2010 FALLEC Websites Development1 System Development Dr. John Sum Institute of Technology Management...

2010 FALL EC Websites Development 1

System Development

Dr. John Sum

Institute of Technology Management

National Chung Hsing University


Reference

K.Laudon and J.Laudon, Management Information Systems, 9th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006.


OUTLINES

Websites, business processes and IS Review of IT and IS Changes in business and information

management Overview of system development Remarks in system development Exemplar website development


Business Processes, IS/Websites and IT


Example 1: Travelocity.COM


Example 1: Travelocity.COM

Services support Car rental information Room rate enquiries, on-line hotel room booking Flight ticket enquires, on-line flight ticket booking Tour schedule enquires, on-line tour booking

Users General public (which customer segment) Administration (which departments, which roles) Technical support (Webmaster, etc) Suppliers?


Example 2: Global-Trade.COM


Example 3: iSteelAsia.COM


Example 4: Forbes.COM


Website and Information System A website is simply a part of the company’s informati

on system

K.Laudon and J.Laudon, Management Information Systems, 9th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006

Definition: An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.


Processes, IS and IT

Information technologies provide the infrastructure and support to build an information system.

Information Systems

Information Technologies

Business Processes


Review of IT and IS



Software technologies Including operating systems and DBMS MS Words improves the quality of management reports Window XP controls operation of a computer JDK provides platform for developing web application

Hardware technologies Mobile phone support mobile data transfer 802.11 provides the standard for wireless local area

networks USB flash memory provides an alternative way to store

information



System development Object-oriented development Component-based development Unified modeling language

Other technologies Artificial Intelligence Parallel processing architecture Optimization algorithm



Bar code scanner (IO) Overhead project (IO) Camera (IO) Telephone (IO, Com.) FAX machine (IO, Com.) Computer (Terminal) Calculator (Calculation) Palm/PDA (IO, DB)

Mobile phone (Com.) Optic fibers (Com.) Virtual private network

(Com.) Internet (Com) Web technology (System) Mobile agent (System) Rational Rose UML

(Development)



Prog. Lang. Assembly C/C++ Java

JavaScript Java Servlet/Applet Java Network Programm

ing Visual Basic/VBScript Perl HTML/DHTML/XML

Operating Systems MS Window Unix Linux

Database System IBM DB2 MS Access Oracle Sybase MySQL



The world is moving. So, many new technologies are coming. Mobile computing Grid computing P2P networks (BT, Gnutella, SKYPE) Chinese computing Biometric Autonomic computing

Search IBM.COM for more



Mobile Computing A type of computing model in which the

computers can be networked together even the computers are moving anywhere.

How to connect? How to share resource?

Autonomic computing A type of computing model in which the system is

self-healing, self-configured, self-protected and self-managed.



Each technology has its own limitation Security problems Programming difficulties Training – programmer or user Version problem – Window 95/98/2000/XP User account support Transparency – Window versus Linux Maintenance and Support



Development team should have enough knowledge to select the appropriate technologies for the system.

Does a development team should learn all these technologies, such as Java, Ajax, RSS Feed, etc.?


Types of Information Systems By management level (Conventional

Approach) Transaction processing system (operational) Management information system Decision support system Executive information system (Strategic)

Education levels and computer usage skills?


Types of Information Systems

Figure 2-2Figure 2-2


Types of IS: Conventional



Types of IS: Contemporary



Types of IS: Contemporary

Where should the “website” (or websites) be located?

What business process (or processes) should it support?

Business operations = Business logic = Business processes. All three terms will be used interchangeably.


Conventional VS Contemporary Conventional

Designed in a way to fit in the operations of a business unit.

Different department will have a different system.

Scope of the system is smaller.

Analysis and design are simpler.

Easy to maintain.

Contemporary Designed in a way to fit in

the operations of the whole enterprise.

Processes or services oriented.

Scope of the system is huge.

Analysis and design are complicated ?

Difficult to maintain ?


Changes in business & information management


Changes in Information Management Factors leading to the changes

Business environment Management Practice Technologies Disaster Misc

These factors are always interrelated.


Changes in Information Management Business environment

Moving towards Asia, then SE Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America

Global outsourcing, implying the need of SCM

Management Total quality management Customer satisfaction Cost-effective Service level


Changes in Information Management Business environment

Where does the business move? Where are the markets? Where are the manufacturers?

Management What are the next management focus?


Changes in Information Management Technologies

Wired to wireless Powerful PC, notebook, mobile phone, PDA iPhone, iPad

Disaster 911 Attack Earthquake Tsunami

Misc Energy, Water, Air, Food shortage Global warming Social responsibility


Changes in Information Management Implications

Change in the information requirement Hourly data versus daily data Multiple languages

Change in culture and habit of using computer Hardcopy document versus web document Fixed line telephone versus Internet phone (Skype)

Change in the volume/speed of information flow Change in the cost structure of a company



Business processes (e.g. supply chain) are defined in a manner of cross-boundary, and agile Customer-oriented thinking (customer controls everything) Customers and suppliers are users of the information Process definitions are getting complex System scope is increasingly complicated Reusable module is preferred

Need of disaster recovery plan Data backup Server backup



Corporate social responsibility Green-design System optimization

Technologies are getting cheaper Profit margin is decreasing (Don’t expect too

much on earning) Install new system or using new technology is not

for making money, just for sustainability (survival).


Business Environment

Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customers

Cash flow Product flow


Business Environment (70’s – 90’s)




Business Environment (00’s – Present)




Business Environment (Beyond)




Technology Change

How much you know about the following buzzwords: EMU

E-Commerce E-Business, M-Business M-Taiwan, U-Taiwan

Distributed Computing Mobile Computing Peer-2-Peer Computing Grid Computing Cloud Computing

Autonomous Computing


What Have Not Changes?

System is still in a supporting role (not a decision role) of a company.

System itself does not accounted for making money, but the products or services that the company provide.

System itself does not accounted for profitable, but the business processes that the system support.


Overview of Systems Development


Key Concepts in Systems Development Initiating a systems development

Participants involved in a SD project Reasons for having a new system File the request for budgeting and development The request document should include

Reasons for having the new system, modification of the existing system

Management team for the system development Department in charge of the system The fit of the system to the company IS strategy Expected budget


Key Concepts in Systems Development Information systems planning

Senior management based on the company need to evaluate and prioritize the requests from different departments

For each request, the proposal should include High level system requirement Feasibility analysis (Financially and technologically) Selection of system development model Objectives and schedule for SD

If the request is approved, then schedule when to release the budget and start the development

If the request is pending to approve (under review), the proposal will be filed for next meeting.


Key Concepts in Systems Development Build the system (System Development)

(After budget has been approved) Detail analysis – Precise system requirements (user

accepted), a list of user acceptance tests System design – modules, interfacing amongst modules,

hardware requirements, programming language, OS Coding In-house testing – unit test, system test, stress test User acceptance test


Participants in Systems Development


Participants in Systems Development Stakeholders

Individuals who either themselves or through the organization are beneficiaries of the systems development effort.

Users Individuals who interact with the system regularly

System Analyst Professional who specializes in analyzing and designing

business systems. Programmers

Individual responsible for modifying or developing programs to satisfy user requirements.


Application of ITBusiness

Process

Staff,Clients

Management Team

SuppliersBusiness Process


Reasons to Initiate a Development Project


Information Systems PlanningThe translation of strategic and organizational goals into systems development initiatives.

Creative AnalysisThe investigation of new approaches to existing problems.

Critical and difficult task

PlanningWhat kind of person is capable to do this translation?


Critical AnalysisThe unbiased and careful questioning of whether system elements are related in the most effective or efficient ways.

Critical and difficult task

One approach,not universal

Planning


Planning

Design objectives Performance objectives

Quality or usefulness of the output The speed at which the output is generated

Cost objectives Development costs Costs related to the uniqueness of the system

application Fixed investments in hardware and related equipment On-going operating costs of the system


Planning

Challenges We would like to have a website for IEC. We would like to have a website for IEC, which is

similar to the following: www.ucla.edu www.anderson.ucla.edu www.cism.kingston.ac.uk www.igec.umbc.edu

We would like to have a website for IEC, with design, outlook and functions similar to the above.


System Development Model

Waterfall model Spiral Model Component-based Development Prototyping Rapid Application Development Others


Systems InvestigationProblems and opportunities are identified

Systems AnalysisExisting systems and work processes are studied

Systems DesignDefines how the information system will do what it must do to solve the problem.

Waterfall Model


Systems ImplementationSystem components are assembled and the new or modified system is placed into operation.

Systems Maintenance and ReviewEnsures the system operates and is modified to keep up with business changes.

Waterfall Model


Spiral Model


Component-based Model


Operational PrototypeAccesses real data files, edits input data, makes necessary computations and comparisons, and produces real output.

Nonoperational PrototypeA mockup or model that includes output and input specifications and formats.

Prototyping


Rapid Application Development


Factors Affecting System Development Resource Constraint Analysis Project Schedule and Tracking Systems Configuration Management Selected Project Management Software Packages Use of Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools Systems Investigation Requirements Analysis Systems Analysis


Project Schedule and Tracking Use of project management tools

Schedule Milestone Deadline Critical path Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) Gantt chart


Gantt Chart


Systems Investigation

Identify potential problems and opportunities and consider them in light of the goals of the company.

It is the second round analysis. The first round analysis has been conducted during system planning.



Feasibility Analysis


Systems Investigation Report A report that summarizes the results of the

systems investigation and the process of feasibility analysis and recommends a course of action.

The investigation is usually conducted by a system investigation team and a steering committee.

Steering committee is an advisory group consisting of senior management and users from the IS department and other functional areas.


2010 FALL EC Websites Development 69Table of Contents for a Systems

Investigation Report



Requirements Analysis It is the third round analysis. An assessment used to determine the need

of the users, the stakeholders, and the organization.

Converting organizational goals into systems requirements

Requirement Analysis


Systems Analysis External and

Internal Sources of Data

It is the forth and the last round analysis.

The analysis must be very precise.

The results will be used in system design.


Data Collection To understand what

exactly the users needs

What data/information should be processed in the system, and what sort of interface design the users expect.

Steps in Data Collection

Systems Analysis


Techniques Structured Interview Unstructured

Interview Direct Observation Questionnaires Statistical Sampling

Steps in Data Collection

Systems Analysis


Data Analysis Manipulating the collected data so that it is

usable for the development team members who are participating in systems analysis.

Data ModelingA commonly accepted approach to modeling organizational objects and associations that employ both text and graphics.

Activity (Process) ModelingA method to describe related objects, associations, and activities.

Data Flow DiagramA diagram that models objects, associations, and activities by describing how data can flow between and around them.

Systems Analysis


Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Semantic Description of a Business Process


Application FlowchartsCharts that show relationships among applications or systems.

Application Flowchart


Grid ChartsA table that shows relationships among the various aspects of a systems development effort.

Grid Charts


User Interface


Systems Analysis Report

Strength and weaknesses of existing system from stakeholders’ perspective.

User/stakeholder requirements for the new system.

Organizational requirements. Description of what new information systems

should do to solve the problem


Systems Analysis Report


Remarks on System Development


Major Problems in SD

Communication gaps between the user (non-IT) and the developer (IT) No common language Lack of IT knowledge (non-IT) Lack of business sense (IT) Lack of mutual trust Lazy


Solutions

User and developer should have a common ground knowledge General and essential IT knowledge General and essential business knowledge

Patient Quality assurance process


Technically How?

Spend more time on requirement analysis

Documentation Project plan Quality plan Analysis model Design model Testing plan

Project schedule User manual Maintenance manual


Who?

Requirement/System analysis Director, department manager, operational staff,

IT manager & programmer System design

Department manager, IT manager & programmer System Implementation

Department manager, operational staff, IT manager & programmer

System Maintenance & Review Operational staff & programmer


Road map (1)

Service model Define the products or services to be provided by

the company. Identify target customers Identify suppliers


Road map (2)

Revenue model Evaluate the size of the customer bases for each

product or service. Expected earning of each product or service Might need to analysis the cumulative figures and

presented in quarterly or yearly basis.


Road map (3)

Business process model Interaction amongst customers, your company

and the suppliers Identify the roles (persons) who will take part in

each operation, such as data entry staff, customer service staff, clerk, department manager, and so on.

Optimize the business processes Refine IS requirement model if necessary


Road map (4)

IS requirement model Identify which tasks within these operations can

be replaced by using IT Refine business model if necessary Identify the users of the system


Road map (4)

Cost model Investment on the entire project Staff salary, rental fee, electricity & water bills,

insurance/pension IT equipments, leased line subscription fee,

maintenance cost Might need to analysis the cumulative figures and

presented in quarterly or yearly basis.


Road map (6)

Profit & Lost analysis In quarterly or yearly basis Identify when is the break-even point


Road map, why?

Traceable analysis model If there is any change on the service model,

IS requirement model, the effects can easily be identified.


Effort Estimates

Planning Analysis Design Implementation

IndustryStandardFor Web 15% 20% 35% 30%Applications

TimeRequired 4 5.33 9.33 8in PersonMonths


Exemplar Website Development


An eBay-like website for on-line auction


eBay-like website for on-line auction



Application Server

WAN

Database Server

Seller

Bidder

SellerSeller

Bidder

Bidder

Bidder


J2SE

JVM Tomcat

CalculationEngine

DatabaseManager

SellerModule

BidderModule

AdministrationModule

SearchEngine

OS

Server

Network

User Interface



Do you really understand!


Review Questions

Select one website from Travelocity.COM, Global-Trade.COM, iSteelAsia.COM and Forbes.COM and describe the underlying information technologies being used to build that website.

What is the definition of an information systems? What are the differences between a website and an

information systems? What are the roles of “network technologies” playing

in business information system?


Review Questions

Describe in your own words (1) why development team should have enough knowledge

to select the appropriate technologies for the system, and (2) should a development team learn all the latest

technologies? With an aid of diagrams, explain the differences

between an information system that is followed by conventional and contemporary design approaches.

Describe what Asia business environment has been changing since 1980’s, and its affect on the requirement of an information system.


Review Questions

Describe in details the roles and responsibilities of each participant in a system development project?

Describe the purposes, the similarities and differences amongst creative analysis, critical analysis, feasibility analysis, requirement analysis, system analysis.

Describe what is waterfall model and the limitation of such development approach.


Review Questions

With an aid of diagrams, describe in detail any 3 development approaches, and state their differences.

State any five reasons to initiate a development project.

With an aid of diagrams, describe the relationships amongst business processes, information systems and information technologies.


Review Questions

In system analysis, data are collected for further analyzed. Describe in detail the techniques for which the data are collected, and in what situations the techniques can be applied. If necessary, you can add examples to help your discussion.

Data flow diagram is an analysis model describing the how data is processed. Describe, with an example, what are the four components

in a DFD. Describe in detail, step by step, how data flow diagrams

are obtained.


Review Questions

DFD, application flowchart, grid charts and screen layouts are four analysis models obtained after system analysis. Describe what are the purposes to obtain such models.

Describe what are the tentative contents that should be included in the System Investigation Report and the System Analysis Report.

In the Road Map for system development, describe in detail what are the six issues that a system developer could follow in order to achieve a traceable analysis model.

2010 FALLEC Websites Development1 System Development Dr. John Sum Institute of Technology Management...

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