29-023 mutualism-altruism - John Burroughs...
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4/25/12 1 Dominance Hierarchy Despo0c (a.k.a. steep) Macaques Alpha Beta Gamma Linear (a.k.a. shallow or egalitarian) Wolves Helping Behavior Obligate altruism Reciprocity Faculta0ve altruism Mutualism Shared gain of direct fitness Example: Prey capture by lion pride Delayed gain of direct fitness (dependent upon repayment) Example: Vampire bat blood exchanges Permanent loss of direct fitness (with potenLal for indirect fitness gain) Example: Honey bee workers foraging for colony Temporary loss of direct fitness (with potenLal for indirect fitness gain followed by personal reproducLon) Example: Florida scrub jay helping at the nest, then gaining parental territory The direct reproductive success of individuals that engage in different kinds of social interactions Effect on direct reproductive success of Type of interaction Social Donor Social Recipient Mutualism + + Reciprocity + (delayed) + Altruism - + Selfish Behavior + - Spiteful Behavior - - Mutualism Mutualism Show Planet Earth : Great Plains Lions (35:45 ‐ 43:33) or (You Tube ) African Wild Dogs (You Tube ) Mutualism
Transcript of 29-023 mutualism-altruism - John Burroughs...
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DominanceHierarchyDespo0c(a.k.a.steep)
Macaques
AlphaBeta
Gamma
Linear(a.k.a.shalloworegalitarian)
Wolves
HelpingBehavior ObligatealtruismReciprocity
Faculta0vealtruism
MutualismSharedgainofdirectfitness
Example:Preycapturebylionpride
Delayedgainofdirectfitness(dependentuponrepayment)Example:Vampirebatbloodexchanges
Permanentlossofdirectfitness(withpotenLalforindirect
fitnessgain)Example:Honeybeeworkers
foragingforcolony
Temporarylossofdirectfitness(withpotenLalforindirectfitnessgain
followedbypersonalreproducLon)Example:Floridascrubjayhelpingatthenest,thengainingparentalterritory
The direct reproductive success of individuals that engage in different kinds of social interactions
Effect on direct reproductive success of Type of interaction Social Donor Social Recipient Mutualism + + Reciprocity + (delayed) + Altruism - + Selfish Behavior + - Spiteful Behavior - -
Mutualism
Mutualism
ShowPlanetEarth:GreatPlainsLions(35:45‐43:33)or(YouTube)
AfricanWildDogs(YouTube)
Mutualism
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Reciprocity‐ThePrisonersDilemma Reciprocity‐ThePrisonersDilemma
SayPlayer1DEFECTS(doesnotcooperatewiththeirpartner)andPlayer2COOPERATES(cooperateswiththeirpartner),Player1gets5points(noprisonLme)andPlayer2gets0points(5yearsofprisonLme).SayPlayer1andPlayer2bothCOOPERATE(witheachother),theneachgets3points(2yearsofprisonLme).SayPlayer1andPlayer2bothDEFECT(eachratouttheother),theeachgets1point(4yearsofprisonLme).
Dilbert&ThePrisoner’sDilemma
ReciprocityReciprocity
MarcHauser
ShowTrialsofLife:Friends&Rivals
Baboons(YouTube)
VampireBats(RawNature&YouTube)
ReciprocityFaculta0veAltruism
ShowTrialsofLife:GrowingUpScrubJays
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Faculta0veAltruism Faculta0veAltruism
ShowNatureLivingTogetherSocialBehaviorKinSelecLon
BrownBabblers
ObligateAltruism(a.k.a.EusocialBehavior)ShowNatureLivingTogetherSocialBehaviorKinSelecLon
NakedMoleRats
SnappingShrimp(YouTube)
EusocialAnimals
3MainTraitsforEusocialAnimals
Othertraits...
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KinSelec0on
CoefficientofRelatedness(r)
r=.5n
EusocialAnimals
ShowNatureLivingTogetherSocialBehavior&KinSelecLon
Bees&Hamilton
William D. Hamilton
WorkerHoneybees‐theul0mateineusocialbehavior
Haplodiploidreproduc0on‐Hymenoptera Coefficientofrelatedness:Whatpropor0onofgenesaresharedbytwoindividuals?
SIMPLE!FindthenumberofconnecLonsbetweenoneindividualbacktoasharedancestorandthenthenumberofconnecLonstothesecondindividual.RAISE1/2tothepowerofthenumberofconnecLons.DOTHISseparatelyforEACHsharedancestorandthenaddtheprobabiliLestogether.
FOREXAMPLE:#forhalfsibstherearetwoconnecLons[andonlyonesharedancestor]‐‐soraise1/2tothepoweroftwo[1/2squared=1/4;25%related)#forfullsibseachhastwoconnecLons[BUTtheyshareTWOancestors:momANDdad]soraise1/2tothepoweroftwoformomandthenagainfordad[1/2squared=1/4,thenagain;thetwoancestorsresultin1/4+1/4=1/2:50%related]#forfirstcousins‐‐eachhasFOURconnecLons‐‐soraise1/2tothepowerofFOUR4(=1/16);thenagain=1/16;addedtogether=1/8
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A B2
DC
r=0.52rbetweenC&D=0.25
HalfSiblingCoefficientofRelatedness #forhalfsibstherearetwoconnecLons[andonlyonesharedancestor]‐‐soraise1/2tothepoweroftwo[1/2squared=1/4;25%related)
B1
1
2
r=0.52+0.52rbetweenC&D=0.5
FullSiblingCoefficientofRelatedness
#forfullsibseachhastwoconnecLons[BUTtheyshareTWOancestors:momANDdad]soraise1/2tothepoweroftwoformomandthenagainfordad[1/2squared=1/4,thenagain;thetwoancestorsresultin1/4+1/4=1/2:50%related]
A B
DC
1
2
1
2
r=0.54+0.54rbetweenC&D=0.125
CousinCoefficientofRelatedness
#forfirstcousins‐‐eachhasFOURconnecLons‐‐soraise1/2tothepowerofFOUR4(=1/16);thenagain=1/16;addedtogether=1/8
A B
DC
1
2
1
2
FE
3 3
4 4
Haplodiploidreproduc0on‐Hymenoptera
r=0.5+0.52rbetweenC&D=0.75
HaplodiploidCoefficientofRelatednessofSisters
Sincedroneshaveonlyonesetofchromosomestheymustallbesharedbythesisters!SonowtheequaLonchanges!Thereisa100%chancethesisterssharetheirfathersgenesnotjusta50%chancelikethatindiploidspecies!
A B
DC
1
2
r=1rbetweenD&A=1
HaplodiploidCoefficientofRelatednessofDaughters&Dronedad
A B
D
1
C
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r=0.51rbetweenD&A=0.5
HaplodiploidCoefficientofRelatednessofDaughters&Queen(mom)
A B
D
1
C
r=0.52rbetweenC&D=0.25
HaplodiploidCoefficientofRelatednessofBrothers&Sisters
A B
D
1
2
C
Ishaplodiploidynecessarytobeeusocial?
Ishaplodiploidysufficienttobeeusocial?
