity mS/cm 9.7 46.7 51.3 49.5 50.5 48.8 44.3 52.2 51.9Salinity % SW 18 86 95 92 94 90 82 97 96Turbidity NTU 139 1.2 2.5 3.9 10.2 2.8 2 11.8 20pH pH units 7.91 7.68 7.89 7.78 7.91 7.69 7.74 8.1 8.31

BET external sites BET Control sites


Figure E-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites October 2012.


Figure E-2: Nanikai sampling sites October 2012.


Figure E-3: Beteo sampling sites October 2012.


Appendix F Analytical data and report for March 2013sampling


Table F-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for March 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentrationof dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: BikenibauCollected March 2013 BIK INT #6 BIK INT #4 BIK INT #3 BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT #4 BIK EXT #1 ? BIK CON#1 ? NIWA Code

BL1 BL2 BL3 BL4 BL5 BL6 BL7 BL8 BL9 LAB IDUnit Criteria* BIK INT 00 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 02 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 05 BIK EXT 06 BIK CON 07 BIK CON 08 Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.072 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.070 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.0067 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0057 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 1.31 3.0 1.09 3.8 3.8 3.6 2.6Total Boron g/m3 1.93 3.2 0.59 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.0Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.00021 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00024 0.00022 < 0.00021 0.00035 0.00026Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0063 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.026 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0013 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0007 < 0.0006 < 0.00063 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0056 < 0.0011 0.0019 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG < 0.004 0.005 0.28 0.007 < 0.004 0.008 < 0.004Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.0124 0.0087 0.58 0.0173 0.029 0.026 0.0173 0.0142 < 0.0042Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 <0.0011 <0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 0.0024 0.133 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0026 0.0041 0.064 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 <0.0011 <0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.0063 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0102 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0162 <0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.0042 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0074 < 0.0042 0.0079 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0139 <0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 2 1 2370 12 1 <1 <1 <1 <1Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 22 14 2710 15 5 9 7 4 5Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 29 33 3340 23 45 14 34 11 17Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 47 67 14700 36 29 20 99 27 23Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 10 10 317 172 628 11 42 26 13Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 1440 1190 19000 294 801 115 308 168 158Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 1790 1960 19100 316 335 336 431 229 130Conductivity mS/cm 39.5 39.2 10.9 52.1 53.1 52.3 52.5 53.2 27.5Salinity % SW 73 73 20 96 98 97 97 99 51Turbidity NTU 2.5 3.9 44.2 13.5 45.1 4.7 40.8 12.5 10.9pH pH units 8.72 8.7 8.15 7.91 8.05 8.19 8.13 8.16 8.53

BIK internal sites BIK external sites BIK Control Sites


Table F-2: Nanikai analytical data for March 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentration ofdissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: Nanikai

Collected March 2013 OCEAN LAGOON OCEAN

NAN INT #8 NAN INT #3 NAN INT #2 NAN MAN NAN EXT#9 NAN EXT #7 NAN EXT #3 NAN EXT #1 NAN EXT #11 NAN CON #8 NAN CON #6 NIWA CodeNAN INT 0A NAN INT 00 NAN INT 01 NAN MAN 02 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT 07 NAN EXT 08 NAN EXT 09 Sampler ID

Unit Criteria* BL18 BL19 BL20 BL21 BL22 BL23 BL24 BL25 BL26 BL27 BL28 Lab IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.3 < 0.012 0.055 0.071 0.013 0.032 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.017 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.92 < 0.013 0.04 0.48 0.031 0.042 0.021 0.023 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 0.039 < 0.004 0.0071 0.0069 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.045 < 0.0042 0.0076 0.0089 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 1.32 1.54 1.80 2.5 2.3 3.7 3.6 1.82 3.7 3.8 3.5Total Boron g/m3 1.26 2.10 1.78 2.3 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.0002 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 0.00084 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00084 0.00024 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00025 0.00039 0.00029Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.030 < 0.0010 0.0047 0.0038 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.035 < 0.0011 0.028 0.0053 0.0015 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0014 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0083 < 0.0006 0.0008 0.00105 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 < 0.0006 0.0009 0.0009 0.001Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0094 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00136 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0158 0.0074 0.0020 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.047 0.0145 0.0152 0.036 0.0028 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0018 0.039 < 0.0011 0.0026Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 12.5 0.008 0.75 0.4 0.019 0.015 0.013 0.024 0.005 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Iron g/m3 NG 16.9 0.0141 1.49 4.6 0.150 0.117 0.036 0.162 0.0163 0.0197 0.174Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.0124 < 0.0010 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.032 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0113 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0012 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.063 0.0011 0.23 0.060 < 0.0010 0.0015 < 0.0010 0.0031 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.100 0.0012 0.22 0.068 0.0026 0.0022 0.0021 0.0048 0.0016 < 0.0011 0.0012Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.049 < 0.006 0.0074 0.0082 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.058 < 0.0063 0.0083 0.0104 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0093 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.111 0.004 0.0071 0.026 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.36 0.0057 0.026 1.51 0.0082 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0112 0.024 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 704 <1 1170 405 19 20 8 36 28 1 3Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 2150 12 1810 734 28 22 9 45 38 5 10Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 3240 19 1940 964 94 130 19 495 38 35 28Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 5000 23 5790 20800 21 22 1520 337 29 31 6Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 <1 26 292 647 371 26 11 127 4 186 <1Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 33100 900 8760 25800 544 219 1960 767 107 269 422Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 41900 997 9010 27900 704 600 4050 1710 191 287 780Conductivity mS/cm 6.8 25.8 21.5 21.6 53.7 52.2 51.9 53.6 53.9 38.2 54.7Salinity % SW 13 48 40 40 99 97 96 99 100 71 101Turbidity NTU 103 5.1 21.4 216 65 68.1 9.6 384 3.8 26.4 5.3pH pH units 8.43 8.41 8.39 7.69 8.27 8.26 8.21 8.05 8.28 8.82 9.37

NAN internal sites NAN External sites NAN Control sites


Table F-3: Betio analytical data for March 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentration ofdissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: BetioCollected March 2013 BET EXT #1 BET EXT #2 BET EXT #3 BET EXT #7 BIK EXT #9 BIK EXT #11 BIK CON #3 BIK CON #1 NIWA Code

BL10 BL11 BL12 BL13 BL14 BL15 BL16 BL17 Lab IDUnit Criteria* BET EXT 01 BET EXT 02 BET EXT 03 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 07 BET EXT 08 Sampler ID

Dissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.031 < 0.012 0.013 0.014 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.018 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 3.4 3.7 2.2 3.6 3.5 2.7 3.8 3.8Total Boron g/m3 4.1 4 3.9 4 3.8 1.67 4.1 4.2Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 0.00024 0.00036 0.00026 0.00024 0.00024 < 0.00021 0.00023 0.00028Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0024 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.001 0.0009 < 0.0006 0.0008 0.0007 0.0008 0.001 0.001Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0026 0.005 0.0013 < 0.0010 0.0015 < 0.0010 0.0011 0.0027Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0029 0.0058 0.0036 < 0.0011 0.0039 < 0.0011 0.0014 0.0028Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.067 0.031 0.033 0.049 0.09 0.35 0.02 0.05Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.28 0.157 0.22 0.28 0.23 0.29 0.034 0.059Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0014 0.0016 0.0039 0.003 0.0055 0.0168 < 0.0010 0.0033Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0034 0.0024 0.0077 0.0037 0.0073 0.0096 < 0.0011 0.0021Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.011 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0139 < 0.0063 0.0064 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0063 < 0.0042 0.0079 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0061 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 5 9 35 17 28 64 9 9Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 15 13 44 33 58 85 12 10Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 27 13 53 35 59 106 16 11

Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 1180 315 577 2410 2460 430 30 41

Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 68 51 76 114 13 30 79 59

Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 2410 602 950 2800 3060 658 281 294Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 2550 666 1280 4290 2650 686 281 276Conductivity mS/cm 50.6 52.9 51.6 49.9 40.6 27.2 53.9 55Salinity % SW 94 98 96 92 75 50 100 102Turbidity NTU 9.2 2.1 14.4 8.1 12.5 9.7 13.8 4.3pH pH units 8.02 8.34 7.94 7.98 7.8 7.77 8.25 8.43



Figure F-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites March 2013.


Figure F-2: Nanikai sampling sites March 2013.


Figure F-3: Betio sampling sites March 2013.


Appendix G Analytical data and report for November 2013sampling


Table G-1: Bikenibeu analytical data for November 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates highconcentration of dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.

Kiribati Water Samples: Bikenibau(samples collected November 2013) BIK INT #6 BIK INT #4 BIK INT #1 BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT #1 BIK EXT #4 BIK EXT #2 BIK CON #1 BIK CON #2 NIWA Code

KO23 KO24 KO25 KO26 KO27 KO28 KO29 KO30 KO31 Lab IDMetals Unit Criteria* BIK INT 00 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 02 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 05 BIK EXT 06 BIK CON 07 EXT BIK CON 08 EXT Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.152 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.013 0.013 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.31 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.018 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.009 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0086 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 2.4 3.4 1.53 2.7 3.3 3.4 4.5 2.8 4.6Total Boron g/m3 3.1 2.9 1.99 4.1 3.1 3.5 4.5 4.3 4.2Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0106 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0142 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0008 0.001 0.0013 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0011 0.0008 0.0009Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00136 0.0008 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00107 0.00098 0.001Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0014 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0037 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.014 0.008 0.23 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.012 0.011 0.016Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.0155 0.012 0.94 0.035 0.0178 0.0065 0.03 0.0042 0.0184Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 0.0016 0.158 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0046 0.0039 0.27 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.01 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.008 < 0.006 0.01Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0075 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0073 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.006 < 0.004 0.052 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.033 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 1 7 3410 10 <1 <1 37 2 3Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 8 16 3770 23 9 10 39 9 12Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 27 26 4130 61 19 18 42 15 26Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 65 59 32800 93 18 3 300 11 32Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 12 9 297 130 1190 371 19 112 140Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 1360 1270 51000 373 1250 484 456 208 224Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 1750 1630 54800 483 297 541 486 244 289Conductivity mS/cm 38.4 41.8 22.7 39.9 35.6 44 53.5 54.2 53.8Salinity % SW 71 77 42 74 66 81 99 100 100Turbidity NTUpH pH units 8.64 8.8 7.23 8.2 8.31 8.24 8.23 8.37 8.21

BIK internal sites BIK external sites BIK Control sites


Table G-2: Nanikai analytical data for November 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates highconcentration of dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati Water Samples: Nanikai(samples collected November 2013) LAGOON OCEAN

NAN INT #2 NAN INT #3 NAN INT #7 NAN MAN NAN EXT #9 NAN EXT #8 NAN EXT #5 NAN EXT #1 NAN CON #2 NAN CON #7 NIWA CodeKO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KO8 KO9 KO10 Lab ID

Metals Unit Criteria* NAN INT 01 NAN INT 02 NAN HAZ 03 NAN MAN 04 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT07 NAN EXT 08 NAN CON 09 NAN CON 10 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.06 < 0.012 0.015 0.101 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 0.096 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.066 < 0.013 0.016 0.21 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 0.006 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.0056 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0057 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.4 5.0 4.7 3.3 3.7 3.2 4.2Total Boron g/m3 2.4 1.98 3.4 2.3 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 5.1 5.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00057 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0037 < 0.0010 0.19 0.0042 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0043 < 0.0011 0.25 0.0046 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0013 0.0019 0.0008 < 0.0006 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.00076 < 0.00063 0.00071 0.00194 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00078 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.002 0.0032 0.0125 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.001 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0049 0.0025 0.0169 0.028 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.35 0.034 0.074 0.92 0.009 0.013 < 0.004 0.006 < 0.004 0.007Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.53 0.064 0.144 5.9 0.0104 0.0164 0.0178 0.0144 0.0174 0.0171Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0052 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.111 0.0159 0.0125 0.068 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.125 0.0128 0.037 0.076 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0071 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.007 < 0.004 0.014 0.056 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0045 < 0.0042 0.025 0.89 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 1470 <1 <1 234 2 1 6 2 2 14Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 1531 11 9 280 14 12 17 9 7 20Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 1660 24 27 363 21 24 41 25 24 62Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 11100 56 7 26000 20 25 68 42 23 9Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 28 76 258 179 12 13 24 12 7 6Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 15900 1700 1230 33800 203 252 451 260 223 198Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 17500 1780 1490 36900 301 375 561 404 319 363Conductivity mS/cm 26.9 33.4 41.2 19.9 54.1 54.1 54.3 54 54 53.4Salinity % SW 50 62 76 37 100 100 101 100 100 99Turbidity NTUpH pH units 8.2 7.73 8.02 7.17 8.21 8.34 8.33 8.2 8.36 8.45



Table G-3: Betio analytical data for November 2013. Bold white face indicates exceedance of water quality guideline. Red highlight indicates high concentrationof dissolved nutrients (including dissolved iron) relative to local control site – low threshold >5-10x, bold italic, >10x.Kiribati water samples: Betio(samples collected November 2013) BET EXT #1 BET EXT #2 BET EXT #3 BET EXT #4 BET EXT #5 BET EXT #6 BET EXT #7 BET EXT #8 BET EXT #9 BET EXT #10 BET CON # 11 BET CON #14 NIWA Code

KO11 KO12 KO13 KO14 KO15 KO16 KO17 KO18 KO19 KO20 KO21 KO22 Lab IDMetals Unit Criteria* BET EXT 01 BET EXT 02 BET EXT 03 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 07 BET EXT 08 BET EXT 09 BET EXT 10 BET CON 11 BET CON12 Sampler IDDissolved Aluminium g/m3 0.048 0.015 0.019 0.016 0.013 < 0.012 0.036 0.015 0.018 0.016 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 0.084 0.033 0.014 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 0.024 0.013 0.016 < 0.013 0.015 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 2.1 4.9 2.7 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 2.1 3.2 3.4 4.2Total Boron g/m3 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.0 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.1 3.9 5.2 4.9Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 0.00048 0.00025 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00029 < 0.00021 0.00021Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0082 0.0012 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 0.0008 < 0.0006 0.0008 0.0009 0.0007 0.0011 0.0009 < 0.0006 0.0009 0.0009 0.001Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 0.00107 0.00112 0.00088 0.00075 0.00099 0.00102 0.00096 0.00101 0.00084 0.00086 0.00109 0.00098Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0022 0.0021 0.0012 0.0013 0.0024 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0024 0.0013 0.002 0.0015Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.015 0.0088 < 0.0011 0.0027 0.0034 0.0014 0.0018 0.0017 0.0019 0.0031 0.0037 0.0052Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.004 0.036 0.185 0.032 < 0.004 0.035 0.051 0.132 0.054 0.34 0.017 0.084Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.126 0.177 0.25 0.124 0.095 0.082 0.16 0.24 0.36 0.47 0.023 0.109Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 0.0024 0.0023 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0026 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0010 0.0022 0.0041 0.0025 < 0.0010 0.0017 0.0024 0.0045 0.0056 0.0163 0.0016 0.0021Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0033 0.0034 0.0049 0.002 0.0024 0.0023 0.0028 0.0046 0.0116 0.0185 < 0.0011 0.0023Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.012 0.008 0.017 0.012 0.012 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.009Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.007 < 0.004 0.011 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.01 < 0.004 0.009Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0176 0.0046 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0075 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 43 33 52 14 44 8 53 70 59 60 12 16Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 41 33 63 18 43 12 65 74 63 84 16 19Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 45 72 72 33 47 27 72 83 79 98 24 44Ammonia Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 <1 24 5300 938 311 65 4240 2430 638 535 7 48Nitrate + Nitrite(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 522 98 7 39 27 3 74 81 27 70 50 19Total Dissolved Nitrogen(TDN) mg/m3 630 245 5690 1210 468 287 4760 3230 960 1600 204 254Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 630 305 6510 1460 484 394 4750 3410 990 1700 196 341Conductivity mS/cm 54.1 53.8 47.9 52.1 53 54.7 51.1 50.7 48.2 42 53.6 52.3Salinity % SW 100 100 89 96 98 101 95 94 89 78 99 97Turbidity NTUpH pH units 8.05 8.04 7.68 8.2 8.04 8.45 7.83 7.85 7.99 7.68 8.06 8.22



Figure G-1: Bikenibeu sampling sites November 2013.


Figure G-2: Nanikai sampling sites November 2013.


Figure G-3: Betio sampling sites November 2013.


Appendix H Site codes for landfill samplingNIWA site codes and field site codes for landfill samplings.

Table H-1: Bikenibeu site codes.

NIWA sitereferenceBikenibeu Dec-11 Mar-12 Oct-12 Mar-13 Nov-13BIK INT #1 BIK INT BIK INT 02BIK INT #2BIK INT #3 BIK INT 02 BIK INT 02BIK INT #4 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 01 BIK INT 01BIK INT #5 BIK INT 02BIK INT #6 BIK INT 00 BIK INT 00 BIK INT 00

BIK EXT #1 BIK EXT 05 BIK EXT 05 BIK EXT 04BIK EXT #2 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 02 BIK EXT 06BIK EXT #3 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 03BIK EXT #4 BIK EXT 04 BIK EXT 05BIK EXT #5 BIK EXT 02 BIK EXT 02BIK EXT #6 BIK EXT 01 BIK EXT 01 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 03 BIK EXT 03BIK EXT #9 BIK EXT 05BIK EXT 11 BIK EXT 06BIK CON #1 BIK CON 07 BIK CON 07 BIK CON 07BIK CON #2 BIK C BIK CON 06 BIK CON 08

Sampler ID


Table H-2: Nanikai site codes.

NIWA sitereferenceNanikai Dec-11 Mar-12 Oct-12 Mar-13 Nov-13NAN INT #1NAN INT #2 NAN INT 01 NAN INT 01 NAN INT 01 NAN INT 01 NAN INT 01NAN INT #3 NAN INT 00 NAN INT 00 NAN INT 00NAN INT #4 NAN INT 02NAN INT #5NAN INT #6 NAN INT 02NAN INT #7 NAN HAZ 03NAN INT #8 NAN INT OA

NAN MAN #1 NAN MAN NAN MAN NAN MAN NAN MAN NAN MAN

NAN EXT 01 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT 08NAN EXT 02 NAN EXT 04NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 05NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 02NAN EXT 05 NAN EXT 01 NAN EXT 07 NAN EXT 07NAN EXT 06 NAN EXT 03NAN EXT 07 NAN EXT 04 NAN EXT 04NAN EXT 08 NAN EXT 02 NAN EXT 06NAN EXT 09 NAN EXT 01 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 03 NAN EXT 05NAN EXT 10 NAN EXT 07

NAN CON #1 NAN CON 02NAN CON #2 NAN C2 NAN CON 08 NAN CON 09NAN CON #3NAN CON #4NAN CON #5NAN CON #6 NAN C1 NAN CON 09 NAN CON 09NAN CON #7 NAN CON 10NAN CON #8 NAN CON 01 NAN CON 08Bold indicates "Ocean" site for Controls

Sampler ID


Table H-3: Betio site codes.

NIWA sitereferenceBetio Dec-11 Mar-12 Oct-12 Mar-13 Nov-13BET INT #1BET INT #2 BET INT 02BET INT #3 BET INT 02 BET INT 03BET INT #4 BET INT 02BET INT #5 BET INT 03 BET INT 01BET INT #6 BET INT 01

BET EXT #1 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 01 BET EXT 01 BET EXT 01BET EXT #2 BET EXT 02 BET EXT 02 BET EXT 02BET EXT #3 BET EXT 03 BET EXT 03BET EXT #4 BET EXT 03 BET EXT 04BET EXT #5 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 05BET EXT #6 BET EXT 06BET EXT #7 BET EXT 07 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 04 BET EXT 07BET EXT #8 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 08BET EXT #9 BET EXT 07 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 05 BET EXT 09BET EXT #10 BET EXT 10BET EXT #11 BET EXT 08 BET EXT 06 BET EXT 06

BET CON #1 BET EXT 08BET CON #2 BET C09 BET CON 07BET CON #3 BET EXT 07BET CON #4BET CON #5BET CON #6BET CON #7BET CON #8 BET CON 08BET CON #9BET CON #10BET CON #11 BET CON 11BET CON #12BET CON #13BET CON #14 BET CON 12

Sampler ID


Nanikai: Control site summary

Site OCEAN LAGOON OCEAN LAGOON LAGOON OCEAN LAGOON OCEAN LAGOON OCEANNIWA reference NAN CON #1 NAN CON #2 NAN CON# 8 NAN CON #1 NAN CON #3 NAN CON#6 NAN CON #8 NAN CON #6 NAN CON #2 NAN CON #7NIWA lab ID BR24 BR25 GM23 GM24 RJ18 RJ19 BL27 BL28 KO9 KO10Metals Unit Criteria* NAN-C1 NAN-C2 NAN CON 01 NAN CON 02 NAN CON 08 NAN CON 09 NAN EXT 08 NAN EXT 09 NAN CON 09 NAN CON 10 Mean Min Max Mean Min MaxDissolved Aluminium g/m3 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012 < 0.012Total Aluminium g/m3 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013 < 0.013Dissolved Arsenic g/m3 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Arsenic g/m3 0.0045 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0063 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0063 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042Dissolved Boron g/m3 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.4 2.6 2.4 3.8 3.5 3.2 4.2 3.6 2.6 4.4 3.7 2.4 4.2Total Boron g/m3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 1.67 2.5 4.2 4.1 5.1 5.1 3.9 1.7 5.1 4.0 2.5 5.1Dissolved Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0002Total Cadmium g/m3 0.0007 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00039 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00039 0.00029 < 0.00021 < 0.00021 0.00039 0.00039 0.00039 0.00034 0.00029 0.00039Dissolved Chromium g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Chromium g/m3 0.0044 0.0016 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011Dissolved Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0009 0.001 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0009 < 0.0006 < 0.0006 0.0010Total Cobalt g/m3 0.001 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00078 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 0.00078 < 0.00063 < 0.00063 < 0.00063Dissolved Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0018 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0017 0.0015 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0017 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0018Total Copper g/m3 0.0013 0.0015 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0026 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0017 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0026Dissolved Iron g/m3 NG 0.034 0.007 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.006 0.005 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 0.007 0.0065 < 0.004 0.007 0.015 < 0.004 0.034Total Iron g/m3 NG 0.038 0.0189 0.0106 0.031 < 0.0042 0.0145 0.0197 0.174 0.0174 0.0171 0.022 < 0.0042 0.031 0.051 0.011 0.174Dissolved Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Total Lead g/m3 0.0044 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010Dissolved Manganese g/m3 0.14 0.0013 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 < 0.0010 0.0013Total Manganese g/m3 0.14 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0012 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 < 0.0011 0.0012Dissolved Nickel g/m3 0.007 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 < 0.006 0.006Total Nickel g/m3 0.007 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0146 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 < 0.0063 0.0146Dissolved Zinc g/m3 0.015 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004 < 0.004Total Zinc g/m3 0.015 0.0044 0.0167 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 < 0.0042 0.0044Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus(DRP) mg/m3 6 7 19 12 2 6 1 3 2 14 4.8 1 12 9.6 3 19Ammonium Nitrogen(NH4-N) mg/m3 910 59 54 21 12 1 11 5 10 7 20 15.8 1 54 24.2 10 59Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen(NO3-N) mg/m3 45000 57 105 27 21 13 22 35 28 24 62 39.6 13 105 39.2 22 62Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) mg/m3 390 306 53 25 40 26 31 6 23 9 85 23 306 97 6.0 390Total Nitrogen(TN) mg/m3 419 376 161 75 5 24 186 <1 7 6 130 5.0 376 153 6.0 419Total Phosphorus(TP) mg/m3 31 16 387 356 214 214 269 422 223 198 216 16 356 250 31 422Total Dissolved Phosphorus(TDP) mg/m3 20 10 294 392 838 387 287 780 319 363 369 10 838 369 20 780Conductivity mS/cm 54.3 55.3 52 51.6 38.2 54.7 54 53.4 50 38 55 54 52 55Salinity % SW 101 102 96 96 71 101 100 99 92 71 102 99 96 101Turbidity NTU 1.6 9.1 3.8 4.8 26.4 5.3 13 3.8 26 3.9 1.6 5.3pH pH units 8.26 8.71 8.4 8.34 8.82 9.37 8.36 8.45 8.57 8.36 8.82 8.61 8.26 9.37

Lagoon OceanSummary Statistics

NAN Control sites: Dec2011

NAN Control sites: Mar2012

NAN Control sites: Oct2012

NAN Control sites: Mar2013

NAN Control sites: Nov2013

Appendix I Monitoring data and summary statistics for Nanikai lagoon and oceancontrol sitesTable I-1: Control site data and summary statistics for Nanikai. Bold indicates exceedance of water quality guideline

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