Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

WRITERS Roser de Antonio Chris Ellison Fiona Elvin Michele C. Guerrini Alejandro de las Heras María More

ILLUSTRATIONSAlberto Díaz

SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón

PROOFREADER Deborah E. Greenberg

EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer

EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton

BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

Social Science4

Contents

Let's explore! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Let's travel in time! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

How do we keep safe? . . . . . . . . 104

1 Rocks and relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 Living in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5 Prehistory in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6 Ancient History in Spain . . . 86

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Key vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

UNIT CONTENTS MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

1

Rocks and relief• How is the Earth like an orange?

• What are rocks?

• What are minerals?

• Which rocks can we see in Spain?

• How do we use rocks and minerals?

• Why do people change landscapes?

• Values education: How do people harm landscapes?

• Investigate organisations that protect the environment

• Be a geologist! How do geologists identify minerals in rocks?

TaskMake a poster to help your environmentValues education Pair and group work / conservation awareness

2

Weather • What is the Earth's atmosphere?

• Where do clouds come from?

• What is weather?

• How do we measure weather elements?

• What is a weather forecast?

• Are climate and weather the same?

• What climates are there in Spain?

• Investigate condensation around you

• Compare climates

• Be a meteorologist! How do we use weather measurements?

TaskProtect the environment with theatreValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

Water• How does water move around the Earth?

• Why do oceans move?

• How do rivers move?

• What is the course of a river?

• What is a watershed?

• Are all lakes natural?

• Values education: How do people pollute water?

• Make a river basin

• Be a geographer! How are watersheds and river basins related?

TaskSave water with a videoValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

4

Living in Spain • How do we study population?

• Why does population change?

• How many provinces are there in Spain?

• Who are the councillors?

• What is the economy?

• What are the main industries in Spain?

• Which sector does tourism belong to?

• Do a census of your home

• Research Spanish culture

• Be a social scientist! What is population density?

TaskDiscover an autonomous community or cityValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

5

Prehistory in Spain• Who was the Child of Gran Dolina?

• How did Palaeolithic people live?

• Why did people become sedentary?

• What did Neolithic people invent?

• When did people learn to use metals?

• How did people find metals?

• How did people protect towns?

• What did people invent in the Metal Ages?

• What is a megalith?

• Identify Palaeolithic tools

• Make prehistoric pottery

• Be a historian! What is cave art?

TaskExplore a prehistoric archaeological siteValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

6

Ancient History in Spain

• Who lived on the Iberian Peninsula?

• Where does our alphabet come from?

• Who founded Emporion?

• Who founded Gadir?

• Who founded Cartago Nova?

• Where was Rome?

• What were the provinces of Hispania?

• How was life in Hispania?

• Analyse a physical source

• Make a presentation about Greek mythology

• Meet historical Roman characters

• Be a historian! What is the Roman legacy in Hispania?

TaskWrite a play about RomansValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

KEY VOCABULARY

four4

UNIT CONTENTS MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

1

Rocks and relief• How is the Earth like an orange?

• What are rocks?

• What are minerals?

• Which rocks can we see in Spain?

• How do we use rocks and minerals?

• Why do people change landscapes?

• Values education: How do people harm landscapes?

• Investigate organisations that protect the environment

• Be a geologist! How do geologists identify minerals in rocks?

TaskMake a poster to help your environmentValues education Pair and group work / conservation awareness

2

Weather • What is the Earth's atmosphere?

• Where do clouds come from?

• What is weather?

• How do we measure weather elements?

• What is a weather forecast?

• Are climate and weather the same?

• What climates are there in Spain?

• Investigate condensation around you

• Compare climates

• Be a meteorologist! How do we use weather measurements?

TaskProtect the environment with theatreValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

Water• How does water move around the Earth?

• Why do oceans move?

• How do rivers move?

• What is the course of a river?

• What is a watershed?

• Are all lakes natural?

• Values education: How do people pollute water?

• Make a river basin

• Be a geographer! How are watersheds and river basins related?

TaskSave water with a videoValues educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

4

Living in Spain • How do we study population?

• Why does population change?

• How many provinces are there in Spain?

• Who are the councillors?

• What is the economy?

• What are the main industries in Spain?

• Which sector does tourism belong to?

• Do a census of your home

• Research Spanish culture

• Be a social scientist! What is population density?

TaskDiscover an autonomous community or cityValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

5

Prehistory in Spain• Who was the Child of Gran Dolina?

• How did Palaeolithic people live?

• Why did people become sedentary?

• What did Neolithic people invent?

• When did people learn to use metals?

• How did people find metals?

• How did people protect towns?

• What did people invent in the Metal Ages?

• What is a megalith?

• Identify Palaeolithic tools

• Make prehistoric pottery

• Be a historian! What is cave art?

TaskExplore a prehistoric archaeological siteValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

6

Ancient History in Spain

• Who lived on the Iberian Peninsula?

• Where does our alphabet come from?

• Who founded Emporion?

• Who founded Gadir?

• Who founded Cartago Nova?

• Where was Rome?

• What were the provinces of Hispania?

• How was life in Hispania?

• Analyse a physical source

• Make a presentation about Greek mythology

• Meet historical Roman characters

• Be a historian! What is the Roman legacy in Hispania?

TaskWrite a play about RomansValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

REVIEW Learning Lab game

KEY VOCABULARY

five 5

Living in SpainWhat is life like in different places?

Observe1 Look at the photo. Talk to a partner.

•  Can you see a village, a town or a city? How do you know?

•  How is life different in villages, towns and cities?

•  What type of place do you live in? Describe it.

4

You already know! • Spain is divided into

autonomous communities. Autonomous communities are divided into provinces.

• The three main sectors of the economy are the primary sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector.

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FOTO

I live in a village. The population is low.

52

Final task

Discover an autonomous community or city

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How many sectors of the economy are there? Compare

2 Look at the photos. What jobs are the people doing? What sectors do they work in? Copy and complete the table.

A B C

JOB … … …

SECTOR … … …

Think about it3 What other jobs do you know in each sector?

Test a partner.

4 Which sector would you like to work in? Why? Write a sentence and tell a partner.

❯ I would like to work in the … sector because…

A B C

Fishermen and farmers work in the primary sector.

Who works in the primary sector?

53

Do a census of your home1 Who lives in your home? Make a chart

including information about all the members. Include:•  Name •  Place of birth•  Gender •  Activity•  Age •  Job

How do we study population?

Population is the number of inhabitants that live in a place. There are two ways to get information about population.

To study population we divide the information we have into different categories.

The municipal register is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality. It is updated every year.

The census also includes information about age, gender, work, education, type of house, etc. The census is done every ten years.

Key words

• census• municipal register

ActivityThe active population includes adults who can work. They can be employed or unemployed.The inactive population includes children under 16, adults who cannot work and adults who are retired.

Gender We count the number of men and the number of women.Age •  children (0 to 17 years old) •  adults (18 to 65 years old)•  senior citizens (over 65 years old)

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Observe1 Look at the population graph.

A. Which is the biggest age group? B. Which is the smallest age group? C. Are there more children or senior

citizens?

Mini Lab

Spain population (2017)

54

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Why does population change?

Population changes over time for different reasons.

4

Together the droplets make clouds, which are visible.

Birth and immigration cause an increase in population.

Death and emigration cause a decrease in population.

Be a social scientist!

Population density tells us if a place has a high or low population.An area can be densely populated (many people living in it) or sparsely populated (few people living in it).

What is population density?

1 Look at the pictures. Which place is densely populated? Which place is sparsely populated? How do you know?

A

B

A

1 Why do people migrate? Talk to a partner. People find work in a different place.

❯ ❯Birth rate The number of babies born.

Immigration People that come to live in a place.

Death rateThe number of people that die.

Emigration People that leave and go to live in another place.

55

How many provinces are there in Spain?

The largest administrative division in Spain is the autonomous community.

1 Look at the map and find an example of each type of community. Write the answers in your notebook.

A. An autonomous community with one province.

B. An autonomous community with more than three provinces.

C. A coastal autonomous community.

D. An inland autonomous community.

2 Find the provinces of the autonomous communities you wrote in Activity 1 and write their capital cities.

3 Which autonomous communities are not on the Iberian Peninsula?

4 In a group, choose three words or expressions. Translate them into a different language spoken in Spain. Put them together to make a dictionary!

fifty-six

There are 17 autonomous communities. Fifteen are on the Iberian Peninsula and two are the archipelagos Illes Balears and Canarias.

Ceuta and Melilla are autonomous cities on the coast of North Africa.

Kaixo!

56

Each autonomous community has a capital city and a Statute of Autonomy. This defines the government and institutions of its territory, its responsibilities and its symbols, such as the flag.An autonomous community is formed of one or more provinces. There are 50 provinces in Spain. Each province is divided into municipalities.

Extremadura is an autonomous community in Spain.

Cáceres and Badajoz are the provinces of Extremadura.

There are 223 municipalities in Cáceres.

4

fifty-seven

Research culture in Spain1 Choose a custom or tradition from Spain. 2 Make a computer presentation about it.

Include pictures and videos. What is it? Where is it from? When do you do it? How is it similar or different in other communities?

3 Present your computer presentation to the class.

Mini Lab

Each autonomous community has its own history, customs and traditions.People in Spain speak Spanish. In some communities, people also speak another language such as Aranese, Basque, Catalan, Galician or Valencian.

57

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What are municipal services?

The members of the local council are called councillors. The head of the local council is the mayor.The local council is responsible for the municipal services that benefit everyone who lives in the municipality.There are many different municipal services.

Think about it1 Which municipal services do you use? Talk to a partner.

2 In your notebook, write two jobs related to each municipal service.

I use public transport; I go to school by bus.

I read in the library; I use the education services.

Education services. Nurseries, schools and universities.

Security services. Police and firefighters.

Environment. Waste collection and recycling.

Public transport. Buses, underground and trains.

Health care services. Hospitals, day care centres, clinics and ambulances.

Maintenance. Cleaning of streets and parks.

Key words

• councillor• local council• mayor

58

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4What is the economy?

The economy of a country is how goods and services are made, sold and used. These activities are organised into three sectors.In the primary sector, workers obtain raw materials from nature.

Observe1 Look at the photos. How can we use these products?

Can we make any other products from them?

2 In your notebook, write three products that come from each area of the primary sector.

We can drink the milk. We can use the milk to make yogurt.

Arable farming. Farmers plant and grow crops. Dry-farming crops grow from rainwater. Irrigated farming crops need to be watered by the farmers.

Livestock farming. Livestock farmers keep animals to obtain products such as meat, milk, eggs, wool and leather.

Fishing. Fishermen catch fish and shellfish near the coast or far away from the coast.

Forestry. Forestry workers obtain wood and other products, such as cork.

Mining. Miners work in mines above or under the ground. They obtain minerals, rocks and metals.

rainwater. Irrigated farming crops need to be watered by the farmers.

Li t k f i g Fi hi g F

as cork.d

59

What are the main industries in Spain?

In the secondary sector, workers transform raw materials into manufactured products. Craft workers work in workshops.They use their hands and tools.Factory workers work in factories and use machines to make things. They work on assembly lines.

sixty

Think about it1 Are there any industries where you live? In your notebook,

make a list of the industries in your area. What things do they produce?

2 Choose two industries. In your notebook, write the raw materials they use and two different manufactured products they produce.

THE MAIN INDUSTRIES IN SPAIN

Energy industry It produces renewable and non-renewable energies.

Metal and automobile industry

It makes machines and cars.

Food industry It makes processed food.

Textile industry It makes clothes and other textile products.

Construction industry

It builds highways, railways, ports, buildings, etc.

Chemical industry It makes medicines and fertilizers.

60

Which sector does tourism belong to?

The tertiary sector provides services. The tertiary sector has many different areas, such as healthcare, education and security. Most people in Spain work in the tertiary sector. The main areas are:

sixty-one

4

Think about it1 How do you think tourism affects transport

and commerce? Talk to a partner.

2 In your notebook, match the jobs to an area of the tertiary sector.

Communication. This provides information through television, newspapers, magazines and the internet.

Commerce. This includes buying and selling goods in markets, shops, shopping centres and on the internet.

tour guide journalist shopkeeper bus driver

Tourism affects commerce because…

Tourism. This helps tourists. It is a very important industry in Spain. It also affects transport and commerce.

Transport. This helps us to move around and connects areas with different means of transport.

3 Which other jobs do you know in the tertiary sector? Which area do they belong to? Talk to a partner.

61

Vocabulary1 Match the phrases to make sentences in your notebook.

A. Population • is a list of the inhabitants of a municipality.

B. The municipal register • is done every ten years.

C. The census • includes adults who can work.

D. Active population • is the number of inhabitants that live in a place.

2 In your notebook, match one word to each picture. You do not need to use all the words.

Check your progress

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Workers in theprimary sectorsecondary sectortertiary sector

providetransformobtain

raw materials into manufactured products. services.raw materials from nature.

Concepts

3 Choose a tradition, a festival, a legend or a typical food from your autonomous community. Write about it in your notebook.

4 Write sentences in your notebook.

5 In your notebook, write two jobs from each sector.

birth rate

inmigration

emigration

death rate

A B

62

1

Apply what you know

6 Look at the map on page 58 and write the autonomous communities.•  an inland autonomous community

•  an autonomous community on the Iberian Peninsula

•  a coastal autonomous community

•  an autonomous community on an archipelago

7 Copy and complete in your notebook.

primary sector secondary sector …

obtains raw materials from nature … provides services

mining…

energy industry…

tourism…

ECONOMY IN SPAIN

4

sixty-three

Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete.

My progress How is my work?

Very well OK I need practice

I can speak about population and its changes. … … …

I can identify the autonomous communities in Spain.

… … …

I can identify the three economic sectors. … … …

63

1 Think about it.

•  Do you remember the names of the autonomous communities in Spain?

•  What do you know about their culture, customs and traditions?

•  How are they similar? How are they different?

•  What is unique in your autonomous community?

2 Make a decision.

Work in a group and talk about your ideas.

•  Make groups in your classroom. Every group chooses a different autonomous community or city.

You need• card• a pencil• coloured pencils• scissors and glue

Discover an autonomous community or city

Final task

Prepare an infographic about an autonomous community in Spain.

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The autonomous communities in Spain are Andalucía, Aragón…

Let's choose Principado de Asturias!

64

4 Make an infographic.

Include:

•  A map of the autonomous community or city, its provinces and their capital cities.

•  The flag

•  The population

•  The languages spoken

•  A typical food

•  A picture of the traditional clothing

•  A special tradition, custom or holiday

4

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3 Research.

In your group, research the autonomous community or city you have chosen.

• What are its provinces? • What languages do they speak? • Does it produce any typical

products? • What is the typical food? • Does it have any special traditions,

customs or holidays?

Show and tell

5 Prepare a presentation.

Make notes:•  Why did you choose this autonomous community?• What is typical in this autonomous community?•  Can you bring something from the autonomous community to show

to the class?

6 Present your infographic to your class.

•  Talk about the autonomous community or city to your class. Use your infographic to help you.

Principado de Asturias only has one province.

P. de Asturias

65

one hundred and four

1 Look at the picture. Who is being safe? Who is not being safe?

2 Look at the photos. Where do you use these things?

How do we keep safe?

I think the children in the car are being

safe because…

A CB

Who is being safe?

B

helmet seatbelt traffic lights

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one hundred and five

3 Look at the photos and read the information. Do you always do these things? Tell a partner.

4 Can you think of more things you should/should not do…?

•  when you walk •  when you ride a bike •  on public transport

5 Make a road safety book.

A.  Think of four things you should or should not do on the road or on public transport.

B.  Split a piece of paper into four. Write and draw one thing on each piece.C.  Cut and staple the pieces of paper together to make your book.

We should always wear a helmet and use the cycle lane when we ride a bicycle.

We should always check the lights before we cross the road. Always use the pedestrian crossing.

We should always use our seatbelts in the car.

We should always use the pavement.

I always wait for the green light before I cross the road.

105

Learning Lab game

Move back two spaces.

Name two layers of the

Earth's atmosphere

Name the elements

of weather.Start

Name the Earth's

climate zones.

Move back one space.

Name something

that can erode rock.

e

Nae

1 Throw a dice and move your

counter. Say the

word or answer

the question.

If you answer

incorrectly, miss a turn.

2 If you land on a square with wind, answer the question and move where the wind takes you.

3 The first player to arrive on the Finish space is the winner!

38 thirty-eight

Rocks and relief

core the inner layer of the geosphere. crust the solid outer layer of the

geosphere. deposit the action of water or wind

moving rocks from one place to another.

erode the action of water or wind slowly destroying rocks or minerals.

flood to fill an area with water. fossil a shape of a plant or animal

preserved in a rock or mineral. geology the study of the Earth and rocks. habitat a place where a plant or animal

normally lives or grows. igneous a type of rock that comes from

liquid rock that has cooled. limestone a type of sedimentary rock. lithosphere the outer layer of the Earth.

It includes the upper mantle and the Earth's crust.

lustre the shine that is reflected from a material when light is reflected off it.

mantle the middle layer of the geosphere made up of very dense rock.

metamorphic types of rocks that have had their original structure changed by heat and pressure.

mine a hole or tunnel where we obtain minerals.

mineral a solid substance made of elements.

property a characteristic of a mineral. quarry an open excavation for extracting

rocks.reservoir a man-made lake used to store

water. sedimentary a type of rock made from

fragments of other rocks.

K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

1

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Weather

K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

2anemometer an instrument for

measuring wind speed in kilometres per hour (km/h).

air pollution contamination in the air.atmosphere the layer of air that

surrounds the Earth.

climate the typical weather in a specific place over time.

climate zone an area with similar weather.

condensation the process of water changing from a gas to a liquid.

droplet a very small amount of liquid.dust particle a very small part of solid

matter.

element an aspect of weather, such as humidity, clouds, wind or temperature.

factor a circumstance that affects a situation.

flooding an overflow of water.graph a diagram that shows the

relationship between quantities.humidity the amount of water vapour

in the air.hygrometer an instrument we use

for measuring humidity. meteorologist a scientist who studies

weather and climate.ozone layer a layer of the atmosphere

that protects us from the Sun's rays.pattern the repetition of a sequence.precipitation water that falls as rain,

snow or hail. rain gauge an instrument for measuring

precipitation in litres per square metre (l/m2).

stratosphere the upper layer of the atmosphere. It contains the ozone layer.

symbol an icon that represents the weather.

thermometer an instrument for measuring the temperature of the air in degrees Celsius (°C).

troposphere the lower layer of the atmosphere. It contains the air we breathe.

weather forecast a prediction of the weather.

107one hundred and seven