new product development1.docx

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A New Product/Service Development

Report

On

BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE

Submitted in partial fulfilment for award of the

Degree In

Master of Business Administrative

Submitted by: Product development Guide

xxxxxxxxxx Mrs. Shailesh

GBTU, LUCKNOW

FEB 2012


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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledgeand belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material

which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of

the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been

made in the text.

Signature

Name: xxxxxxxx

Roll No: 1105270011


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This is to certify that of first year have completed the product development report on topic BRAIN

MACHINE INTERFACE for the award of degree MBA. from IET Lucknow, affiliated to G. B.

Technical University.

It is a record of own work carried out by candidates under my/our supervision. They have

satisfactorily completed their work .The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not

been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: FEB 2012

CERTIFICATE

Mr. D.N.Kakkar

HOD MBA Dept

Mr. Monish Sir

Project coordinator

Mr.Shailesh Sir

Project Guide


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This product would not have been possible without the support of our guide. We deeply thank

our guide Mr.Shailesh SirDepartment of MBA GBTU, for his invaluable support in directingour product development, in providing us hours of resource hunting and tutoring and in

providing details. His constant support and cognizable efforts that motivated us in completing

this project.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution ofMr. Monish Sir Department of

MBA IET Lucknow GBTU, for his full support and assistance during the development of the

product.


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INTRODUCTION

To use brain activity to do work; to command, control, actuate and communicate

with the world directly through brain integration with peripheral Devices and

Systems

A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a

brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human oranimal brain and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers either accept

commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but

not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange

information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animalsor humans.

In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organiclife form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational

device, from simple circuits to silicon chips. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s,

but it wasn't until the mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in

humans appeared. Following years of animal experimentation, early working

implants in humans now exist, designed to restore damaged hearing, sight and

movement. With recent advances in technology and knowledge, pioneering

researchers could now conceivably attempt to produce BCIs that augment human

functions rather than simply restoring them, previously only a possibility in science

fiction.

Idea Generation


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A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine

interface, is a direct communication pathway between a either accept commands from the brain

or send signals to it (for example, to human or animal brain and an external device. In one-way

BCIs, computers restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external

devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in

animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an

organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device,

from simple circuits to silicon chips. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s, but it wasn't until the

mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in humans appeared. Following years of

animal experimentation, early working implants in humans now exist, designed to restore

damaged hearing, sight and movement. With recent advances in technology and knowledge,

pioneering researchers could now conceivably attempt to produce BCIs that augment human

functions rather than simply restoring them, previously only a possibility in science fiction

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A brain-machine interface (BMI) is an attempt to mesh our minds with machines. It is a

communication channel from a human's brain to a computer, which does not resort to the usual

human output pathways as muscles. It is about giving machine-like capabilities to intelligence,

asking the brain to accommodate synthetic devices, and learning how to control those devices

much the way we control our arms and legs today.

Idea Screening


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Man machine interface has been one of the growing fields of research anddevelopment in recent years. Most of the effort has been dedicated to the design of

user- friendly or ergonomic systems by means of innovative interfaces such asvoice recognition, virtual reality. A direct brain-computer interface would add a

new dimension to man-machine interaction. A brain-computer interface,sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain machine interface, is a direct

communication pathway between a human or animal brain(or brain cell culture)and an external device. In one BCIs, computers either accept commands from the

brain or send signals to it but not both. Two way BCIs will allow brains andexternal devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be

successfully implanted in animals or humans. Brain-Computer interface is a stapleof science fiction writing. In its earliest incarnations no mechanism was thought

necessary, as the technology seemed so far fetched that no explanation was likely.

As more became known about the brain however, the possibility has become morereal and the science fiction more technically sophisticated. Recently, the cyberpunkmovement has adopted the idea of 'jacking in', sliding 'biosoft' chips into slots

implanted in the skull(Gibson, W.1984).Although such biosofts are still science

fiction, there have been several recent steps toward interfacing the brain and

computers. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system ofan organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or

computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips (including hypotheticalfuture technologies like quantum computing).


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Concept Development and Testing


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MAIN PRINCIPLE

Main principle behind this interface is the bioelectrical activity of nerves and

muscles. It is now well established that the human body, which is composed of

living tissues, can be considered as a power station generating multiple

electrical signals with two internal sources, namely muscles and nerves.


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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used in measuring the electrical

activity of the brain. The brain generates rhythmical potentials which originate inthe individual neurons of the brain. These potentials get summated as millions of

cell discharge synchronously and appear as a surface waveform, the recording ofwhich is known as the electroencephalogram.


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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BMI APPROACHES

What are the thoughts the user thinks in order to control a BMI? An ideal BMI

could detect the users wishes and commands directly. However, this is not

possible with todays technology. Therefore, BMI researches have used the

knowledge they have had of the human brain and the EEG in order to design a

BMI. There are basically two different approaches that have been used. The first

one called a pattern recognition approach is based on cognitive mental tasks. The


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second one called an operant conditioning approach is based on the self-regulation

of the EEG response.

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

The BMI consists of several components:

1.The implant device, or chronic multi-electrode array,

2.The signal recording and processing section,

3.An external device the subject uses to produce and control motion and

4.A feedback section to the subject.


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IMPLANT DEVICE

The EEG is recorded with electrodes, which are placed on the scalp. Electrodes are

small plates, which conduct electricity. They provide the electrical contact betweenthe skin and the EEG recording apparatus by transforming the ionic current on the

skin to the electrical current in the wires. To improve the stability of the signal, the

outer layer of the skin called stratum corneum should be at least partly removed


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under the electrode. Electrolyte gel is applied between the electrode and the skin in

order to provide good electrical contact.

SIGNAL PROCESSING SECTIONMultichannel Acquisition Systems

Electrodes interface directly to the non-inverting opamp inputs on each channel. At

this section amplification, initial filtering of EEG signal and possible artifact

removal takes place. Also A/D conversion is made, i.e. the analog EEG signal is

digitized. The voltage gain improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing

the relevance of electrical noise incurred in later stages. Processed signals are time-

division multiplexed and sampled.

Signal Analysis

Feature extraction and classification of EEG are dealt in this section. In this stage,

certain features are extracted from the preprocessed and digitized EEG signal. In

the simplest form a certain frequency range is selected and the amplitude relative

to some reference level measured . Typically the features are frequency content of

the EEG signal) can be calculated using, for example, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT

function).


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1-Commercialization (often considered post-NPD)

oLaunch the Service

o Produce and place advertisements and otherpromotionso Fill the distributionpipeline with Serviceo Critical path analysis is most useful at this stage2.New Product Pricingo Impact of new product on the entire product portfolioo Value Analysis (internal & external)o Competition and alternative competitive technologieso Differing value segments (price, value, and need)o Service Costs (fixed & variable)o Forecast of unit volumes, revenue, and profit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising


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FEEDBACK

Real-time feedback can dramatically improve the performance of a brainmachine

interface. Feedback is needed for learning and for control. Real-time feedback can

dramatically improve the performance of a brainmachine interface. In the brain,

feedback normally allows for two corrective mechanisms. One is the online

control and correction of errors during the execution of a movement.


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ADVANTAGES

Depending on how the technology is used, there are good and bad effects

1.In this era where drastic diseases are getting common it is a boon if we can

develop it to its full potential.

2.Also it provides better living, more features, more advancement in technologies

etc.

3. Linking people via chip implants to super intelligent machines seems to a

natural progressioncreating in effect, super humans.

4. Linking up in this way would allow for computer intelligence to be hooked more

directly into the brain, allowing immediate access to the internet, enabling

phenomenal math capabilities and computer memory.

5.By this humans get gradual co-evolution with computers .


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CHALLENGES

1.Connecting to the nervous system could lead to permanent brain damage,resulting in the loss of feelings or movement, or continual pain.

2.In the networked brain conditionwhat will mean to be human?

3.Virus attacks may occur to brain causing ill effects


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APPLICATIONS

The BMI technologies of today can be broken into three major areas:

1. Auditory and visual prosthesis

- Cochlear implants

- Brainstem implants

- Synthetic vision

- Artificial silicon retina

2. Functional-neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)

- FNS systems are in experimental use in cases where spinal cord damage or a

stroke has severed the link between brain and the peripheral nervous system. They

can use brain to control their own limbs by this system


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CONCLUSION

Cultures may have diverse ethics, but regardless, individual liberties and human

life are always valued over and above machines. What happens when humans

merge with machines? The question is not what will the computer be like in the

future, but instead, what will we be like? What kind of people are we becoming?

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a method of communication based on

voluntary neural activity generated by the brain and independent of its normaloutput pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles.

The neural activity used in BCI can be recorded usinginvasive or noninvasive techniques.

We can say as detection techniques and experimental designs improve, the BCI

will improve as well and would provide wealth alternatives for individuals to

interact with their environment.


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Reference

1-Artificial Intelligence Approaches

2-www.onlinebook.com

3.Philip Kotler

4-Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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