7. Practical Manual PP-II

Practical Manual

PLANT PROTECTION - II

AJI C. S.

Vocational Teacher in Agriculture

GVHSS, Pallarimangalam, Ernakulam

PLANT PROTECTION-II

PRACTICAL MANUAL FOR SECOND YEAR PLANT PROTECTION

Prepared by,

AJI C. S.

Vocational Teacher in Agriculture

Govt. VHSS, Pallarimangalam, Ernakulam

9446805972, [email protected]

“ANY SMALL AIM IS A CRIME;

YOU SHOULD IMBUE AN INDOMITABLE

SPIRIT TO CHASE GREAT AMBITIONS”

- Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

CONTENTS

Sl.

No Name of the Exercise Page No. Date

1 Classification of important pests affecting crops 1 - 2

2 General characters of insect pests 3

3 Familiarisation with major insect groups and mouthparts 4 - 8

4 Collection and preservation of insects 9 -11

5 Familiarisation with common insecticidal formulations 12 - 13

6 Preparation of labels for pesticides 14

7 Calculation and preparation of insecticide solutions for field application 15 - 16

8 Precautions to be followed while handling pesticides 16 - 18

9 Insecticides of plant origin (Botanicals) 18 - 20

10 Familiarisation with important insect bio-control agents 21 - 23

11 Familiarisation with rearing or mass multiplication of a primary predator 23 - 24

12 Familiarisation with rearing or mass multiplication of an egg parasitoid 24 - 25

13 Insect Pests of Rice 26 - 27

14 Insect Pests of Coconut 28

15 Insect Pests of Banana 29

16 Insect Pests of Pepper 30

17 Insect Pest of Arecanut 30 - 31

18 Insect Pests of Mango 31

19 Insect Pests of Cashew 32

20 Insect Pests of Tuber crops 32 - 33

21 Insect Pests of Vegetables 33 - 36

22 Insect Pests of Spices 37

23 Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants 38

24 Familiarisation with non-insect pests of crops 39 - 40

25 Non-insect pests of major crops of Kerala 41 - 42

26 Familiarisation with rodent control methods 42 - 43

27 Pests of stored products 44

28 Important disease causing organisms and disease symptoms 45 - 46

29 Familiarisation with common fungicides and formulations 47 - 48

30 Calculation and preparation of fungicide solutions for field application 49

31 Preparation and field application of Bordeaux mixture 50

32 Preparation and field application of Bordeaux Paste 51

33 Preparation and field application of Cheshund compound 52

34 Field application of Trichoderma & Psueodomonas 52 - 53

35 Soil Solarization 54

36 Diseases of Rice 55

37 Diseases of Coconut 56

38 Diseases of Banana 57

39 Diseases of Rubber 58

40 Diseases of Cashew 59

41 Diseases of Arecanut 59

42 Diseases of Mango 60

43 Diseases of Pepper 61

44 Diseases of other Spices 62

45 Diseases of Vegetables 63 - 65

46 Disease of Tapioca 65

47 Diseases of Ornamental plants 66

48 Identification and classification of common weeds of Kerala 67 - 68

49 Familiarsation with herbicides and calculations 68 - 69

50 Biological control of weeds 70

51 Familiarisation with Plant Protection equipments and their maintenance 71 - 75

52 Visit to Agricultural Research Stations 76

53 Visit to Krishibhavan 77

Appendix

1. Pest and disease identification chart for vegetables

2. Common botanical Insecticides

3. Model practical question paper

Exercise No: 1

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTANT PESTS AFFECTING CROPS

Aim - To familiarise with different types of pests and classify them in to different groups

Materials required - Specimens, charts, CDs etc

Procedure - collect and observe various pest affecting agricultural crops and classify them in

to different groups.

“Pest has been defined as any organism detrimental to man and his property in causing

damages significant of economic importance”.

1. Insect pests

Insect are tracheate arthropods with distinct head, thorax, and abdomen, single pair

of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, three pairs of walking legs confined to the thorax and

two pair of wings.

• Beetles, weevils

• Caterpillars (Moths & Butterflies)

• Bugs, Aphids, Whiteflies, Mealy bugs

• flies

• Grass hoppers, Crickets

• Stored grain pests etc.

2. Non-insect pests

Considerable losses to the food grains due to the attack of pest takes place every

year. Besides the insect pest there are large numbers of non-insect pest attacking crop

plants. This includes

• Rats

• Mites

• Nematodes

• Slugs & Snails

• Birds

3. Diseases

Diseased plants are distinguished by changes in their morphological structures or

physiological processes which are brought about by unfavourable environment or by

parasitic agencies. Different types of pathogens are causing diseases in plants.

• Fungal diseases

• Bacterial diseases

• Viral diseases

• Mycoplasmal / Phytoplasmal diseases

• Physiological disorders

1

4. Flowering parasites

These are parasitic in nature and reduce the yield and vitality of crop plants.

• Striga, Orobanchae, Cuscuta, Loranthes

5. Weeds

Weed is a plant grown in a place where it is not required. Weed is an unwanted and

uncultivated plant, they reduce crop yield and contaminate the produce and act as alternate

host of many pests and diseases.

• Dicot weeds

• Monocot weeds

• Annuals weeds

• Perennial weeds

• Aquatic weeds

• Upland weeds

• Others

Classification of pest based on the extent of damage

1. Major Pest - cause a yield loss of more than 10% (>10%)

2. Minor Pest - 5 - 10% yield loss

3. Negligible Pest - a loss of less than 5% of yield (<5%)

2

Exercise No: 2

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF AN INSECT

Aim - To study general characters of an insect

Materials required - Specimens, chart, reference books, CDs etc

Procedure - Collect and observe insects for its general characters. Prepare neat sketches to

practical record.

Insects are coming under the phylum Arthropoda. Insects belong to the class Insecta

or Haxapoda and divided in to many orders. Body divided in to head, thorax and abdomen.

Three pairs of legs present. Two pair of wings attach to thorax, one on prothorax and other

on metathorax. Chitinous exoskeleton present. Head contains a pair of antennae, pair of

compound eyes and mouth parts. Thorax consist three segments ie prothorax, mesothorax

and metathorax. A pair of legs attached to each thorax. Abdomen consists of eleven

segments. Excretory organ is malphigian tubule and breathing system is tracheae.

Details of the characters of insects are listed here,

1. Body divided in to head, thorax and abdomen

2. Three pairs of legs

3. Two pair of wings attach to thorax, one on pro-thorax and other on meta-thorax

4. Chitinous exoskeleton

5. Head contain a pair of antennae, pair of compound eyes and mouth parts

6. Thorax consist three segments ie prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. A pair

of legs attached to each thorax

7. Excretory organ is malphigian tubule

8. Breathing system is tracheae

3

Exercise No: 3

FAMILIARISATION WITH MAJOR INSECT GROUPS & MOUTHPARTS

1. Identification of different groups of insects

Aim : To identify different insect groups

Materials required: Specimens, Diagrams, Photographs, Class notes, CDs

Procedure: Collect and observe various insects, analyze the characters, identify the groups

to which they belong and record relevant information.

Insects are grouped in to different groups based on their morphological characters

and important groups are listed below,

1. Beetles and Weevils - Beetles belong to the order Coleoptera. Minute or large, hard

bodied insects with forewings modified into elytra which is not used for flight but

adapted to support body during flight and protecting the membranous hind wings when

at rest. Mouth parts biting (Cutting) and chewing type. Young ones are called grubs.

Metamorphosis is complete. eg:- Rhinoceros beetle, Red palm Weevil, Pseudo stem

weevil of banana etc.

Beetle Weevil

2. Moths & Butterflies - These belong to the order Lepidoptera. Adults with four

membranous wings usually covered by overlapping flat scales forming coloured patterns.

Mouth parts modified into a coiled sucking proboscis called siphoning type mouth parts.

Larvae called Caterpillars and have chewing mouth parts. Larvae only cause damage to

plants. Eg: silkworm, Rice stem borer, rice case worm. Butterflies are diurnal in habit and

brightly coloured. Moths are nocturnal in habit.

Butterfly Moth

4

3. Bugs - Bugs belong to the order Hemiptera. Minute to large sized, phytophagous or

predacious insects with piercing and sucking mouth parts. Forewing modified

into hemelytra, hind wings membranous. Metamorphosis incomplete. eg: Rice

bug, Cowpea podbug, Aphids, White flies etc.

Bug Aphid

4. Flies - Adults with only two wings, hind wings modified into a knob like halters which help

to balance during flight. Mouth parts sponging and sucking type. Larvae called

Maggots. Metamorphosis complete. eg;- House fly, Fruit fly, Melon fly, Galls fly of

rice, Mosquitoes.

5. Thrips - These belong to the order Thysanoptera. Minute, mostly phytophagous, mouth

parts rasping and sucking type. Wings when present with long marginal fringes

of hairs.

e g. Marginal gall thrips of pepper.

5

Fruit fly

Complete the following table after observing the specimens

Sl.

No Insect group Order Wing Mouth parts Metamorphosis Young ones

Damaging

stage

1 Beetles &Weevils Coleoptera Elytra Biting & Chewing Complete Grubs Adults &

Grubs

2 Moths & Butterflies Lepidoptera Scaly Siphoning type

C P - Chewing Complete Caterpillars Caterpillars

3 Flies Diptera Halters Sponging /Sucking Complete Maggots Maggots

4 Bugs Hemiptera Hemelytra Piercing & sucking Incomplete Nymphs Nymphs &

Adults

5 Thrips Thysanoptera Fringed Rasping & sucking Incomplete Nymphs Nymphs &

Adults

6 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

7 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

2. Types of mouthparts of insects and their feeding habits

Aim : To study the different types of mouthparts of insects and their feeding habits

Materials required: Live insects, Magnifying glass, photographs

Procedure: Observe the insect mouth part and identify the type of mouth part, classify them

into solid or liquid feeders and neat sketches to be prepared in record.

Mouth parts generally consist of five parts,

1. Labrum - is a flap like upper lips

2. Mandible - are pair of chewing jaws, which help to cut food materials

3. Maxillae - are the second pair of jaws, which help to smell, taste, touch and hold the

food material

4. Labium - is the lower lip, sensory in nature

5. Hypo-pharynx - is a fleshy lob which acts as a tongue

The above parts are mainly seen in chewing type insects such as beetles, caterpillars,

grass hoper, cockroach etc there are so many modifications to suit various needs.

Types of mouth parts

1. Biting and chewing type - This type of mouth parts permits the insects to bite off and

chew on into external parts of a plant or tunnel its way into some parts of the plants.

eg Beetles , Caterpillars, Grass hopers.

2. Piercing and Sucking Type – The use the mouth part to pierce through the plant parts

and suck sap from tissues. eg – Bugs, Aphids, Mealy bugs, Mosquitoes

3. Siphoning or Sucking Type - Mouth part is a long coiled tube which acts as simple

sucking or siphoning system which help in sucking honey or sweet exudates. eg: Moths

and Butterflies.

6

4. Sponging type of mouth parts - The mouth parts consist of a hinged fleshy proboscis

party concealed in a cavity in the head with a sponge like organ at the end for sucking

the liquid. These insects fist let out Saliva for pre-digesting or dissolving the food and

then suck the same up. eg: House flies.

5. Rasping and sucking type - Thrips are characterized by this type of mouth parts. Due to

the mechanism of action in rasping the tissues, exudation of juice from inside the plant

takes place which is sucked up. eg – thrips and maggots of higher flies.

6. Chewing Lapping Type - In this case mandibles retain their original function of chewing

but maxillae and labium are modified into slim lapping organ for taking up liquids. eg:

Honey bees.

Biting and chewing Piercing and Sucking

Siphoning Sponging

7

Based on the type of mouth part present insects are classified into,

A. Solid feeders: Solid feeders have Biting and chewing type of mouth parts. eg.

Beetles, Crickets, Grass hoppers. Caterpillars of butterflies also

have chewing type of mouthparts and hence are solid feeders

B. Liquid feeders: Liquid feeders have any of the following mouth parts to suck up food

materials in liquid state

• Siphoning type. eg: moths and Butterflies

• Piercing and sucking type. eg: Bugs

• Sponging type. eg: House fly

• Rasping and sucking type eg : Thrips

• Chewing and lapping type eg: Honey bees

Damage by chewing insects Damage by Sucking insects


Sl.

No Specimen Crop

Attacking stage

of pest

Type of

Damage

Type of

feeder Mouthpart

Pest

identified

1 Leaf Brinjal Grub & Adult Defoliation Solid Chewing Epilachna beetle

2 Fruit Bhindi Caterpillar Holes on fruit Solid Chewing Fruit & Shoot

borer

3 Leaf Chilly Nymphs & Adults Curling of leaves Liquid Piercing &

Sucking Thrips

4 Leaf Rice Caterpillar Leaf fold and

defoliation Solid Chewing Rice leaf folder

5 Pods Cow Pea Nymphs & Adults Malformed fruits Liquid Sucking cowpea Aphid

6 ----------

7 ----------

8 ---------

8

Exercise No: 4

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS

Aim – To familiarize with the methods of collection of insects, equipments used for

collection and methods of preservation.

Materials required – Hand sweep net, killing bottle, killing agent, setting board, cards, pins,

insect box etc.

Procedure – collect the insects using various methods, kill them and sort them in to

different groups and preserve in insect boxes. Identify and write the use of the

equipments and draw diagram. Make a note and diagram of pinning position of

different insects.

Insect collection

Insects can be collected in many ways such as hand picking, beating, sweeping, using

traps etc. Equipments used for collection are,

1. Hand sweep net – this is used for collecting insects. This can be prepared by connecting

cloth through a circular frame with a handle. The net should be 45 – 50 cm deep for

collecting big insects. For collecting aquatic insects the net should be shallow and thick.

2. Killing bottles – bottles are made by using thick glass are commonly used. A Cotton

piece dipped in killing agent is placed inside the bottle by using a twine. The insects

should be removed from the bottle as soon as they were killed. Cyanide bottles are used

for killing insects when large scale collection is required for scientific study.

3. Killing agent – chemicals used for killing the insects are known as killing agents.

eg: Chloroform, Acetone, ethyl acetate, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide etc.

4. Setting board – this used for insects whose wings are to be spread out while preserving

such as in the case of moths and butterflies. The board is made up of soft wood. To

facilitate easy spreading out of wings there is an adjustment mechanism with which we

can keep the insect in position.

5. Insect display box (Insect box) – the collected insects are dried and stored in insect

boxes. Bottom of the box will be lined with cork or other soft materials for pinning the

insects. The labeled insects should be placed in insect box for storage and display.

6. Cards - Small insects are parted on cards of triangular or rectangular shape. Cards used

must be white in colour.

7. Insect pins - Used for proper handling of insects by pinning. While pinning 1/3 of the pin

should be left protruding from the dorsal side of the specimen, 2

/3 remaining ventral.

9

Hand sweep net

Killing bottle

Insect setting board Insect display box Insect Pins

Preservation of insects

Preservation of insects can be classified in to two,

1. Dry preservation – Big insects with tough exoskeleton are usually dry preserved. The

following methods are used for dry preservation of insects.

i. Pinning – insects are pinned in specified pinning positions with the help of

entomological pins and dried for preservation. The insect's body should be

perpendicular to the pin. Generally practiced for medium to large sized

insects. Labels are to be attached containing details such as date of

collection, place of collection etc.

Standard pinning positions of insects

Order Group of insect Pinning Position

Coleoptera Beetles and weevils Right elytra

Lepidoptera Moths& Butterflies Middle portion of mesothorax

Hemiptera Bugs Right side of scutellum

Hymenoptera Bees &Wasps Middle portion of mesothorax

Orthoptera Grass hoppers, Crickets Right side of prothorax

Diptera Flies Middle portion of mesothorax

Pinning Positions Pinning of insects

10

ii. Carding – generally used for small insects those are not able to pin. The

insects are pasted to small rectangular or triangular cards and the

cards are pinned. Labeling has to be done.

iii. Slides – Microscopic insects are preserved by preparing permanent slides.

B. Wet preservation – soft bodied insects, eggs, caterpillars, pupae etc are preserved by this

method. 70% alcohol or 2-5% formalin is used as media. The insects are preserved in

glass jars filled with formalin or alcohol.

Storage: Properly dried insects are stored in a storage box. Napthalene balls can be used to

repel pscocids. Occasional drying will reduce the mould development.

LIGHT TRAP FOR COLLECTING MOTHS AND OTHER PHOTOTROPIC INSECTS

A simple light trap can be made from a funnel, a round gallon can and a light source.

Take a large funnel, place the funnel on the can as shown in the illustration and suspend the

light slightly above the funnel. Insects that fly into the light bulb fall down the funnel and are

trapped in the can. The mouth of the funnel should be large enough to let the insects drop

through it easily, but not so large as to let the insects fly out again. A few strips of one inch

wide newspaper in the can will give insects a place to hide so they are less likely to try to

escape. When getting the insects out of the trap, put the can and funnel together into your

collection net before removing the funnel. This will prevent active insects from escaping.

11

Exercise No: 5

FAMILIARIZATION WITH COMMON INSECTICIDAL FORMULATIONS

Aim - To familiarise with common insecticide formulations available in market

Materials required : Different insecticide formulations like Dust, Wettable Powder,

Emulsifiable Concentrate, Granules, Water Soluble Concentrates, Aqua Flowable etc.

Procedure – Identify and tabulate different formulations of insecticides available in the

laboratory. Conduct a survey among insecticide traders near by the school and visit

whole sale shops to collect information regarding the chemicals available in the

market and tabulate the information.

Insecticide Formulations

Toxic chemicals used for pest control generally can not be marketed in their pure

form but must be mixed or diluted with other materials to make them safe and easy to

apply. Formulation is the processing of a pesticide compound by any method which will

improve the properties of storage, handling and safety of the pesticide. The mixture of pest

control chemicals and other materials, which are commercially marketed are known as

formulations. A pesticide may be available in one or several formulations.

Common formulations: There are solid and liquid formulations. Solid formulations include

Dust (D), Wettable powder (WP), Granules (G), Water Soluble Concentrate (WSC)

(powder form). Liquid formulations include Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Water Soluble

Concentrate (WSC) (liquid form). The formulations are indicated by alphabets along with

their Trade name eg Furadan G means it is an insecticide in granular form.

a) Dust/Dustable Powder (D/DP) These are finely grounded pesticidal chemicals mixed

with inert powdered carriers at prescribed concentrations with small amounts of

anticaking agents. Drift problem is the drawback of this formulation. eg. Sevin 5%DP.

b) Granules (G):- This formulation consists of free - flowing grains or inert materials

either mixed or impregnated with an insecticide. They do not need any further

mixing or dilution. eg : Furadan 3% G, Thimet 10 % G.

c) Wettable Powder/ Water Dispersible Powder (WP/WDP) :- These are water

insoluble pesticides in powder form contain an inert diluent and wetting agent which

allows them to be wetted and dispersed as suspensions in water for spraying. eg:

Bavistin 50 % WP.

d) Water Soluble Concentrates WSC (Soluble Powder or Soluble Liquid) :- These are

pesticidal powders or liquids that will go into solution or mix with water or dilution

before spraying. eg: Agrodone concentrate 48 (34% WSC)

e) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC):- These are solutions of a toxicant and an emulsifying

agent in an organic solvent such as xylene. They generally form a milky emulsion

when diluted with water for spraying purposes. Agitation is necessary to produce the

emulsion. eg: Thiodan 35% EC, Metacid 50% EC.

12

List of commonly used insecticides and their formulations

Sl.

No Generic Name Trade Name Type of Formulation Chemical group

1 Carbaryl Servin 5% DP Dustable Powder

Carbamate Carbaryl 50% WP Wettable powder

2 Carbofuran Furadan 3G Granules Carbamate

3 Fenitrothion Sumithion 50% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

4 DDVP Vapona 76% EC Fumigant/EC Organophosphorus

5 Quinalphos Ekalux 25EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

6 Dimethoate Rogor 30% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

7 Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

8 Phosphamidon Dimecron 86% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

9 Phorate Thimet 10%G Granules Organophosphorus

10 Chorpyrifos Dursban 20% EC Emulsifiable concentrate Organophosphorus

11 Acephate Asataf 75%SP Soluble powder Organophosphorus

12 Imidacloprid Confidor200SL Soluble Powder Chloronicotinyl

Classification of insecticides based on toxicity

Sl

No

Classification of

insecticide

Oral LD50

Mg/Kg

Dermal LD50

Mg/Kg

Colour band

on label

Symbol/

Signal word Warning

1 Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 Bright Red Skull &cross bones

POISON in red 1,2

2 Highly Toxic 51-500 201-2000 Bright Yellow POISON in red 1,2

3 Moderately Toxic 501-5000 2001-20000 Bright blue DANGER 1

4 Slightly toxic >5000 >20000 Bright green CAUTION 1

Understand the colour codes of pesticides samples and record information

Symbol and Signal word

Specified Colour

Complete the following table

Sl.

No Generic name Trade name

Formulation

& strength

Physical

State

Colour

code Toxicity

Chemical

group Manufacturer

1 ------------

2 ------------

Warnings should appear in an appropriate place outside the triangle.

1. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN

2. IF SWALLOWED OR IF SYMPTOMS OF POISONING OCCUR CALL PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY

13

Exercise No: 6

PREPARATION OF LABELS FOR PESTICIDES

Aim - To familiarize with the designing and preparation of labels for pesticides

Materials required – Pesticide samples, Class note, CDs etc.

Procedure - Observe the pesticide samples to get an idea about the details to be

incorporated to a label, and then prepare your own labels with following

details,

1. Name of insecticide (both generic/chemical name and trade name)

2. Name of manufacturer

3. Toxicity label

4. Kind and name of active ingredient, formulation and its percentage contents

5. Net content/Volume

6. Required graphics

7. Precautions

8. Antidote statement etc.

14

Exercise No: 7

CALCULATION AND PREPARATION OF INSECTICIDE SOLUTIONS

FOR FIELD APPLICATION

Aim – to develop the ability to find out the quantity of commercial insecticide formulations

required for field application through calculation.

Materials required: insecticidal formulation, container, measuring jar, water and sprayers.

Procedure – write down the formulae for the calculation of quantity of pesticides and

calculate the required quantity of commercial formulation for field

application.

Calculation of quantity of commercial formulation required for given area

a) For all formulations except granules

Quantity of commercial formulation

= Quantity of spray fluid x Concentration of spray fluid

Concentration of commercial formulation

1. Calculate the Quantity of Ekalux 25EC required to spray rice cultivated in an area of 2Ha

at a concentration of 0.025%?

Volume of spray fluid for 2Ha of rice = 2x500=1000 L, Concentration of spray fluid = 0.025%

Concentration of commercial formulation =25%.

Ans;

Quantity of commercial formulation = Quantity of SF x Concentration of SF

Concentration of comm. Formulation

= 1000 x 0.025 = 1 litre

25

b) For granular formulation

Quantity of commercial Formulation

= Rate of Application per Ha x Area in Ha x 100

Concentration of Comm. Formulation

2. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10G required for 1Ha rice when applied at the rate of

1.25 Kg ai per Ha?

Ans:

Quantity of Thimet 10G = 1.25 x 1 x 100 = 12.5 kg

10

15

CONVERSION FACTORS

1cent = 40m2

1 m2

= 0.0001 ha

1ha = 10000 m2

100 cents = 1acre

2.5 acres = 1 ha

1 acre = 0.4 ha

1 litre = 1000ml

1. Calculate the quantity of Ekalux 25EC required to spray rice cultivated in an area of 2

hectare at a concentration of 0.025%. 500 litres of spray fluid required per ha.

2. Determine the quantity of Malathion 50 EC to prepare100 litres of 0.05% spray fluid.

3. Calculate the quantity of Malathion 50EC required to spraying vegetable cultivated in

an area of 1 ha at a concentration of 0.025. 500 litres of spray fluid per ha.

4. Prepare 5 litres of Ekalux 25EC at a concentration of 0.025% and demonstrate its

application?

5. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10G required for 1 acre rice when applied at the rate

of 1.25 Kg a.i. per Ha.

6. Determine the quantity of Furadan 3G required for banana crop cultivated in an area

of 2Ha when applied at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i. per ha.

7. Calculate the quantity of Ekalux 25 EC required spraying rice cultivated in an area of 75

cents at 0.025%, the quantity of spray solution being 500 l/ha.

8. Calculate the quantity of Thimet 10 G required for 50 cents rice at 1.25 kg ai/ha.

Observe the label and help the farmer to buy the insecticide for 0.5 ha of vegetables.

Calculate the amount for purchasing the insecticide. Spray solution @ 500liters/ha.

9. Observe the label and help the farmer to buy the insecticide for 0.5 ha of vegetables.

Calculate the amount for purchasing the insecticide. Spray solution @ 500liters/ha.

Exercise No: 8

PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE HANDLING PESTICIDES

Aim – to understand the precautions to be followed while handling pesticides during mixing

and spraying

Materials required: Leaflets available with pesticides, class notes etc.

Procedure – understand and list out major aspects to be taken care while handling

hazardous pesticides during field application.

Points to be taken care while handling pesticides

1. Keep the insecticide in closed and properly labeled container in a dry and cool place,

away from food, fodder etc. and in a place where children and animals cannot reach.

2. Use insecticide according to the instructions given on the container or leaflet attached.

3. Children or domestic pets should not be allowed near the mixing place and do not mix

the chemicals near open wells used for drinking purposes.

4. Persons handling insecticide should avoid contact of the insecticide with their skin and

inhalation of dust, vapours or mist. The minimum precaution of wearing rubber gloves

and covering the eyes and nose should be taken.

16

Expiry date: 12/5/2010

ROGORROGORROGORROGOR (Dimethoate 30EC)

MRP: Rs 48

Qty: 100ml Dosage: 0.025%

5. The operators must not smoke, eat or drink anything while applying the chemical.

6. Bags and containers of pesticides should be cut open with separate knife intended for

such purposes.

7. Empty bottles should be destroyed immediately after use by burying in soil

8. Particles or drops of pesticide which may accidentally get into your eyes should be

flushed out immediately with large volumes of clean water.

9. After finishing the work they should take a bath or wash their hands and face with soap

and water thoroughly and change their cloths.

10. The cloths worn by them during spraying operations should be washed properly and

separately.

11. Spraying or dusting must not be done when the wind is high.

12. Don’t wash the Plant Protection Equipment and containers after use in or near wells, or

streams.

13. Clogged nozzles or hoses must not be blown out with mouth for clearing.

14. Workers regularly engaged in spraying operations must under go frequent medical

checkups.

15. If any symptoms of poisoning is noticed immediately contact doctor.

16. Give first aid to the endangered person immediately.

First Aid Precautions: In case of pesticide poisoning call a physician immediately. Awaiting

the Physicians arrival, apply first aid.

1. Swallowed Poisons: Remove the poison from patient's stomach immediately by

inducing vomiting. Give common salt 15g in a glass of warm water as an emetic and

repeat until vomit fluid is clear. Gently stroking or touching the throat with finger or

blunt end of a spoon will aid in inducing vomiting when the stomach is full of fluid. If

the patient is already vomiting don’t give the emetic but give large amounts of warm

water and then follow the specific direction suggested.

2. Inhaled Poisons:

• Carry the patient (don’t let him walk) to fresh air.

• Open all doors and windows

• Loosen all tight clothing

• Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or irregular

• Avoid vigorous application of pressure on his chest

• Prevent chilling

• Wrap the patient in a blanket

• Keep the patient quite as possible

• If the patient is convulsing, keep him in bed in some dark room.

• Avoid jarring noise

3. Skin Contamination:

• Drench the skin with water, Apply stream of water while removing clothing and

cleanse the skin thoroughly with water

17

4. Eye Contamination:

• Hold the eye lids open

• Wash the eyes gently in the stream of water immediately

• Continue washing till the physician arrives

General Antidotes

• The universal antidote: A mixture of 7g of activated charcoal, 3.5g of magnesium

oxide and 3.5g of tannic acid in half a glass of warm water may be used to absorb or

neutralize poisons. The mixture is useful in poisoning by acids, liquid glycosides and

heavy metals.

Exercise No: 9

INSECTICIDES OF PLANT ORIGIN (BOTANICALS)

Aim - To familiarize with the preparation of common botanical insecticides used for pest

control

1. Preparation of Tobacco decoction: Tobacco decoction is very effective for

controlling aphids and other soft bodied insects infesting vegetables. The alkaloid

Nicotine, present in tobacco act as stomach and nerve poison.

Materials required: Tobacco waste, Ordinary bar soap, Water, Containers

Procedure

a) Keep 500g tobacco waste in 4.5L water for 24 hrs.

b) Dissolve 120 g ordinary bar soap in another vessel

c) Add soap solution into the tobacco solution under violent agitation.

d) Dilute the prepared solution to 6-7 times before spraying.


Sl.

No Quantity of Tobacco Quantity of barsoap Quantity of Water

1 500 g 120 g 4.5 litres

2 250 g --- ---

3 100 g --- ---

2. Preparation of kerosene soap emulsion: Kerosene emulsion is a contact

insecticide useful against many sucking insects.

Materials required: Kerosene, Ordinary bar soap, Water, Containers

Procedure

a. Slice 500g of ordinary bar soap and dissolve in 4.5L of water by boiling.

b. Cool and add 9 Litres of kerosene under violent agitation till the oil is fully

emulsified.

c. Dilute the solution with 15-20 times of water before applying.

18


Sl.

No Quantity of Kerosene Quantity of barsoap Quantity of Water

1 9 Lts 500 g 4.5 litres

2 --- 250 g ---

3 4 Lts --- ---

3. Preparation of neem oil garlic emulsion ( 2% ): This can be effectively used for

the control of coconut mites

Materials required – Neem oil, bar soap, garlic, water, vessels etc

Procedure:

a. Slice bar soap & dissolve in 500ml lukewarm water

b. Grind 200g garlic & take extract in 300ml water

c. Pour 500 ml soap solution in 200 ml neem oil and stir well

d. Mix the garlic extract in the neem oil & soap emulsion

e. Dilute it with 9 litres of water


Sl.

No Quantity of Neemoil Quantity of Barsoap Quantity of Garlic Quantity of Water

1 200 ml 50g 200g 10L

2 --- --- --- 5 L

3 600 ml --- ---

4. Preparation of neem kernel suspension ( NKS ): This is very effective as a

repellent or deterrent against locusts, grasshoppers and other chewing insects,

particularly Lepidopteran larvae. The effective concentration of NKS 0.1 - 0.3 %.

Materials required – neem kernel powder, muslin cloth bag, water, vessels etc

Procedure:

1. Take 1g of powdered neem seed in a small muslin cloth bag and dip it in 1

litre water for about 12 hours.

2. Squeeze the cloth bag repeatedly till the out flowing fluid turns light

brownish and mix with water.

3. Spray NKS as such on crops


Sl.

No Quantity of Neem seed Quantity of water % of NKS

1 1 g 1 L 0.1

2 --- --- 0.2

3 --- --- 0.3

4 5 gms --- ---

19

5. Preparation of Kandhari nulaku (Hot Chilli) – Cow’s Urine mixture: The

preparation is used for the control of soft bodied insects especially caterpillars

Materials required – Kandharimulaku - 30gm, Cow’s Urine - 1 L, Water - 10 L, vessels etc.

Procedure:

1. Add one litre cow’s urine in 10 lit of water.

2. Add extract of Hot Chilli taken from 30 g of Hot Chilli.

3. Mix well and spray


Quantity of hot chilly Quantity of cow’s urine Quantity of water

30 gms 1 L 10 L

--- --- 5 L

6. Preparation of Nattapoochedi (Hyptis Suaveolens) Soap Solution: Effective

for controlling aphids

Materials required: Nattapoochedi extract-1L, Soap solution - 60g ordinary soap in 500ml

of water

Procedure:

1. Take one litre Nattapoochedi extract by crushing leaves and tender items.

2. Add 500ml soap solution (60g ordinary soap in 500ml of water) to the extract

under violent agitation.

3. Dilute in 15 litres of water to get 16.5 litres of spray solution.

7. Preparation of Kiriyathu - Garlic solution: Effective against sucking pests,

especially for the management of Thrips, Aphids, White flies and Chilli virus.

Materials required:- Kiriyathu extract-1 litre, Soap - 60gm, Water - 500ml, Garlic - 330 gm

Procedure:

1. Crush Kiriyathu leaves and tender items to get one litre of extract.

2. Dissolve 60 g ordinary soap (Bar soap) in 500 ml of water.

3. Add soap solution to Kiriyath extract under violent agitation.

4. Dilute in 15 lit of water and add garlic.

5. Filter and spray on the lower and upper surface of leaves

8. Preparation of Turmeric powder Baking soda Solution: Turmeric is a

traditionally used botanical pesticide. Turmeric powder Baking soda Solution is

effectively used against amaranthus leaf blight.

Materials required: Turmeric Powder - 32g, Baking Soda - 8g, Water - 1 L

Procedure:

1. Prepare solution of Turmeric powder – Baking soda mixture in 10 litres of

water under violent agitations.

2. Filter and spray.

20

Exercise No: 10

FAMILIARIZATION WITH IMPORTANT INSECT BIOCONTROL AGENTS

Aim - To familiarize with the important insect bio-control agents

Materials required – specimens, photographs, CDs etc.

Procedure:- identify the bio-control agents from the field collected samples and

photographs. Record important bio-control agents used for the insect pest

control in rice.

Biological control - When a particular species of insect is controlled by a living organism

(Natural enemy), which is introduced, encouraged and disseminated by man it is termed as

biological control.

Principles of biological control

1. Collection of a natural enemy from an area where it is available in plenty (Introduction).

2. Multiply the natural enemy under lab conditions (Augmentation).

3. Disseminate the natural enemy when and where it is needed (Inundation).

1. Predatory insects

a) Coccinella septumpunctata (Coleoptera) – it is a lady bird beetle predaceous on

soft bodied insects like mealy bugs, aphids etc. Adult as well as grubs are active

predators. Beetle can be identified by the bright colouration and seven black

spots on the elytra.

b) Rodolia cardinalis ( Coleoptera) – known as vadalia beetle which was successfully

used for the biological control of cottony cushion scale of citrus . Predaceous on

Cottony cushion scale of citrus and other soft bodied insects.

Coccinella septumpunctata Rodolia cardinalis

c) Coccinella arcuata - Predaceous on Brown Plant hopper of Rice.

d) Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera)– Predaceous on BPH

e) Platimeris laevicolis (Hemiptera) - Predaceous on Rhinoceros beetle

f) Chelisoches moris (earwig) - Predaceous on eggs of Red palm weevil

g) Chrysoperla carnea – predaceous on soft bodied insects and insect eggs

2. Parasitic insects –- Living organisms remaining in close association with their hosts and

gradually derive their food from the host. They live and feed internally or externally on

the host. e.g. Trichogramma chilonis , Epiricania melanoleuca

21

Trchogramma Trchogramma egg card

Common natural enemies of insect pests found in rice ecosystem

Description of bio-control agents

Name Characters Pest attacked

A. Predators

1 Spiders : Wolf spider

, Lynx spider, Jumping

spider

Both nymphs and adults are voracious feeders. It

consumes 5-15 insect pests in a day depending up on

the size.

Leaf and plant hoppers, leaf

feeding caterpillars and adult stem

borers.

2. Damsel and dragon

flies

Multi-coloured with transparent narrow wings. Nymphs

are aquatic and can climb up rice stems to search food.

Adults fly normally below the rice canopy in search of

flying insects.

Stem borers, hoppers and other

flying insects.

3.Mirid bugs Adults are green and black at the shoulder. Nymphs are

greenish. They can consume 7-10 eggs or 1-5 hoppers a

day.

Leaf hoppers and plant hoppers.

4. Water bugs Each female lays 20-30 eggs in rice stumps above the

water level. Life span 1-2 months. Winged adults

disburse when rice plants dry up.

Plant hopper and other small soft-

bodied insects.

5. Water treaders They are solitary feeders Stem borer larvae and hoppers that

fall on water surface.

6. Water striders Each strider takes 5-10 prey daily. They live for 1-1.5

months, lay 10-30 eggs.

Rice hoppers, moth and larvae that

drop on the water surface.

7. Ground beetle Hard bodied insects. Active predators, which pupate in

the soil. Consume 3-5 larvae/day. Plant hoppers

8. Rove beetle 7 mm long with short elytra and blue tip of abdomen.

Found on rice plant, water, ground surface and active

during night.

Leaf hoppers, plant hoppers and

larvae of leaf folder and hairy

caterpillar.

9. Lady bird beetles

Active during daytime. Found in the upper half of rice

canopy. Feed on small and slow moving prey as well as

on exposed eggs. Grubs are more voracious than adults

and consume 5-10 prey. Produce 150-200 offspring in

6-10 weeks.

Plant hoppers

22

B. Parasites

1. Egg parasites

Trichogramma sp.

Telenomus sp.

Tetrastychus sp.

Dark coloured tiny insects. Female wasp lays 20-40 eggs

in the host egg. Development from egg to adult stage

takes 10-40 days.

Stem borers and leaf folders

Gonatocerus sp.

Anagris sp.

Brown to dark yellowish brown tiny wasp. Females can

reproduce without mating. Adults live 6-7 days and

parasitise on an average 8 eggs/day.

Plant hoppers and leaf hoppers

2. Larval parasites

Stenobracon sp.

Xanthopimpla sp. Dark coloured wasp. Lives for 4-7 days

Larvae feeding on stem, leaf and

other parts of rice plant

Exercise No: 11

FAMILIARISATION WITH REARING OR MASS MULTIPLICATION OF A

PRIMARY PREDATOR

Aim: To familiarize with mass multiplication of Chrysoperla.

Materials required: Honey, fructose, yeast, protein, Corcyra eggs

Predator is an animal which feeds upon other animals. Predators are usually bigger

than the host and it requires more number of preys to complete its life cycle. Chrysoperla

carneae (green lace wing bug), is an important predator in vegetable field.

Biology of Chrysoperla carnea

Egg period 3 Days

Larval period 10 Days

Pupal period 9-10 Days

Procedure:

1. Adults are collected from field

2. Keep the adults in tray with honey + fructose + yeast + Protein

3. They lay egg on the brown paper with rough surface provided on sides of the tray.

23

4. Keep water in sponge inside the tray, Pre-oviposition period is 4 days.

5. After hatching, feed the larvae with Corcyra egg @ 5 CC/500 larvae.

6. Keep paper bits inside the tray to avoid cannibalism

7. Change the food in alternate days.

8. Release the larvae@50,000/. Has 3-5 releases at 10 days interval

9. Mixing of larvae with saw dust is good

Observation:

• Observe the chrysoperla adults daily

• Count the number of insects on treated and untreated plots at weekly interval.

Exercise No: 12

FAMILIARISATION WITH REARING OR MASS MULTIPLICATION OF

AN EGG PARASITOID

Aim: To familiarize with mass multiplication of Trichogramma spp:

Materials required: Corcyra eggs, trichocards.

Two species of Trichogramma ie T.cheilonis & T. Japonicum are reared on corcyra

eggs. T. cheilonis is used against rice stem borer and T. japonicum against rice leaf roller.

Trichogramma is an egg parasite and prepared as trichocards.

Biology of Trichogramma

Egg period 1 Days

Larval period 3-4 Days

Pupal period 4-5 Days

24

Procedure:

1. Corcyra eggs are pasted on cards with diluted gum Arabic @ 6 CC/Card.

2. It should be spread uniformly

3. Inoculate the eggs with nucleus card.

4. 1 CC nucleus card is used for inoculating 6 CC raw card

5. Corcyra eggs will become black on sixth day. This is because of parasitisation by

Trichogramma.

6. Before inoculation, eggs should be sterilized using U.V. light.

7. The egg cards are stored at a temperature of 10-11°C & at relative humidity 55 –

60% if not released.

8. Place Egg cards @ 5 cc/ha when the plants are 50 days old.

9. 6-8 release at weekly intervals preferred.

10. Should release during late evening or early morning hours & should be above

the crop canopy.

Trichogramma egg cards (Trichocards)

Field application of Trichogramma Egg cards in rice field

There are approximately 100,000 Trichogramma parasitized eggs per card. Each card

can be broken into 30 squares with 4,000 parasites per square inch, this permits even

distribution in rice field. Fix the piece of egg card with in a small paper cup and fix it

uniformly in the field with help of small sticks. Trichogramma wasps emerge from cards in

two to five days, depending on temperature. Emerging wasps are usually seen in the

morning. They parasitize the egg masses of stem borer and pest population will be reduced

considerably over a period of time. To maximize pest fighting time, don't delay release after

adult wasps emerge. Keep Trichogramma cards in the shade, out of the hot sun.

Observation

• Count the insects on the selected plots a day before release.

• Post treatment counts at weekly intervals.

25

Exercise No: 13

INSECT PESTS OF RICE

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of rice, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required - Preserved specimens, damaged specimens, Diagrams, CDs etc.

Procedure - Collect, observe, identify and preserve the pest and its symptoms. Record

relevant information.

The major pests of rice are,

1. Rice stem borer (Lepidoptera) - Pest is the caterpillar of a yellowish female moth has

orange yellow forewings with a prominent black spot on it. Male is smaller than female

and has brownish forewing with black spot.

Symptoms - Yellow or dry central shoots (dead heart), chaffy white ear heads. When pulled

at both come out easily and tips show injury by larva.

Management – Collect egg masses from nursery, cultivate tolerant varieties like IR 20, use of

Pheromone traps, use of Tricho egg cards, use insecticide like Quinalphos,

Carbaryl, Monocrotophos etc.

2. Gall midge (Diptera) - Adult is a small midge with a brown body 4mm length and semi

transparent wings. Maggots are damaging stage

Symptoms - An elongated tubular structure in place of central shoot (silver shoot )-stunted

plants

Management – Use tolerant varieties like Pavithra / Panchami / uma, avoid late

transplanting, use optimum seed rate, destruction of collateral hosts, dipping

germinated seeds in 0.02% Chlorpyriphos for three hours, seedling root dip in

.02% chlorpyriphos for 12 hours before transplanting etc.

3. Rice bug (Hemiptera) - Adult bug is elongated with long legs, adult is an active flier and

has a characteristic buggy order. Nymphs and adults cause damage.

Symptoms - Some grain on ear heads appear chaffy . Bugs seen lying when disturbed.

Control - Keep the field and bunds free of grassy weeds, use Malathion, Carbaryl.

4. Brown plant hopper (BPH) (Hemiptera) - Adults are brown in colour dorsally and deep

brown ventrally

Symptom - Circular patches of dried plants, the symptom is termed as hopper burn.

Management - 1. Resistant varieties such as Jyothi, Bharathi. 2. Insecticides Carbryl,

Quinalphos 3. Draining water from field.

5. Rice leaf roller: (Lepidoptera) - Small moth with yellow wings. Presence of brown patches

on the wings. Caterpillar is the damaging stage.

Symptom - Folded/ Rolled leaves with white patches indicating the areas fed by caterpillar.

Management - 1. Open up the leaf folds using a thorny twig,

2. Apply Quinalphos/ Carbaryl/ monocrotophos in the field.

26

6. Rice case worm (Lepidoptera): Small moth with white wings. Presence of Brown markings

on the wings. Damaging stage - Caterpillar

Symptom - Caterpillars feed within cylindrical cases hanging on the leaves. Cases may be

seen floating on water.

Management - Drag a kerosenated rope through the field, Drain away water from the fields,

Apply Carbaryl if infestation is severe.

7. Rice Swarming Caterpillar (Lepidoptera): Greyish brown coloured moth. Sporadic pest.

Damaging stage – Caterpillar.

Symptom - Appear in the field sporadically in large swarms and attack nursery and early

stages of the crop leaving mere stumps.

Management - Apply Carbaryl/ quinalphos as soon as the caterpillars are noticed.

Stem borer Gall fly Rice bug

Leaf roller

B P H Case worm

27

Swarming Caterpillar

Exercise No: 14

INSECT PESTS OF COCONUT

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of coconut, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pests, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby coconut garden. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage

and record relevant information to practical record.

Major pests of coconut are,

1. Rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera) - Adult is a large, stout built, brownish black beetle, male

is larger than female, adult bears an upward curved blunt horn on its head.

Symptoms - central spindle cut or toppled, holes with chewed up fibre sticking out at the

base of central spindle.

Control - field sanitation, hooking out of beetles, leaf axil filling with Sevidol 25 g + fine sand

200 g, treat manure pits with Carbaryl with occasional raking.

2. Red palm weevil (Coleoptera) - Adult is a large sized brown weevil, male is distinguished

from female by a tuft of hairs on dorsal side of snout.

Symptoms - holes on trunk with brownish ooze, yellowing of inner leaves, longitudinal

splitting of leaf base, wilting of central shoot.

Control - field sanitation, avoid making injury on tree trunk, pheromone trap @ one trap per

two hectare, coconut log traps, crown cleaning and pour Carbaryl.

3. Coconut black headed caterpillar (Lepidoptera) - A moth with head and thorax light

greyish, forewings pale greyish with finely scattered black scales, abdomen is stout and

pointed at tip. Male is smaller than female.

Symptom - dried patches on lower leaflets, galleries of silk and frass along under side of

leaflets.

Control - field sanitation, cut and burn severely affected lower fronts, apply Dichlorvos,

Quinalphos, Malathion

Rhinoceros beetle

Red palm weevil

Coconut black headed CP

28

Exercise No: 15

INSECT PESTS OF BANANA

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of banana, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.

Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDs, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure: Visit nearby banana field. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage

and record relevant information.

Important pests of banana are,

1. Banana psuedostem weevil (Coleoptera) - Weevil is reddish brown to black, eggs are laid

in air chambers of leaf sheaths and grubs make extensive tunnels

Symptoms - yellowing and withering of leaves, under sized leaves, black patches and holes

on sheath surface with exudation of sap, plants taper to tip and topple down.

Control - field sanitation, drenching leaf axil, rhizome and surrounding soil with Quinalphos,

Carbaryl

2. Banana rhizome weevil (Coleoptera) - Weevil is stout and dark brown in color

Symptoms - death of unopened leaves, withering of outer leaves, young suckers, reduced

number of leaves and under sized bunches.

Control - field sanitation, smearing rhizome with cow dung and ash before planting, select

healthy planting material and set traps using psuedostem.

3. Banana aphid (Hemiptera) - Female are reddish to dark brown in colour, hind wings are

small. Lace like pattern on wings

Symptoms - no direct symptoms of attack, vector of bunchy top disease

Control - apply 25 g Phorate or 20 g Carbofuran 20 days after planting around rhizome, 12.5

g Phorate or 10 g Carbofuran 75 days and 165 days after planting

Psuedostem weevil Rhizome weevil Banana aphid

29

Exercise No: 16

INSECT PESTS OF PEPPER

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of pepper, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.


Procedure: Visit nearby pepper plantation. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of

damage and record relevant information.

Important pests of pepper are,

1. Pollu beetle (Coleoptera) - Adult is small shining yellow and blue flee beetle with stout

hind legs.

Symptoms - leaves and shoots of new flushes appear damaged with holes and black patches,

berries are partially or wholly hollow and dark colored, dropping of dry spikes,

berries on the panicle appear dry.

Control - application of Dimethoate or Quinalphos at the time of spike emergence, berry

formation and berry maturing stage, raking of soil around the plants to kill pupae,

shade management.

2. Marginal gall thrips (Thysanoptera) - Black thrip making galls on the sides of leaves. Live

in colonies.

Symptoms - margins of leaves folded, formation of galls

Control – spray Monocrotophos

3. Pepper scale (Hemiptera) - The mature scale is elongated and oval and dark grey in

colour. It infest in large numbers on stems, leaves and petioles of pepper plant. The

infested vines fade wither and dry up. Spray Quinalphos, Rogor for control.

Pollu beetle Damage by thrip

Exercise No: 17

INSECT PEST OF ARECANUT

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of arecanut, its nature of damage and application

of control measures.


Procedure: Visit nearby field, collect, observe pests and symptoms of damage and record


1. Spindle bug - adult is a red and black bug lives in colonies within the leaf axil. Central

leaves shredded and dried, dry spots on leaves. Spray Carbaryl 2 g per litre

30

Arecanut Spindle bug

Exercise No: 18

INSECT PESTS OF MANGO

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of mango, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby orchard. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage and

record relevant information.

Major pests of mango are,

1. Mango hoppers (Hemiptera) - Adult is wedge shaped with broad head and tapering body,

light greenish with black and yellow marking. Symptoms include large scale dropping of

flowers and buds, sooty mould on leaves, leaves undersized and crinkled. Application of

Carbaryl, Phosphomidon 2-3 times at time of panicle emergence and later at fortnightly

intervals will control the pest.

2. Stem borer - adult is a large longicorn beetle, eggs are laid on slits in bark of tree. Zig-zag

burrows under the bark, stem and branches dry and leaves shed, bore holes with sap and

frass coming out through them can be seen. Apply paste made of crude carbolic acid and

inject aluminium phosphide tablets in to the burrows for control

3. Mango fruit fly (Diptera) - adult is a fly, brown color with hyaline wings, eggs are laid in

clusters under the skin of ripening fruits. Brown rotten patches appear on the attacked

fruits and they drops. Control measures include collection and destruction of attacked

fruits, Malathion spray, thulsi trap and other traps.

Leaf hopper Stem borer Fruit fly

31

Exercise No: 19

INSECT PESTS OF CASHEW

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of cashew, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby orchard. Collect and observe pest and symptoms of damage and

record relevant information

1. Tea mosquito bug or cashew mired (Hemiptera) - The adult bug is reddish brown with

black head, red thorax and black and white abdomen. Drying of the inflorescence and

dieback symptom of the shoot is the result of attack. For control Spraying with

Monocrotophos 0.05% Quinalphos 0.05% and Carbaryl 0.1% during flushing (Oct-Nov),

Flowering (Dec - Jan) and nut initiation (Jan - Feb) respectively.

2. Cashew Stem borer (Coleoptera) - The adult is a brown longicon beetle, size 2.5 to 4 cm.

Symptoms of attack include presence of bore holes with gum and frass emerging out of

them at the collar region, yellowing and shedding of leaves, and drying up of twigs.

Control Measures - swab the tree trunk and exposed root with Carbaryl, remove the dried

twigs and dead trees and burn them, injection of contact insecticide

emulsion into the boreholes may also be done.

Tea mosquito bug Cashew stem borer

Exercise No: 20

INSECT PESTS OF TUBER CROPS

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of tuber crops, its nature of damage and

application of control measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby field, collect, observe pests and symptoms of damage and record


a) Pests of Tapioca

1. Tapioca scale - this is a hard scale, oval and mussel like, male is winged. Plant stunted

and dry, leaves turn yellow. Burn the infested stem, use pest free sets, spry

Dimethoate.

32

b) Pests of sweet potato

1. Sweet potato weevil - adult is a small ant like weevil, black in color with reddish

brown prothorax and head. Infestation results in Withering of wines and tubers

with dirty patches on surface. Control: remove and destroy crop residues of

previous crop, trap weevil with tubers placed in the field.

Tapioca Scale Sweet potato weevil

Exercise No: 21

INSECT PESTS OF VEGETABLES

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of vegetable crops, its nature of damage and


Materials required: specimens of pest, chart, CDS, damage symptoms etc.

Procedure - Visit nearby vegetable field and vegetable garden in the school, collect, observe

pests and symptoms of damage and record relevant information.

a) Pests of cucurbits

1. Fruit fly - adult is a reddish brown fly with lemon yellow curved markings on thorax and

shadings on the outer margins of the wings. Eggs are laid in cavities on fruits. Maggot is

legless, dirty white and thicker at one end and tapering to a point at other end. Pupate in

soil.

Symptoms - larvae bore in to fruits and feed on internal contents, damage is caused by

larvae tunneling and feeding within fruits and such fruits rot and droop.

Management - cover fruits with polythene cover, use banana fruit trap, apply Carbaryl in

pits before sowing

2. Epilachna beetle - adult is a reddish brown coccinellid beetle with yellow spots on it.

Symptoms - adult and larvae feed on leaves and young plants, leaves with dried up

patches are seen.

Control - remove and destroy egg mass, grubs and adults, spray Carbaryl

3. Pumkin beetle – medium sized beetles with red colored beetle. Adult eats the leaves

make holes on foliage and cause damage on fruits and roots. For control incorporate

Carbaryl in pits before sowing seeds.

33

4. Snake gourd Caterpillar - The adult is a dark brown moth with dark patches on forewings.

The caterpillar is a green semilooper with black warts on body.

Symptoms -Damage is caused by caterpillar feeding on leaves. Flowers and young fruits

also may be eaten up.

Management -

1. Collection and destruction of caterpillars.

2. Application of malathion 0.1%

Fruit fly Epilachna Beetle Pumpkin beetle Snake gourd CP

b) Pests of Cowpea

1. Cowpea aphid - greenish black aphid, adult and nymph suck sap from under surface of

the leaf, infested leaves develop a pronounced yellowish hue, retarded growth, malformed

pods. Management – Application of Malathion 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.03%, Application of

Nattappoochedi soap mixture.

2. Serpentine leaf minor - small pale yellow fly, maggot mine the leaves making serpentine

mines on leaves, drying and drooping of leaves. Spraying 5% neem oil emulsion or

Dimethoate will reduce infestation

3. Flower and Pod Borer -The larvae bore into flower buds, flowers, pods and seeds, feeding

on their internal contents. Several flowers may be webbed together. Spray Carbaryl 0.2%.

Cow pea Aphid Leaf miner Pod borer

c) Pests of Bhindi

1. Shoot and fruit borer - moth has a forewing pale green with a wedge shaped white band.

Symptoms include drooping shoots and fruits with holes on them and deformed, controls

include collect and destruction of affected parts, application of Carbaryl etc.

2. Leaf hopper - adult is greenish leaf hopper, nymph is yellow colored. Injury caused by

saliva, infested leaves crinkled, turn yellow and brick red in color and leads to hopper

burn symptoms. Spray any systemic insecticide.

34

Fruit and Shoot borer

d) Pests of Brinjal

1. Shoot and fruit borer - adult is a grey brown delicate moth, wings are white and hyaline

with brown markings on forewings. Symptoms include withered terminal shoots, fruits

with holes and excreta. Collection and destruction of attacked fruits and spraying of

Carbaryl will reduce pest population.

2. Epilachna beetle - adult is a reddish brown coccinellid with yellow spots on it. Adult and

larvae feed on leaves and young plants. Leaves with dried up patches are seen. For

control remove and destroy egg mass, grubs and adults and spray Carbaryl.

Fruit & Shoot borer Epilachna beetle

e) Pests of Chilly

1. Chilly thrips - wings are yellowish brown in color with long hairs. Adults and nymph suck

sap from leaves, stunting of leaves and plants. Apply contact insecticide

2. Aphid - greenish brown small insects. Suck sap from under surface of plants, stunting of

leaves and plants. Apply systemic insecticide like Dimethoate

Aphid

Damage by thrips

35

f) Pests of Amaranthus

1. Amaranth leaf webber - adult is a black moth with wavy white markings on wings.

Caterpillar webs together leaves of amaranth, skeletonizing the leaves. Collect and

destroy larvae, spray Malathion.

2. Amaranthus weevil - adult is medium sized ashy grey weevil. Grub bores in to tissues

making tunnels within, stunting and twisting of plants, swelling of branches and stem,

reduction in shoot production. Control measures include destruction of wild amaranth,

use any systemic insecticides

Amaranthus Leaf webber


Sl.

No

Specimen

type

Nature of

damage Crop Pest identified Order

Type of

mouthparts

Control

measures

1 Fruit Holes on fruit Bhindi Fruit & shoot

borer Lepidoptera Chewing Chemical control

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

36

Exercise No: 22

INSECT PESTS OF SPICES

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of spices, its nature of damage and application of

control measures.




a) Pests of Ginger

1. Shoot borer - small moth with yellow colour and black spots. Caterpillar feed

from inside resulting indead heart symptom. control: spray Quinalphos or

Dimethoate

2. Rhizome maggot - maggot bore in to the rhizome and feed on internal contents

of rhizome and pseudostem, rhizome completely exhausted and pseudostem dry

up. Treat with Quinalphos.

3. Rhizome scale - circular hard scale infests the rhizome and the infested rhizome

get desiccated and dry when stored. Control - dip the rhizomes in Quinalphos

before storage.

Shoot Borer

b) Pests of cardamom

1. Rhizome weevil - this is a serious pest in the secondary nursery, grubs feed on the

rhizome and basal portion of the stem, results in drying of leaves and breaking of

stem. control: drench the nursery beds with Chlorpyriphos.

2. Shoot borer - moth is a yellow with small black spots all over the wings. Dead

heart in nursery plants, holes on capsules plugged with excreta. control:

Quinalphos, Carbaryl.

3. Cardamom thrips - adult is a greyish brown thrip. Pods become undersized and

malformed and show scabbed skin. Control: Quinalphos, Monocrotophos,

Carbaryl.

37

Exercise No: 23

INSECT PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

Aim - To familiarize with the major pests of rose, orchids and anthurium, its nature of

damage and application of control measures.




1. Rose

a. Scale insect (Hemipetra) - Small sized hard and soft scales. Adult and nymphvsuck

sap from the plant parts. Attacked shoots fade and dry up.

Management: Rub off the scales with cotton soaked in kerosene, Cut and burn the

affected branches, Spray malathion

b. Plant lice / Aphids (Hemiptera): Small pear shaped soft bodied aphids light green to

dark blackish green in colour. Cluster of aphids on tender shoot. Adults and nymphs

suck sap from the plant parts particularly tender buds resulting in disfigurement and

withering of flowers.

Management: Application of malathion 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.03%, Application of

Nattappoochedi - soap mixture.

c. Thrips - Leaf thrips and Flower thrips (Thysanoptera): Adults and nymphs lacerate

the plant surface and feed on the exuding sap. Leaves and flowers with yellow and

dark patches and black spots of excreta.

• Management: Spray methyl demeton 25 EC

Scales Aphids Thrips

2. Orchids and Anthurium

a) Leaf caterpillar (Spodoptera litura): Forewings are greyish with white crisscross lines

and hindwings are dirty white. Caterpillar is greenish brown with a velvety surface.

Caterpillar is a foliage feeder causing defoliation

• Management: A contact insecticide may be used if infestation is severe.

38

Exercise No: 24

FAMILIARIZATION WITH NON-INSECT PESTS OF CROPS Aim - to familiarize with important non insect pests of crops

Materials required - specimens of pests, chart, CDs etc

Procedure: observe the diagrams, specimens etc. identify the important non-insect pests

and prepare sketches in the practical record and record relevant information

regarding non-insect pests of crops.

The important non insect pests are,

A) RODENTS - Study of rodents is called rodentology. Rats belong to phylum Chordata,

Subphylum vertibrata, class mammalia, order rodentia and family muridae. The rats

can be brought under two different groups.

1. Domestic rats - Domestic rats are found near human dwellings. eg House

rats, House mouse, Large bandicoot rat etc

2. Field rats - found in cropping fields and garden. Large bandicoot rat,

Norway rat

House rat House mouse

B) MITES - Study of mites and ticks is termed as Acarology. Mites belong to phylum

Arthropoda calss - Arachnida. Important phytophagous mites belong to family

tetranichidae and Eryophyidae. They pierce the plant tissue with their sharp moth

parts. Body of mite is divided in to anterior cephalothorax and posterior abdomen,

mites have four pairs of legs, and mouth part is chelicerate, palps modified in to

grasping / piercing organ. eg: red spider mites, eriopyid mites

Coconut Eriopyid mite Red spider mite

C) NEMATODES - Nematology is the study of thread worms, round worms or eel

worms commonly called as nemas. Plant parasitic nematodes belong to Phylum-

39

Nemata, Class – Nematoda. Nematodes are small unsegmented invertebrate

animals, spindle shaped or cylindrical and microscopic. Plant parasitic nematodes

have sharp stylets. eg: root knot nematodes, burrowing nematodes.

D) SLUGS & SNAILS - These creatures belong to the group of shelled animals

(Mollusca). Snails have an external spiral shell covering their soft body while

slugs do not generally possess such a conspicuous shell. eg: Giant African snail

(Achatina fullica)

Slug Snail

E) BIRDS - Study of birds is known as Ornithology Birds like parrot, sparrow, pigeons,

etc. cut and feed on cereal grains and pulses.

Pigeon

40

Exercise No: 25

NON-INSECT PESTS OF MAJOR CROPS Aim: to familiarize with important non insect pests attacking major crops

Materials required: specimens of pests, chart, CDs, symptoms of attack\

Procedure: familiarize with the non insect pest causing damage to crops. Sketches can be

drawn on the practical record.

The important non insect pests of major crops are,

A) RICE

1. Rats - infesting paddy are Large bandicoot rat, Lesser bandicoot rat, field mouse,

Norway rat, soft furred field rat, bush rat etc

Symptom - cutting ear heads, making burrows in field bund, root damage, attack

on booting stage etc.

Control - traps, warfarin blocks, aluminium phosphide, zinc phosphide, repellant

etc

2. Nematodes - infesting paddy are

• Rice root nematode - infest paddy roots and make them partially hollow,

adversely affects absorption of water and nutrients, show stunted growth in

patches. Control: Carbofuran in nursery stage, Dimethoate in seedling stage.

• Rice cyst nematode - leaf chlorosis, stunting, reduction in number of leaves,

shortening of ear head length, reduction in yield etc. Control: Carbofuran

3. Birds - attacking paddy are, Indian mynah, pigeon, parrot etc. Damage to grains and

tender leaves. Control: tapes, crackers, bird scares, traps, destruction of nest.

B) COCONUT

1. Coconut Eriophyid mite: Microscopic organisms, worm shaped with 2pairs of legs.

• Symptom: Adult and nymph suck the juice from tender nut leading to deformation.

Triangular shaped necrotic lesion on the perianth region young nuts, below

the perianth circular brown spot with powdery mass and shredding of

immature nuts. Brown coloured patches on the husk with elongated cracks

on mature nuts. Reduced nut size

• Management: Cleaning the crown, Collection and destruction of nuts, Spray neem oil

garlic emulsion

2. Rats - attack tender nuts, holes on nuts and premature shedding of nuts.

Control: Warfarin blocks, traps

C) TAPIOCA

1. Rodents - attack tuber formation stage, eaten away tubers, feeding cause decay of

tubers. Control: Warfarin blocks, traps.

2. Red spider mite - crinkling of leaves, scrapping of leaf chlorophyll, holes on leaves and

defoliation. Control: Dimethoate, Dicofol, wettable sulfur, water spray etc.

41

D) BANANA

1. Nematodes - reduction in number of leaves, bunch weight, fruit size, roots with galls and

black patches etc. Control: neem cake 1 Kg per plant, Carbofuran

E) VEGETABLES

1. Red spider Mites – crinkling of leaves, scraping of leaf chlorophyll, bronzing, defoliation

Control: Dimethoate, water spray, neem oil garlic emulsion

2. Nematodes - yellowing in patches. Control: Carbofuran, Dimethoate

Exercise No: 26

FAMILIARISATION WITH RODENT CONTROL USING RAT TRAPS,

ZINC PHOSPHIDE AND WARFARIN

Aim - to familiarize with different rat control methods, rat traps and rodenticides.

Materials required -different types of rat traps, photographs, rodenticide samples, baits etc

Procedure – familiarize with different types of traps and prepare neat sketches in record

book.

• Demonstration of working of rat traps

• Setting traps in the field

• Trapping / Mechanical method

Trapping is the oldest method of controlling rodents. Almost any trap will catch

some rats, but the most effective rat traps are those which can completely conceal the rats

trapped in it. The rat traps can be grouped into a few categories,

(a) Automatic traps - These are indented to catch more than one rat in a setting. When

an animal enters this type of traps its weight makes it fall into a cage eg: wonder trap.

(b) Remote triggered trap - These work by upsetting a delicate balance when the bait

stick is disturbed eg: Box trap or Cage trap.

(c) Pot traps - These traps are extensively used for catching rice field rats. This trap

consists of a wooden plank, a mud pot of 10 inch diameter, a metal strip which carry

bait and a ‘Y shaped wooden peg to which needle is tied. eg: Moncompu trap

(d) Snap trap - These kill the rats instantly by snapping when the rat nibbles the bait

placed in the middle of the open trap. eg: break back traps, spring traps, saw

toothed traps, bamboo etc.

(e) Glues - A form of trapping in which a sticky substance entangles the animal.

.

Snap trap

Box Trap

42

Poisoning or Chemical Control

Four types of poisoning are usually employed to control rats.

1. Acute poisons - are those that can kill rats with a single dose. Eg. Zinc phosphide.

2. Multiple Dose or Chronic Poison - which require repeated ingestions over several

successive days. eg : Anti Coagulants like Warfarin, Rodafarin etc.

3. Fumigants - Are gases and are usually pumped or released from tablets put in

through burrow entrances. Eg: Aluminium phosphide.

4. Repellants - Chemical repellents include Malathion and Cyclohexamide which are

repellents to house rats

A) Poisoning with zinc phosphide

Materials required: Zinc phosphide, carrier material (crushed wheat, puffed rice, popcorn

etc and jaggery) and ground nut oil.

Procedure:

• Prepare carrier material as 95 part cereal (crushed wheat, puffed rice,

popcorn) + 5 part jaggery

• Mix zinc phosphide with ground nut oil and career material in the ratio 2:2:96

by weight

• Place 30-40g of the bait mixture at each baiting spot ie where rats are

frequent.

• Placing of bait should be done in the evening and collect the bait in the

morning

• Baiting should be done for three successive days

B) Poisoning with Warfarin blocks

Materials required: Carrier material, Warfarin (5 parts), Broken rice or wheat (63 parts),

Jaggery (2 parts), Paraffin wax (30 parts), Spatula, Knife

Procedure:

• Mix the Warfarin, Broken rice or wheat, Jaggery in the above proportion.

Pour molten wax into this mixture and mix well.

• Transfer this hot mixture into a metallic tray

• Spread uniformly with a spatula

• Allow to cool

• Cut into 5x2.5 or 25x12.5 cm blocks with a knife

• Keep it over night before removing them from the tray and are ready for

baiting

C) Fumigation of burrows

• Live burrows are located and Aluminium phosphide tablets are placed inside

and closed immediately.

43

Exercise No: 27

PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS Aim : to familiarize with important pests of stored products.

Materials required: specimens of pests, damaged stored products, class notes etc.

Procedure: collect grains and pulses infected with storage pests, familiarize with the insect

causing damage to stored products. Sketches can be prepared in record.

Storage Pests: Storage pests are broadly classified in to two, external feeders and

internal feeders. External feeders feed entirely within kernel or grain or stored material.

Internal feeders feed on the grains from outside. The important stored pests are,

1. Rice weevil - This is a small brownish black weevil, reddish or brown spots on elytra, the

adult and grub feed and breed on stored grains. Grubs are white and fleshy and apodous.

Pest infests rice, maize etc.

2. Lessser grain borer - Pest infest rice, wheat, maize and dry fruits. Adult is small dark

brown beetle. Adult beetles and grub bore through the husk and feed on internal

contents.

3. Rice moth - Adult is very small shiny moth found flying in numbers, inside the infested

granaries and cause considerable damage to paddy. Also feed cocoa beans, wheat,

barley, dry fruits, cashew nuts etc.

4. Red flour beetle - A small elongated flat red beetle, it feeds on wide variety of flour and

grains products like oil cakes, bran, dry fruits, nuts, biscuits etc.

5. Pulse beetle - Adult is a small active round beetle with brown color, body is abruptly

rounded, eggs are laid on infested seeds.

Management: Control of insect infestation can be achieved by,

1. Sanitation

2. Airtight storage

3. Physical method

• Drying of grain

• Heat treatment

4. Mechanical methods

5. Chemical Methods

• Prophylactic treatment:- Spraying of malathion an the grain bags 1:100 water

• Curative method - Fumigation with Aluminum phosphide tablets

Pulse Beetle

Rice moth

Rice weevil

44

Exercise No: 28

IMPORTANT DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Aim - to familiarize with important disease causing organisms and symptoms seen in major

crops

Materials required - specimens of plants, photographs, CDs, symptoms of attack.

Procedure - Familiarize with the disease causing organism and symptoms. Sketches can be

drawn in the practical record. Tabulate the symptoms of given specimen.

Disease causing organisms

1. FUNGUS - They attack plants and produces symptoms like rot , wilt, damping off etc.

Fungi are thread like and propagated spores. Their size also varies depending upon

the stage of life. The spores germinate under favorable condition and produce

infection on susceptible plants. eg: Phytophthora, Fusarium

2. BACTERIA -They are small single cell organisms. They gain entry in to the plants

through natural openings like stomata. They multiply inside the plant utilizing the

nutrients from plant. They have different morphological forms. eg: Xanthomonas

3 VIRUS - Virus consists of DNA or RNA often surrounded by a thin protein coats.

Multiplication takes place inside the host plant. Usually viruses are transmitted by

insects and are call vectors. Common vectors are aphids and whole flies. eg: CMV

4 MYCOPLASMA / PHYTOPLASMA / MLO - These are smaller than viruses. Unicellular,

prokaryotic organisms. The symptoms are yellowing, greening, stunting etc.

General symptoms of plant diseases

1. Chlorosis / Yellowing - leaves and other parts of the affected plants become pale green or

yellow due to destruction of chlorophyll.

2. Mosaic - under development of chlorophyll, resulting in alternate light and green patches.

3. Little leaf - size of leaves are affected, affected plants get reduced in size.

4. Stunting - affected plants become under developed, internodal distance gets reduced.

5. Galls and tumors - this refers to over growth and enlargement of plants.

6. Leaf curl – abnormal bending and twisting of leaves generally caused by fungi and virus.

7. Spots - death of tissue in a limited area.

8. Blight - necrotic area is extended to a large area.

9. Anthracnose - characterized by limited sunken black lesions.

10. Witches broom - abnormal and excessive development of axillary buds.

11. Phyllody - floral parts transformed in to green leaf like structures.

12. Damping off - collapse and death of young seedlings.

13. Rot - decaying of plant parts such as fruits, bulbs, tubers etc.

14. Wilt - drying of entire plant, loose turgidity and droop.

45

15. Die back - twigs and young branches start drying from tip downwards.

16. Scab - on affected parts round or crust like lesions appear.

17. Canker - The symptoms appear as necrotic lesions in cortical tissues of stem leaves and

fruits. Cankers cause localized death of tissues but girdling is often noticed

resulting in the death of the affected plants

18. Rust - small pustules of spore break through host epidermis.

19. Mildew - powdery or cottony growth on green plant parts.

Leaf spot Leaf curling & Gall Anthracnose

Tabulate important disease symptoms identified

Sl.

No Specimen Crop

Type of

symptoms Causal organism Description

1. Leaf Amaranthus Leaf Spot Fungus White spots with dark

margin

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

46

Exercise No: 29

FAMILIARIZATION WITH COMMON FUNGICIDES AND FORMULATIONS

Aim - To familiarize with common fungicides and different fungicidal formation

Materials required: Fungicides available in the laboratory. Samples of different formulations

of fungicides/ empty packets of various fungicides

Procedure – identify the fungicides available in the laboratory. Conduct a visit to pesticide

shops for gathering information on available fungicides in the market.

Tabulate the information in practical record.

Fungicides and its formulations:

Chemicals which are used for killing fungus are called fungicides. For easy and

uniform application of fungicidal chemical they are mixed with inert materials and are

available as formulations. The different fungicide formulations are,

a. Dust

Eg: Sulphur dust

b. Wettable, powder

Eg: Bavistin 50 WP

c. Emulsifiable concentrate

Eg: Hinosan 50 EC

d. Solution

Eg: Cuman

e. Granules

Eg: Kitazin 17 G

Common fungicides and formulation

Sl.

No

Chemical /

Generic Name Trade Name Type of Formulation

%

Strength Chemical group

1. Copper oxychloride Blitox 50% WP Wettable powder 50 Copper based

products

2. Sulfur Thiovit 80% WP Wettable Powder 80 Sulphur

compound

3. Ziram Cuman-Z 27% Wettable Powder 27 Carbamate

4. Zineb Dithane Z 78% Wettable Powder 78 Carbamate

5. Mancozeb Indofil M 45 Wettable Powder 45 Carbamate

6. Ediphenphos Hinosan 50% EC Emulsifiable

Concentrate 50 Orgonophosphorus

7. Dinocap Karathane 25% WP Wettable Powder 25 Chlorinated

nitrobenzene

8. Captafol Difolatan 80%WP Wettable Powder 80 Heterocyclic nitrogen

compound

47

9. Captan Captan75%WP Wettable Powder 75 Heterocyclic nitrogen

compound

10. Carbendazim Bavistin 50% WP Wettable Powder 50 Carbamate

Systemic

11. Kitazin Kitazin-P48% EC Emulsifiable

concentrate 48 Systemic

12. Pyroquilon Fongorene 50% WP Wettable Powder 75 Systemic

13. Tridemoreh Calyxin 5% WP Wettable Powder 5 Systemic

14. Carboxin Vitavax 80% WP Wettable Powder 80 Systemic

Complete the following table after observing samples

Sl.

No Generic name Trade Name Formulation Toxicity Group

Details of

Manufacturer

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

48

Exercise No: 30

CALCULATION AND PREPARATION OF FUNGICIDE SOLUTIONS FOR

FIELD APPLICATION

Aim – to develop the ability to find out the quantity of commercial fungicide formulations

required for field application through calculation.

Materials required: Fungicidal formulation, container, measuring jar, water and sprayer.

Procedure – write down the formulae for the calculation of quantity of pesticides and

calculate the required quantity of commercial formulation for field

application.

1) Calculation of quantity of fungicide required: For calculations the active ingredient

concentration of all commercial fungicides

is taken as 100%

Quantity of commercial formulation =

Volume of spray fluid X Recommended conc. of spray fluid in %

EXAMPLE - A farmer wants to spray Bavistin 50% WP in the rice field against sheath

blight. To prepare 10 lit of 0.3 % spray solution

Quantity of Bavistin = 10 L x 0.3 /100

= 10 x 1000 x 0.3 / 100 (conversion from litre to ml )

= 30 gm

CALCULATIONS

1. Calculate the quantity of Bavistin 50 WP require to prepare 10 L of 0.3% spray

solution.

2. Calculate the quantity of Hinosan 50 EC required to prepare 500 l of 0.1%

concentrated spray solution.

3. Calculate the quantity of Indofil m-45 75% WP required to prepare 1000 litres of

0.2% spray solution.

4. A farmer would like to spray coconut palms infected with Bud rot with Blitox 50 WP

at a concentration of 0.3%. He needs 100L of spray solution. Calculate the quantity

of fungicide required?

49

Exercise No: 31

PREPARATION AND FIELD APPLICATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Aim - To familiarize with the preparation and field application of Bordeaux mixture

Materials required - Copper sulphate (Cu SO4), Quick Lime, Water, Container (wooden,

earthen or copper only), Polished knife, weighing balance, sprayer etc.

Bordeaux mixture is a highly effective broad spectrum fungicide very effective for

controlling common fungal diseases of coconut, arecanut, pepper etc. Bordeaux mixture

contains 1% Cu SO4. 100 ml of Bordeaux mixture should contain 1 g of Cu SO4. to form 1%.

For diseases of coffee 0. 5 % Bordeaux mixture is to be applied. Bordeaux mixture is toxic to

cucurbits and rice.

PROCEDURE: Preparation of 1% Bordeaux mixture (For 100 litres)

1. Dissolve 1 kg of powdered CuSO4 crystals in 50 litres of water.

2. Prepare milk of lime with 1 kg of quick lime in another 50 litres of water

3. Pour the CuSO4 solution into the milk of lime slowly stirring the mixture all the

while.

4. Test the mixture for the presence of free copper by dipping a polished knife in it.

5. Fill the mixture in a sprayer and apply on diseased crops

Note: If the knife shows a reddish colour, add more lime till the knife is not stained on

dipping. Bordeaux mixture should be used immediately after its preparation

Calculation

Q → Quantity of CuSO4/Quick Lime

P → Percentage of the solution to be prepared (1 %)

V → Volume of the solution to be prepared.

Complete the following chart

Sl.

No

Quantity of BM

(1%) Quantity of CuSO4 Quantity of lime Quantity of water

1. 1 litre

2. 5 litres

3. 30 litres

4. 50 litres

5. 100 litres 1 kg 1 Kg 100 litres

50

Q = P X V

100

Exercise No: 32

PREPARATION AND FIELD APPLICATION OF BORDEAUX PASTE

Aim - To familiarize with the preparation and field application of Bordeaux paste

Materials required - Copper sulphate (Cu SO4), Quick Lime, Water, Container (wooden,

earthen or copper only), Polished knife, weighing balance, brush etc.

Bordeaux paste is 10% Bordeaux mixture. Effective for swabbing on diseased plant

parts. Very effective wound dressing fungicide for controlling Pink disease in Rubber, Mango

and Cashew, Stem bleeding and bud rot in Coconut etc. Applied on diseased parts using a

brush.

PROCEDURE: Preparation of 1% Bordeaux paste (For 1 litre )

1. Dissolve 100g of powdered CuSO4 to 500 ml of water.

2. Prepare milk of lime with 100g of Quick lime in another 500ml of water

3. Pour this CuSO4 solution in to milk of lime slowly with continuous stirring

4. Test the paste for the presence of free copper by dipping a polished knife in it.

5. Apply on diseased plant parts using a brush

Note:-If the knife shows a reddish colour, add more lime till the knife is not stained on dipping.

Calculation

Q → Quantity of CuSO4/Quick Lime

P → Percentage of the solution to be prepared (1 %)

V → Volume of the solution to be prepared.

Complete the following chart

Sl.

No Quantity of BP Quantity of CuSO4 Quantity of lime Quantity of water

1. 1 litre

2. 5 litres

3. 10 litres

4. 15 litres

5. 30 litres

51

Q = P X V

100

Exercise No: 33

PREPARATION AND FIELD APPLICATION OF CHESHUNT COMPOUND

Aim - To familiarize with the preparation and field application of cheshunt compound

Materials required - Copper sulphate (CuSO4), Ammonium carbonate, Glass container,

Water

Cheshunt compound is effectively used for soil drenching against soil borne fugal

diseases, especially Rhizome rot of ginger. Cheshunt compound should not be applied on

plant surfaces.

PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 60g CuSo4 and 330g of Ammonium carbonate. Powder the compounds

and mix thoroughly

2. Store the mixture in air light glass containers for 24 hours before use.

3. Dissolve 25g of this mixture in little of hot water and make up the solution to 8L

with cold water.

4. Drench the prepared cheshunt compound in infected soil

Consolidation: Prepare 10 litres of Cheshunt compound and apply in soil

Exercise No: 34

FIELD APPLICATION OF Trichoderma spp & Pseudomonas

Aim - To familiarize with field aplication of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas

1. Trichoderma: Trichoderma is a fungal bio-control agent which can be effectively used for

the control of many fungal diseases in crop plants. The antibiotics and enzymes

produced by Trichoderma play a major role in destruction of disease causing organisms.

It is not applied as such in the field.

Method of field application

1. Powder cowdung & dry neem cake (9:1 proportion)

2. Mix cowdung and powdered neem cake and then moisten by sprinkling

water. (90 Kg cowdung + 10 Kg neemcake)

3. Add the commercial preparation of Trichoderma spp (1-2 Kg)

4. Mix thoroughly and cover it with a perforated polythene sheet.

5. Keep the mixture in shade for 4 to 5 days for multiplication.

6. Again mix well and keep for 3 more days for further multiplication

7. This preparation is ready for incorporation in soil

It is effective against wilt in vegetables especially cowpea wilt. Apply 250 g mixture

per pit. It is also effective against quick wilt in pepper and rhizome rot in ginger. In terrace

cultivation, Trichoderma mixed with potting mixtures control many fungal diseases.

Precautions

• Trichogramma should not be used along with chemical fungicides/fertilizers

52

• Chemical fungicides can be applied only after 15 days of trichoderma

application

• There should be sufficient moisture in the soil while applying Trichoderma

• Commercial formulation should be purchased only from recognized

organization.

2. Fluorescent pseudomonas: fluorescent Pseudomonas are a group of bacteria very

effective against many fungal and bacterial diseases in crop plants in nursery as well as

in main field. Two isolates of Psuedomonas flourescens (P1 and P14) have been

developed by Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) for disease management. This found

very effective for management of bacterial wilt of solanaceous vegetables, rhizome rot

of ginger, leaf spot in vegetables and Phytophthora infestation in beetle vine and

pepper.

Method of field application

Seedlings/cuttings are treated with Psuedomonas culture by dipping root/tip of

cuttings in slurry of Psuedomonas (250g in 750 ml water) for 20 minutes. Soil drenching of

Psuedomonas (20 g in 1 litre) is also found to be effective. This application can be repeated

in 10 days interval in infected nurseries.

3. V A Mycorrhiza (VAM) - inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi at the time of planting

in the nursery or main field improves the growth and tolerance of crop against root

pathogens, particularly Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and root nematodes of

blackpepper,cardamom,0ginger,0turmeric,0cowpea,0rice0and0vegetables.

Activity

1. Preparation of Trichoderma mixture

Materials required:

• Trichoderma packet (100 g)

• Dried cowdung (9Kg)

• Neem cake (1Kg)

• Water

• Polythene sheet

Procedure: Prepare the mixture and apply in vegetable garden

2. Preparation of Psuedomonas

Materials required:

• Psuedomonas packet

• 250 ml Bucket

• Water

• Seedlings of vegetables

Procedure: Prepare the mixture for seedling dip and complete the procedure

53

Exercise No: 35

SOIL SOLARIZATION Aim - To familiarize with procedure of soil solarization and its importance in disease

management

Materials required: spade, plastic sheets, water etc

Soil solarization is a method of hydrothermal disinfection of soil. This is dome by

covering the moist soil with transparent polythene sheet and expose to direct sunlight

during the hottest period of the year. It helps to reduce the number of soil born disease

causing organisms and nematodes.

PROCEDURE

1. Nursery Bed - The nursery bed for raising the seedlings is to be leveled and the pebbles

are removed from the surface. Incorporate sufficient quantity of organic manure and

sprinkle water at the rate of 5L/m2. Cover the area with 100-150 gauge transparent

polythene sheets. Seal the ends of the sheet with soil to keep it in position and to

maintain temperature and moisture inside. The polythene sheet is in close contact with

soil to avoid air pockets. Keep the sheets in this position for 20-30 days. Protect it from

stray animals and birds. After the period of solarization remove the sheets and the bed is

now ready for sowing or transplanting.

2. Potting mixture - Potting mixture is prepared as per the recommended practice. Spread

the potting mixture on a level surface to a height of 15-20 cm. Sprinkle water using rose

can and cover the soil with polythene sheet of 100-150 gauge thickness. Solarize for 20-

30 days. This method is very effective for the preparation of disease free pepper cuttings.

Hints for solarization

1. Solarization should be done on in open field without any shade.

2. Transparent polythene sheet of 100-150 gauge thickness should be used as it is cheap

and is more effective in conduction of heat.

3. Summer months are more suitable for solarization.

4. Soil should be moist during solarization. This increases the sensitivity of resting

structures of pathogens in soil and weed seeds.

5. Solarization may be extended to more than a month to effect disinfection to deeper layers.

6. Excess seepage of water into the solarizing bed should be avoided. But summer

showers won’t affect the process.

7. Potting mixture should never be heaped for solarization. It should be spread to a height

of 15-20cm and moistened before solarization.

8. Soil should have good tilth and should be in good contact with the polythene sheet.

54

Exercise No: 36

DISEASES OF RICE Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of rice, its symptoms application of control

measures.

Materials required: diseased specimens, chart, CDs, photographs

Procedure - Visit nearby paddy field, observe photographs and CDs. Collect, observe and

preserve disease specimens, symptoms and record relevant information.

A) FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Rice blast – spots appear as distinct large indefinite spindle shaped spots with grey centre

and brown margin. For control avoid excess nitrogenous fertilizers, use fungicide Hinosan

or Bavistin.

2. Sheath blight - greenish grey irregular lesions with dark line on margin, lesions large and

develop indefinitely on older plants. For control destroy the stubbles after harvest, avoid

excess nitrogenous fertilizers, use fungicide Hinosan or Bavistin

3. Sheath rot - oval shaped spots appear on sheaths, panicle partially emerge, whitish

powdery fungal growth seen inside rotten sheath. Spray Hinosan / Ketasin

B) BACTERIAL DISEASES

1. Bacterial leaf blight - early symptom is the appearance of pale yellow spots on leaves

towards tip and margin, leads to drying. When affected leaves are cut and immersed in

water ooze of bacteria can be observed. Antibiotics spray will reduce infestation

C) VIRAL DISEASES

1. Tungro virus - plants are stunted, leaves turn yellow, reduced tillering. Vector control

2. Grassy stunt - severe stunting with excessive tillering, erect growth habit. Control BPH

Blast Sheath rot

55

Exercise No: 37

DISEASES OF COCONUT

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of coconut, its symptoms and application of

control measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby coconut garden, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and observe

diseased specimens, symptoms and record relevant information.

FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Bud rot -The earliest symptom is the yellowing of 1 or 2 younger leaves surrounding the

spindle. The spindle withers and droops down. The tender leaf base and soft tissues of

the crown rot into a slimy mass of decayed material emitting a foul smell.

Control – 1. In early stages of diseases cut and remove all affected tissues of the crown

and apply Bordeaux paste and protect it from rain till normal shoot emerges. Protect the

bud (cover it with polythene cover or mud pot).2. Burn all disease affected tissue

removed from the palm. 3. Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture on spindle leaves and crown of

the diseases affected as well as neighboring palms as a prophylactic measure.

2. Stem Bleeding - Exudation of reddish brown liquid through the growth cracks at about 5-

10 cm above the ground level and bleeding patches higher up in the trunk are

characteristic symptoms.

Control – Remove completely affected tissues by chiseling and there after dress the

wounds with hot coal tar or Bordeaux paste. Avoid any mechanical injury to the stem.

Improve general condition of the palm by proper manuring and other cultural practices.

Application of Calyxin 25ml/25Lts of water as soil drenching once in four months.

Other diseases

1. Root Wilt diseases (cause is unknown) - Characteristic symptom is the flaccidity of

leaflets, General chlorosis, wilting of leaves, decay of root system are also seen. Provide

good management, destroy affected palms, follow strictly all the prophylactic methods

against leaf rot disease, rhinoceros and red palm weevil etc.

Bud rot Stem bleeding Root wilt

56

Exercise No: 38

DISEASES OF BANANA

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of banana, symptoms and application of control

measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby banana garden, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and observe


VIRAL DISEASES

1. Bunchy top - affected plants produces short narrow leaves which are chlorotic and

exhibit mosaic symptoms. Leaves arise in clusters giving a rosette appearance . They are

brittle with numerous dark green spots.

Control - eradicate all the disease affected plants by burning, use disease free suckers

for planting, use insecticidal treatments recommended for control of vectors.

2. Kokkan disease - during young stage pinkish and reddish streaks can be seen on the

psuedostem. Later the streaks turn to dark black. Symptoms appear on all aerial parts of

affected plant except on lamina. The affected plant produces only a small bunch. The

fingers are small, curved and ashy green colour.

Control - suckers should be taken from diseased free plants, uproot and destroy affected

plants, avoid planting Nendran variety in endemic areas

FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Panama wilt - sudden wilting of plant or individual leaves. Leaves turn yellow and

chlorotic, petioles longitudinally break and leaf blade hangs down.

Control - Use resistant varieties such as Palayamkodan, Robusta, Nendran, dip

suckers in Carbendazim solution, remove affected plants with rhizome.

2. Sigatoka leaf spot - small narrow chlorotic streaks of 1 cm long are present on

leaves. The streaks spread later the leaves may become necrotic particularly towards

leaf margins giving a characteristics scorchy appearance.

Control - cut and burn all the severely effected plants, spray 1 % Bordeaux mixture or

0.3% oil emulsion

Bunchy top Kokkan Panama wilt

57

Exercise No: 39

DISEASES OF RUBBER

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of rubber, symptoms and application of control

measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby rubber plantation, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and

observe diseased specimens, symptoms and record relevant information.

FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Abnormal leaf fall -during the monsoon season the fruits rot. Later infected leaves

fall in large numbers prematurely either green or after turning coppery red, with a

drop of latex often coagulated in the center of a black lesion on the petiole.

Control - prophylactic spray of foliage prior to the onset of monsoon with 1% BM or

oil based copper fungicides.

2. Powdery mildew - symptoms noticed on newly formed tender flesh during the

refoliation period of January to March. Tender leaves with ashy coating curl, crinkle

and edges roll inwards leaving the petioles attached to the twigs giving a broomstick

appearance

Control - dusting with sulphur 3-5 rounds at weekly or fort nightly intervals.

3. Pink disease - trees in the age group of 3-12 years are highly susceptible. The

infection is seen usually in the fork region. White or pink colored cob web like

mycelial growth form on bark with streaks of latex oozing out from lesions. Later

rotting, cracking of bark, exudation of latex and finally drying up of twigs and

branches occurs.

Control - regular inspection of field during July - September for detecting the disease.

Apply Bordeaux paste up to 30 cm above and below the affected region. Prune off

dried affected braches.

Pink Disease

58

Exercise No: 40

DISEASES OF CASHEW

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of cashew, symptoms and application of control

measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby cashew plantation, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and


FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Anthracnose - leaves become necrotic, crinkle and dry up, tips show die back

symptom, flower shed, tender fruits turn black and shed drying of whole tree.

Control - crowding in orchard should be avoided, prune and apply Bordeaux paste,

spray Bordeaux mixture, Zineb.

2. Pink disease - 3-12 years old trees are highly susceptible, white or pink colored cob

web mycelia growth form on bark surface with brown liquid oozing out from lesions,

rotting and cracking of bark, drying up of twigs and branches.

Control - apply Bordeaux paste, prune off dried up branches

3. Root rot - appear as rotting of roots, dying of the twigs followed by yellowing of

leaves and stunted growth of plants.

Control - remove disease affected leaves, soil drenching with cheshunt compound.

Exercise No: 41

DISEASES OF ARECANUT

1. Mahali (fruit rot or Koleroga disease) Causal organism – fungus - Phytophthora

Symptoms - The fungus will attack distal end of immature nuts and rotting will result.

The rotting will proceed to the stalk end, nuts will fall down. The fallen nuts and stalk

end will be rotten forming a slimy mass. If it is not controlled, all nuts fall down and yield

will be completely lost.

• Control - Spray with BM 1% before onset of south west monsoon, Repeat the

spraying when there is a dry spell during the monsoon and again after

the ceasation of south west monsoon just before the onset on north-

east monsoon.

59

Exercise No: 42

DISEASES OF MANGO

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of mango, symptoms and application of control

measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby mango orchard, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and observe


FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Anthracnose - leaves become necrotic, crinkle and dry up, tips show die back

symptom, flower shed, tender fruits turn black and shed drying of whole branches.

Control - crowding in orchard should be avoided, prune and apply Bordeaux paste.

2. Pink disease - 3-12 years old trees are highly susceptible, white or pink colored cob

web mycelia growth form on bark surface with brown liquid oozing out from lesions,

rotting and cracking of bark, drying up of twigs and branches

Control - apply Bordeaux paste, prune off dried up branches

3. Sooty mould - black sooty mould growth can be seen in stem, leaf etc. If the whole

leaves are covered with sooty mould, photo synthesis will be affected.

Control - Control of leaf hoppers, spraying with dilute starch solution.

4. Mango malformation

This is a complex disease or disorder. Caused by Fungus, mites, virus and

physiological reasons.

Symptoms –

a) Vegetative malformation - It is more severe in young seedlings and grafted

plants. Affected plants develop excessive vegetative growth, producing bunches

of dwarf branch giving a broom stick or bunchy top appearance.

b) Floral malformation - Flowers on affected plants is abnormal and develop

monstrosities. The abnormal shape is due to thick fleshy and profusely branched

peduncle.

Anthracnose Floral malformation

60

Exercise No: 43

DISEASES OF PEPPER

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of pepper, symptoms and application of control

measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby pepper garden, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and observe


FUNGAL DISEASES

1. Quick wilt - first symptom is present on the leaves as rotting from the distal end. The

rotting will advance within few days and leaves turn dark in colour. The leaves along

with petiole wither and fall down. At the same time roots will also rot, collar region

rots and plant will die within few days.

Control - remove and destroy all the infected and dead lines along with root system.

Spray vines with 1%BM. The basal 50 cm of main stem from the ground level should

be pasted with Bordeaux paste, drench the soil around the plant with BM10

liter/plant, use of Trichoderma.

2. Fungal Pollu / Anthracnose - the fungus will attack on the berries present on the

spike, as a result, berries became hollow with a black colour.the entire spike may be

attacked leaving behind only one or two berries.

Control - minimize shade in the garden, spray with BM before flowering and then

berry formation stage.

3. Slow decline: a complex disease involving fungi bacteria, nematodes. Wilting of

leaves, rotting and shedding of leaves. These symptoms will continue for a long time

and the plant will die slowly with a slow reduction in yield.

Control - it is achieved by a combination of chemicals like fungicides, antibiotics and

nematicides.

Quick wilt of Pepper

61

Exercise No: 44

DISEASES OF SPICES

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of cardamom and ginger, symptoms and



Procedure - Visit nearby garden, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and observe


a). CARDAMOM

1. Katte diseases (Mosaic) Caused by Virus and Vector is banana aphid.

Symptoms - discontinuous stripes of light green colour running almost parallel to each

other from the mid rib to the margin of the leaves, which form a mosaic pattern. On

young shoots such stripes are seen on leaf sheath also. Infected clumps will be smaller in

size with fewer tillers.

Control: destroy infected plants by burning, control vector by spraying insecticide,

remove all alternate hosts of the virus.

2. Azhukal or Capsule rot Caused by fungus - Phytophthora spp.

On the infected leaves water soaked lesions appear first and rotting and shedding of

leaves occur thereafter. Infected capsule become dull greenish brown and decay.

Control - remove and destroy all infected clumps, spray with B M 1% before the onset of

monsoon.

b). GINGER

1. Soft rot / Rhizome rot Caused by fungus - Pythium and Phytophthora

Symptoms – The 1st

visible symptom is found at the basal region of plant which become

watery and rots. The leaves become slightly pale in colour and their tips turn yellow and

yellowing spread downwards. At the same time rhizomes get rotten and are converted

into a slimy mass emitting a foul smell. The plant will die soon.

Control

1. Water logging in ginger garden should be avoided

2. Before the onset of monsoon spray with 1%. B.M. or Mancozeb 0.2% and

drench the soil with 1% B.M. or Cheshunt compound.

3. When the disease is present in the field, spraying and drenching should be

done as above and channels should be made around the infected area to

isolate it from healthy plants.

62

Exercise No: 45

DISEASES OF VEGETABLES

Aim - To familiarize with the major diseases of vegetables, symptoms and application of

control measures.


Procedure - Visit nearby vegetable garden, observe photographs and CDs. Collect and


a) DISEASES OF CUCURBITS

1. Fruit rot (Fungal disease) - watery soft rot develops in fruits touching soil surface, its

spread among fruits during storage and transport. For control keep fruits away from

soil surface, drenching with cheshunt compound.

2. Powdery mildew (Fungal disease) - powdery appearance on leaf surface and fruits.

Sulphur dusting will reduce severity.

Powdery Mildew

b) DISEASES OF CHILLY

1. Fruit rot and die back (Fungal disease) - appearance of small black circular spots and

these join together and fruit loss their normal red color, branches and twigs show die

back symptom. Control: spray Zineb

2. Phyllody - virus disease - plant is stunted; leaves become small, having a miniature

shape. Control: eradication of infected plants, vector control

3. Bacterial wilt - The plants will wilt suddenly even when there is sufficient supply of

water, leaves drop down and fruits fall off. Ooze test should be conducted to

diagnose this disease. For control rogue out infected plants. Use resistant varieties.

63

Bacterial Wilt

c. DISEASES OF BRINJAL

1. BacterialWilt

Symptoms: Drooping of leaves and wilting of plants, Discolouration of vascular

bundles and slimy ooze from vascular bundles

Management: Crop rotation, Rogue out infected plants. Use resistant varieties like

surya, swetha, etc. Soil drenching with Copper Oxy Chloride 4g/L as soon as disease

appears

2. Little leaf (Phytoplasmal disease Vector: Jassid)

Symptoms: Reduction in leaf size, shortening of internodesand proliferation of

axillary Buds. Production of phylloid flowers and sterility of plants

Management: Rogue out the affected plants, Vector control using malathion

Little leaf

d) DISEASES OF BHINDI

1. Yellow vein mosaic disease (YVM) Viral disease, vector white fly - Bemisia tabaci

Symptoms - The symptom is the yellowing of veins followed by veinal chlorosis. The

yellow network of veins and veinlets become thick. In severe cases the chlorosis may

extend to inerveinal areas and result in the complete yellowing of leaves. Fruits are

dwarf, malformed and yellowish green in colour.

Control

• Eradication of affected plants, controlling the vector by spraying Rogor

0.03%. Use of resistant varieties like Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay and

Susthira, Destruction of host weeds

64

4. DISEASES OF AMARANTHUS 1. Leaf spot (Fungal diseases)

Symptoms

• Spots appear on both the sides of leaves

• Fungal spores are seen on the under surface of leaves

Management

1. Use CO-1 green variety or cultivate red variety with green variety

2. Avoid splash irrigation

3. Spray Dithane M 45 @ 4g/L of cowdung supernatant. Use 10kg cowdung

for 10L of water. Take the supernatant which is sufficient for 40g Dithane

Exercise No: 46

DISEASE OF TAPIOCA

1. Cassava mosaic (topioca mosaic) caused by virus. Transmitted by white fly.

Symptoms - It is present on leaves as mosaic pattern as yellow, light green and dark

green patches inter-mingling each other resembling a mosaic pattern. Later leaves will

be crinkled, rolled longitudinally and perpendicularly and yield will be reduced.

Control - disease affected plants should be isolated and destroyed by burning, setts

should not be taken from disease affected plants for planting, tolerant varieties like H-97

can be planted and vector white flies can be controlled by spraying Ekalux 0.2%

65

Exercise No: 47

DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

A) DISEASES OF ROSE

1. Powdery mildew (fungal disease): Raised blister like areas occurs on the leaves which

soon become covered with greyish white powdery fungal growth. The leaves become

curly and the buds fail to open properly.

Management: Spray 0.2% Wettable Sulphur.

2. Die back: The pruned surface of twig dries tip downward. The twigs become black in

Color. The disease passes from twig to the main stem and from thorn to the whole plant.

3. Black Spot: Circular black Spot with an irregular border on the leaves, stem and flowers.

The affected leaves become yellow and finally fall off.

Management: 2% Captan at fortnightly intervals.

4. Rose mosaic (Viral disease): Chlorotic line patterns, ring spots and mottles, Yellow

netting and necrotic patterns, Reduction in vigour of plants

Management: Destroy diseased plants.

B) DISEASES OF ANTHURIUM

1. Bacterial leaf blight: Disease occurs during heat and humid conditions. Appearance of

water soaked Spot on leaf margin and in flowers. The spots collapse and form burning.

Symptoms which is surrounded by a yellow hallow. The affected flowers lose their

market value.

Management: Application of Copper oxychloride, Streptomycin

2. Anthracnose (Fungal disease): Appearance of circular black spot on leaves and spadix.

These spots join to form large decayed areas which detach to give shot holes. Later they

dry and fall off.

Management: Application of Mancozeb 3% or Carbendazim

C) DISEASES OF ORCHID

1. Anthracnose (Fungal disease): Black specks appear on leaves and stem which later join

and cover large area and shot hole symptoms are noticed later. Central portion of spots

become ashy grey with black margin

Management: Remove and destroy affected parts and spray Indofil M 45 @ 3g/L

2. Black rot: Small water soaked lesions appear on the collar region of small plants which

later in large and result in decay of basal portion Black spots are seen on roots, shoots

and leaves which may lead to complete death of plants

Management:Use clean pots and propagating media for planting, Isolate the diseased

plants and remove the infected portions, Drenching/ spraying with bavistin 1g/ ml

3. Phytophthora blight: Blackening of leaf with no well defined margin and defoliation.

Black lesions on stem and other aerial parts

Management: Soil drenching or spraying with Thiram

66

Exercise No: 48

IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON WEEDS

Aim: to identify different types of weeds of Kerala and classify weeds in to wet land & dry

land weeds

Materials required: Herbarium, live specimens, articles, reference books, photographs

Procedure: Visit nearby fields and collect common weeds, identify them and the details can

be consolidated and recorded. Make sketches of important weeds.

WEEDS: Weeds are plants growing out of place. Based on habitat weeds are classified into

wetland & dry land weeds.

• Wet land weeds: eg. Jungle rice, wild rice

• Dry land: eg. Lantana, Leucas

Common wetland weeds

Sl.

No Common Name Scientific Name Features

aebmf¯nepÅ t]cv Group

1 Jungle rice/

Kavada Echinochloa colonum Spikelets are awnless IhS Monocot/

Grass

2 Barnyard grass Echinocloa crusgalli Spikelets have awns IhS Monocot/

Grass

3 Wild Rice/ Oryza rufipogan Spikelets reddish stout awns ljïöEkëú Monocot/

Grass

4 Umbrella sedge Cyperusdeformis Stem has a round

head like spike hƒ÷¼êj Sedge

5 Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Leaves are spoon shaped.

Flowers are violet Ipfhmg Dicot

6 Salvinia Salvinia molesta Leaves covered with hair,

rosette leaves. Free floating

B{^n¡³ ]mbð Fern

7 Ludwigia Ludwigia perrinis Grow in marshy area. Flower

like clove flower bud \oÀ {Km¼p Dicot

Common upland weeds

Sl.

No Common Name Scientific Name Features

aebmf¯nepÅ t]cv Group

1 Nut grass Cyperus rotundus Nut like tubers ap¯§ Sedge

2 Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Spread soil surface

like a carpet IdpI¸pñv Monocot/

Grass

3 Crow foot grass Dactylocteniun aegyptium Spike resemble

crow’s foot Im¡¸pñv Monocot/

Grass t

4 Siam weed Chromolaena odorata Broad leaved weed I½yqWnÌv ]¨ Dicot

5 Phyllanthus Phyllanthus niruri Used for treatment of

jaundice IogmÀs\ñn Dicot

6 Indian penny - wort Centella asiatica Form clusters with

runner shoots IpSI³ Dicot

7 Touch-me-not Mimosa pudica Epinastic leaves.

Thorny stem sXm«mhmSn Dicot

8 Vernonia Vernonia cineria Flowers with puffs ]qÆmwIpcpóne Dicot

9 Wild sage Lantana camara Flowers are with

ornamental value sIm§nWn Dicot

10 Mile-a-minute Mikania micrantha Climber Atacn¡³ hÅn Dicot

67


Sl

No. Common name Scientific name Group Features Habitat Diagram

1

2

3

4

5

Exercise No: 49

FAMILIARIZATION WITH HERBICIDES AND CALCULATIONS

Aim - To familiarize with common weedicides/Herbicides and calculation of required

quantity of commercial formulation for field application.

Materials required : weedicides available in the laboratory.

Procedure: identify the weedicides available in the laboratory. Conduct a visit to pesticide

shops for gathering information on available weedicides in the market.

Tabulate the information in practical record. For calculations write down the

formula and find out the answer.

Common herbicides

Sl.

No

Generic/Chemical

Name Trade Name Formulation Remarks

1 2,4-D Sodium Salt Fernoxone 80% WSP Water soluble powder Selective

2 2,4 – D amine Agrodar 96-58% WSC Water Soluble Concentrate Selective

3 Thiobencarb Saturn 50% EC Emulsifible Concentrate Selective

4 Butachlor Machete 50% E C Emulsifible concentrate Selective

5 Diuron Klass 80% WP Wettable Powder Selective

6 Atrazine Atrazine 50% WP Wettable Powder Selective

7 Paraquat Gramoxone 20% EC Emulsifible concentrate Non -Selective

8 Glyphosate Roundup 41% SL

Soluble liquid Non - Selective/

Systemic Glycel 41% SL


Sl.

No

Generic/Chemical

Name

Trade

Name Formulation Toxicity Remarks Manufacturer

68

CALCULATION

PROCEDURE

• Calculate the quantity of herbicide required for a given area

• Preparation of herbicide solution

• Field application

• Record the calculation of quantity of herbicide formulation required

• Observe and learn the preparation and application of herbicides

Questions

1. Calculate the quantity of Fernoxone 80% WSP required to control broad leaved

weeds in 2 ha of rice field at a recommended rate of 1kg ai/ha.

2. Calculate the quantity of Paraquat 20%EC required to control the weeds in an area of

1.5 ha @ 0.8 kg a.i. per ha

3. Suppose your school is having an area of I acre, which is full of weeds. The P.TA. of

school would like to make play ground. Suggest the quantity of gamoxone 20 % EC

required to clear the area at the rate of 0.8kg ai / ha.

4. A farmer wants to spray clincher 10 % EC in his rice field of 4acres for the control of

Echinochloa weed. Recommended dosage is 0.08 kg ai/ha. Help him to find out the

required quantity of herbicide.

5. A farmer wants to destroy weeds in his pineapple field of 1ha area, before planting

of suckers. Help him to find out the quantity Roundup 41%SL for preparing the spray

solution @ 0.8kg ai / ha

Quantity of herbicide required = Rate of application (Kg a.i./ ha) X Area in ha X 100

Strength of commercial formulation

69

Exercise No: 50

BIOLOGIAL CONTROL OF WEEDS

Aim - To familiarize with common bio-control agents used for the management of weeds

like Salvinia

Materials required: photographs, reference books, CDs.

Procedure: identify the important bio-control agents used for the management of weeds

and record relevant information to practical record.

BIOCONTROL OF SALVINIA (Salvinia molesta)

Release of Cyrtobagous salviniae weevils is found effective for the control of salvinia.

Even one pair of weevil is sufficient for establishment in a locality. But for practical

consideration 50 to 100 weevils are recommended for release in a particular area. When

collection of weevil is not possible, about 1 kg of infested salvinia can be used as the release

material. Release may preferably be made whenever tender salvinia growth is available. If

the plants are very old, they may be removed mechanically to promote re-growth and then

weevils are to be released. Almost 100% control of the weed will be

obtained0in0a0span0of012-180months. The rate of natural dispersal of the weevil is rather

slow and hence it is desirable that the infested weed mats are redistributed at periodic

intervals. In canals used for navigation, the rate of spread of the weevil is found to be quite

adequate.

Cyrtobagous salviniae

BIOCONTROL AGENTS USED FOR THE CONTROL OF WEEDS

Sl No Name of weed Bio control agent

1. Lantana camara (sIm§nWn) Crocidosema lantana (Moth)

Agromyza lantanae (seed fly)

2. Eichornia (Ipfhmg ) Neochaetina (Weevil)

Orthogalumna sp (Mite)

Cercospora (Fungus)

3. Eupatorium (I½yqWnÌv ]¨) Parachaetus pseudoinsulatus ( larvae of a moth)

4. Parthenium Zygogramma bicolorata (Beetle)

5. Opuntia (IÅnapÄ sNSn) Cactoblastis cactorum ( larvae of a moth)

70

Exercise No: 51

FAMILIARIZATION WITH PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

AND THEIR MAINTENANCE

Aim - To familiarize with different plant protection equipments, its working principles, field

use and maintenance.

Materials required: Sprayers, Photographs, CDs.

Procedure – identify different types of sprayers and dusters, its working principles, prepare

sketches and record relevant information.

1. Identification of the PP equipments

2. Handling of PP equipments

3. Prepare the spray solution of any plant protection chemical

4. Calibrate the equipment

5. Fill the spray solution in the equipment.

6. Put the equipment in its application position (eg: knapsack sprayer on shoulder)

7. Mark the area to be treated.

8. Spray both the upper and lower surface of plant leaves and the other parts being

treated.

9. Clean the equipments properly after use and store in a dry place\

Plant protection equipments - These are machines designed for applying plant

protection chemicals of different formulations over a given area to effectively control the

pest. These are broadly classified into sprayers and dusters.

1. Sprayers: - are used to apply plant protection chemicals as fine sprays of liquid.

Important parts of sprayers are described here,

1. Tank - the sprayer may have built-in tanks or there may be a separate container for

holding the spray fluid. Made of a non corrosive metal or thick polyethylene.

2. Pump - A pump is necessary for the atomization of the spray fluid.

3. Agitator - Most of the sprayers are provided with agitators for keeping the pesticide

uniformly dispersed in the spray fluid.

4. Filter - A strainer made of wire gauze should be fitted beneath the tank filler cap to

filter the spray fluid as the tank is being filled.

5. Power Source - Petrol engines coupled with the equipment or any separate engine

provides power to the power operated sprayers.

6. Pressure gauge - It is fixed on the discharge line to adjust the pressure required for

spraying

7. Valves - maintain the direction of flow of the spray fluid.

8. Hose - Hose is used to conduct the spray fluid from the spray tank to the lance.

9. Spray lance - It is a detachable brass tube usually 90cm long, nozzle will be screwed

on to its end.

10. Spray cut-off device (trigger) - A device in the lance to shut off the flow of the liquid.

11. Nozzle - It is an important component as it breaks up the liquid released from the

equipment into droplets and spread them as a spray.

71

Types of sprayers

a) Hand sprayer: These are the smallest types of sprayers. Used for pest control in

houses and small kitchen gardens. They comprise of a tank (1-2 L capacity) and an air

pump to develop pressure and are provided with an air check valve at one end a

delivery tube connected out side to nozzle through a trigger control valve. The

pressure developed by the pump forces the liquid to rise in the delivery tube and

then go out through the nozzle the flow being regulated by the trigger control valve.

Parts of Pneumatic hand sprayer

b) Knapsack sprayer: It consist of a strongly built bras cylindrical tank, a vertical air

pump passing through the top and tightly fixed to it and a delivery tube with a spray

lance. Water is filled to 2/3 rd of the tank capacity and air is pumped into the tank

moving the plunger rod up and down inside the pump barrel. Compressed air creates

pressure on the surface of the liquid. The liquid moves up the nozzle and get broken

up into fine droplets.

1. Piston Handle

2. Trigger

3. Handle

4. Pump Barrel

5. Tank

6. Piston rod

7. Piston

8. Air check valve

9. Delivery tube

10. Spray lance

11. Nozzle

72

Parts of a Knapsack sprayer

c) Rocker sprayer: It consist of a pump assembly, a rocking lever, pressure chamber,

suction hose with a strainer, delivery hose and spray lance with nozzle and a trigger

cut off devise. By rocking movement of the lever, pressure will be built in the

pressure chamber and this helps to force the liquid to come out through nozzle.

There is no tank and the spray liquid is kept in bucket. The rocking movement of the

lever causes the piston to move to and fro in the barrel. First few strokes create a

vacuum and the liquid is sucked in through the suction hose and build up the

required pressure in the pressure chamber. A continuous rocking movement is

required to maintain steady pressure. The pressure chamber acts as a reservoir of

liquid and gives constant delivery under pressure. It is used for spraying tall trees like

coconut, cashew, pepper, mango etc.

Parts of Rocker Sprayer

d) Power sprayer: Suitable for spraying large area of field crops. Consists of a spray tank

(10-12 l capacity), a two stroke petrol engine, fuel tank, blower assembly, pleated hose,

delivery tube etc. The fan in the blower is connected with the two stroke engine. A liquid

delivery pipe from the tank provides the liquid at the end of pleated hose. Another hose

Lever

Cutoff device Pump assembly

Suction hose with Strainer

Nozzle

Spray lance

Pressure chamber

Wooden Platform

Hose

73

Nozzle

Pump

Spray lance

Lever

Stand

Cut off device

Holder

Parts of a Knapsack sprayer

Tank

Filter hole

from the blower is connected to the tank in such a way that a small portion of air enters

the tank on the surface of the liquid. This air provides some agitation and creates

constant pressure on the top of the liquid pushing the liquid to the end of the hose. The

air blast is created by the blower and divides the liquid as micronised droplets.

2. DUSTERS

i. Hand operated Rotary (crank) duster: Rotary duster is also called as crank

duster and fan type duster. Consists of ablower with a gear box and a hopper. A

rotary duster is operated by rotating the crank and the motion is transmitted

through the gear to the blower. Generally an agitator is connected to the gear. An

adjustable feeding mechanism is also provided. Air current produced by the blower

draws the dust from the hopper and discharge it out through the delivery tube.

ii. Power duster: Operating principle is similar to that of power sprayer, the only

difference being the delivery tube is replaced with a dust outlet pipe.

Maintenance of plant protection equipments

Aim: Students will be able to identify the plant protection equipment’s maintenance,

problems and remedies

Materials required: Plant protection equipments (Sprayers and dusters), Plant protection

chemicals, Grease, oil and other lubricants, screw-drivers, pliers, hammer, bolt and

nuts, screws binding wires, Accessories like gaskets, valves, hose pipes, nozzles etc.

Procedure: Observing and learning through demonstration of the field application of PP

chemicals using various PP equipments.

Power Sprayer

Delivery tube

Tank

Petrol engine

74

Power Duster

Points to be taken care while handling plant protection equipments

1. Follow the instructions of manufacturers for maintenance of equipment.

2. Clean the equipments properly and store in a dry place.

3. Drain the tank of a sprayer and flush it with clean water, wash the pump, nozzles,

strainers, lances, hoses, etc, with clean water.

4. Empty the hopper and clean with a cloth in case of dusters.

5. Replace the worn out parts, grease and oil the moving parts, eg. Cylinder, piston,

plungers, washers, valves, etc. when not in use.

6. Do not bend rubber hoses at angles

7. At end of season clean sprayer thoroughly, drain all water from engine, pump and

tank, disconnect hose and run lubricating oil through pump. Drain oil from engine

and pump and replace with new oil.

8. Do not through the nozzles and delivery tubes of dusters on bare ground

9. Always keep sufficient stocks of spare parts and tool kits

10. Drain the spray solution to avoid clogging of nozzle

Field problems and remedies for plant protection equipments

1. Knapsack sprayer

Sl. No Problem Rectification

1 Nozzle block • Follow procedure for cleaning blocked nozzles

2 Pressure drops quickly

• Check that the filler cap or lid gasket is in good

condition and the cap is properly secured.

• Ensure that all connections and washes are proper.

3 Trigger cutoff valve is leaking • Dismantle the trigger cut off valve and check the ring

washer. If damaged replace.

2. Rocker Sprayer


1 No spray • Nozzle block, follow procedure for cleaning

blocked nozzles

2 Suction do not result • If suction valve stuck, clear it

3 Leakage through plunger rod • Either piston worn out or it is loose. Check the

piston if it is loose lighten the screw

4 Liquid not entering in to the

delivery tube • Delivery valve gets stuck clear it.

3. Dusters


1 Dust not coming out • Check whether the hopper is empty

• Check whether the valve is open

Activity:

1. Identify different parts of sprayers, its working principles and maintenance

75

Exercise No: 52

VISIT TO RESEARCH STATIONS

Aim: To understand the research activities undertaken by various departments of a research

station. The importance of research stations. To record relevant data about research

stations.

Materials required: Prepared checklist for data collection

Procedure: Fix the visit before hand with the research stations. Prepare a check list for

collecting information on research station

RESEARCH STATIONS

Agricultural research station carries research on problem at the field level and the

outcome is transferred to the farmers for better field crop production.

Checklist for data collection

Sl.

No. Particulars

1 Name of the research station

2 Major thrust area of research

3 Crops grown, land area, soil type, etc.

4 Various plant protection activities undertaken

5 Location map

6 Laboratory facility

7 Total production of major crops

8 Major research findings

9 Research project formulation

10 Extension activities undertaken

11 Other activities undertaken if any

OBSERVATIONS

• The learner should record the observations according to the checklist prepared and

prepare a report.

76

Exercise No: 53

VISIT TO KRISHIBHAVAN

Aim: To understand the administrative functioning of Krishibhavan, preparation of need

based projects for farmers, extension activities undertaken through Krishibhavan.

Materials required: Prepared checklist for data collection

Procedure: Fix the visit before hand with the research stations. Prepare a check list for

collecting information on Krishibhavan

KRISHIBHAVANS

Krishibhavans are institutions meant for extension activities in a Panchayat. They

carry out planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural projects and

other development programmes for farmers.

Checklist for data collection

Sl.

No. Particulars

1 Name of the Gramapanchayat, taluk and district

2 No. of wards, average no. of households per ward

3 Rainfall, Seasons

4 Crops grown, land area, soil type, etc.

5 Total production of major crops

6 Farming/ cropping system

7 Major pest and diseases of crops in the panchayat

8 Various plant protection activities recommended

9 Details of ongoing need based development projects

10 Other developmental activities

11 Functioning of Agroclinics

12 Details of progressive farmers (Interactive session)

13 Extension activities undertaken

14 Other activities undertaken if any

OBSERVATIONS

• The learner should record the observations according to the checklist prepared and

prepare a report.

77

REFERENCES

1. Chapman R. F., Insects, 2000, Cambridge University Press. 770pp.

2. Chattopadhyay S. B. 1991, Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection. Oxford and

IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. .443pp.

3. KAU. 2007. Package of Practices Recommendations ‘Crops’ Thirteenth edition,

Directorate of extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 278pp.

4. Nair, M.R.G.K., 1999. A Monograph on Crop Pests of Kerala and their Control,

Directorate of Extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 227 pp.

5. Rangaswami,G. and Mahadevan. A, 2002, Diseases of Crop Plants in India. 3rd

edition.

Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 498 pp.

6. Rao V.S, 1997, Principles of Weed Science, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd.,New

Delhi. 555 pp.

7. George T.C. and Abraham C.T, 1997, JqJw JqEïiÔX jðYïJwJqJw JqEïiÔX jðYïJwJqJw JqEïiÔX jðYïJwJqJw JqEïiÔX jðYïJw, Directorate of

Extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur.88pp.

8. Reghunath P., Gokulapalan C., Umamaheswaran K., 2001. où÷iêQïY JïT÷jêL où÷iêQïY JïT÷jêL où÷iêQïY JïT÷jêL où÷iêQïY JïT÷jêL

EïiÔXù JêtnðJ lïqJqïvEïiÔXù JêtnðJ lïqJqïvEïiÔXù JêtnðJ lïqJqïvEïiÔXù JêtnðJ lïqJqïv, State Institute of Languages, Trivandrum, 220pp.

9. Santhakumari P , 2009, ooáoùj&Xù,ooáoùj&Xù,ooáoùj&Xù,ooáoùj&Xù, State Institute of Languages, Trivandrum,

215pp.

10. Singh R.S., 1995. Disease of Vegetable Crops. Third edition. Oxford and IBH Publishing

Co Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. 421pp.

11. Singh R.S., Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology. 2002. Oxford and IBH

Publishing Co Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. 358pp

12. Visalakshi A. and Peethambaran C.K., 2003, JðTEêmïEïJwJðTEêmïEïJwJðTEêmïEïJwJðTEêmïEïJw , State Institute of

Languages, Thiruvananthapuram. 245pp.

13. Anonymous, from Internet

Appendix

VOCATIONAL HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION

Model Practical Examination

Subject: Agriculture (Plant Protection) II School: GVHSS, Pallarimangalam, EKM

Date : Total Score : 150

I. Identification (30 Scores)

II. Demonstration and Procedure writing (37.5 Scores)

(Eït˜êX jðYï FrñYñJ, Eït˜êX jðYï öOÂñ JêXï¼ñJ)

1. Preparation of Bordeaux mixture 1 litre (Hjñ kïšt ÷fêt÷Vê hï±ïYù) [ ]

2. Preparation of Bordeaux paste 1 litre (Hjñ kïšt ÷fêt÷Vê Jñrœú) [ ]

3. Neem oil garlic emulsion 10 litres (10 kïšt ÷lödç¯ ölqñŒñÈï hï±ïYù) [ ]

III. Calculation (22.5 Scores)

1. A farmer asked your help to Calculate the Quantity of Quinalphose 25EC required to spray

vegetables cultivated in an area of 1/2 ha at a concentration of 0.5% using high volume

spray @ 500 litres spray solution/ha. As an agricultural student help the farmer to

calculate the quantity of chemical. (6) 1

/2 öpÅt ÇnïiïTŒïv Irjn sNbvXncn¡pó ]¨¡dn¡v 0.5% hocy¯nð kvt{]

sN¿póXn\hiyamb Izn\mðt^mkv 25 EC bpsS Afhv ImWpóXn\mbn Hcp IÀjI³

\n§fpsS klmbw tNmZn¡póp. Irjn imkv{X hnZymÀ°n Fó \nebnð

IoS\min\nbpsS Afhp ImWm³ At±ls¯ klmbn¡pI. ( kvt{] @ 500en/sl)

2. Calculate the quantity of Bavistin 50 WP required to prepare 100 litres of 0.3%

concentrated spray solution (5)

0.3% lðjáŒïkñÈ 100 kïšt Jñhïw EêmïEï Eït˜ï¼êEêlmáhêi fêlï‚ïu

50 WP iñöT Aqlú JêXñJ

3. Calculate the quantity of Furedan 3G required for 250 cents of Banana crop, when applied

at the rate of 1.5 Kg a.i per Ha . (6)

250 skâv hmgbv¡v thï ‘Furedan 3G’ bpsS Afhv IW¡m¡pI? (mñdêtm

öOÂïjï¼ñªYú 1.5kg ai/Ha)

Reg. �o:

Instructions:

1. Read questions carefully before answering them tNmZy§Ä \ómbn hmbn¨Xn\p tijw D¯c§Ä FgpXpI.

2. Demonstration item indicated by ‘√’ mark

öV÷hêx÷â‚nu öO÷àûYú ‘√’ öOÂïjï¼ñªñ

4. Calculate the quantity of Paraquat 80% WSP required to control broad leaved weeds in 2

ha of rice field at a recommended rate of 1 kg ai/ha. (5.5)

2 öpÅt öEvÇnïiïök Jq Eïi{´XŒïEú Blmáhêi dêjJôêˆú 80% WSP iñöT

Aqlú JêXñJ. mñdêtm öOÂïjï¼ñªYú 1 kg ai/Ha.

IV. Situation Analysis (30 Scores)

1. Coconut palms in your locality are showing triangular cuts on opened leaves. Identify the

reason. Suggest suitable management practices. (7) \n§fpsS ASp¯pÅ sX§n³ tXm«¯nð sX§nsâ hnSÀó CeIÄ {XntImWmIrXnbnð

apdn¨Xmbn ImWs¸Spóp. F´nsâ A{IaWw AsWóv Xncn¨dnªv AXn\pÅ \nb{´W

amÀ¤§Ä hnhcn¡pI.

2. In an agroclinic, a farmer brings a banana plant with stunted appearance having narrow

and brittle clustered leaves. Identify the disease and suggest suitable control measures.

lqtOþ hñjTïOþYñù, CTYòtªú lðYï Jñsƒ CkJ÷qêTñ JòTïi lêr Hjñ

JtnJu A÷ÜêJëïEïJïv öJêûñljñªñ. Hjñ Çnï Aoï‚usú Fª Eïkiïv

B lêriñöT ÷jêLù Eït¯iïOþú, djïpêjhêt$Ÿw Eït÷‰mï¼ñJ. (7)

3. Small bittergourd fruits in you kitchen garden turn yellow in colour and dropped down

immaturely. Matured fruits when cut open, numerous white maggots were seen feeding

on the internal content of the fruits. Identify the pest and suggest suitable control

measures. (6) EïŸqñöT dêlv Çnï÷ŒêˆŒïv öOsïi JêiúJw hƒ EïshêJñJiñù öJêrïiñJiñù

öOàñªñ. JòTêöY JêiúJw ÷lLŒïv hòödçŒñJiñù drñ¼ñJiñù öOàñªñ. drñŒ

JêiúJw hñsï¼ñ÷œêw ölqñŒ dñrñ¼w JêXödçççTñJiñù öOàñªñ. JêjXù

hEoæïkê¼ï djïpêjhêt$Ÿw Eït÷‰mï¼ñJ.

4. A farmer cultivating coconut approaches you with immature nuts showing triangular

yellowish patches below the perianth region and asks for your help. As an agricultural

student identify the pest, its nature of damage and suggest suitable control measures. sNdnb a¨n§bpsS sR«nsâ `mK v̄ aª\nd¯nð ]mSpIÄ Iïp Fó ]cmXnbpambn Hcp tIc

IÀjI³ \n§sf kao]n¡póp. Hcp Irjn imkv{X hnZymÀ°n Fó \nebnð F´nsâ B{IaWw

BsWóp a\Ênem¡n AXn\pÅ \nb{´WamÀ¤§Ä \nÀt±in¡pI. (5)

5. A brinjal farmer approaches you with the following symptoms. Identify the problem and

suggest the remedial measures. (5)

• Immature shoots droops

• Fruits showing bore holes plugged with excreta

Hjñ lrñYE JtnJu Yêör dsiñª k&XŸ÷qêTñ JòTïi lrñYE

öJêûñlªñ. ‹mîù hEoæïkê¼ï ‹Yïlïbï Eït÷‰mï¼ñJ.

• Cqù YûñJw lêTï YòŸïiïjï¼ñªñ

• Jêiú YñqOþïjï¼ñªñ, YñqJqïv Jênéù Eïsƒïjï¼ñªñ.

IV. Viva-voce (15 Scores)

IV. Practical Record (15 Scores)

7. Practical Manual PP-II

Documents

Transcript of 7. Practical Manual PP-II