O

LevelExamtopics

SectionA(45minutes)

Topics:NaturalVegetation,Rivers&Coasts

2questions,Choose1(25marks)

SectionB(45minutes)

Topics:Development,GeographyofFood

2questions,Choose1(25marks)

N

LevelExamTopics

SectionA: Topics:RiversandCoasts 2questions,Choose1(25markseach)

SectionB: Topics:(1)GeographyofFood,(2)Development 2questions,Choose1(1willbesetonaspecific

topic,1questionwillbesetonatopicora combinationoftopics) 25markseach

Whatisdevelopment?

ReferstoimprovementsinStandardofLiving andQualityofLife

StandardofLiving(SOL)referstothe

living conditions

inwhichpeoplelivein.

Accesstoeducation,healthservicesandbasic amenities(i.e.cleanwatersupplyandsanitation

system) QualityofLife(QOL)

referstothedegreeof

satisfactionthatyouhavewithyourliving conditionsandlifestyle.

MexicoCity

MexicoCity

Howdoyoufeeltowardsthephotographsyouhaveseenjustnow?

Pit StopPit Stop 2 mins2 mins

DevelopmentisUneven;Someplacesaremore developedthanothers.

1.Howcanwetell?

2.Whatcausedthesedifferences?

3.Whatcanbedone?

EssentialQuestions:

1.

What

isDevelopment?2.

Howdowemeasurethelevelofdevelopmentin

acountry?3.

Where

aretheDCs(DevelopedCountries)and

LDCs(LessDevelopedCountries)located?4.

Why

isthereunevendevelopment?

5.

What

arethestrategiestoreduceuneven development?

6.

HowdoesNationalDevelopmentalleviate unevendevelopment?

Unevendevelopment

between&within

countries

Development

Whatis

Development?

Standardof

Living

Qualityof

Life

HowtoMeasure

Development?

Indicators1.

Economic2.

Education3.

Health

Limitations

ofeach

indicator

Reasonsfor

Uneven

Development

S.H.E.E.PFactors:SocialHistoricalEconomicEnvironmentPolitical

Howtobring

about

development?

NationalLevel

InternationalLevel

CorePeriphery

Model

SpreadeffectBackwasheffectCumulativecausation

International

OrganisationsInternational

Agreements

Strategies:EconomicEducationSocial

EffectivenessGood/Bad?

EffectivenessGood/Bad?

Tool:HDI0

1.What

isdevelopment?

ImprovementsinStandardofLivingandQuality ofLife

StandardofLiving(SOL)referstotheliving conditionsinwhichpeoplelivein.

Accesstoeducation,healthservicesandbasic amenities(i.e.cleanwatersupplyandsanitation

system) QualityofLife(QOL)

referstothedegreeof

satisfactionthatyouhavewithyourliving conditionsandlifestyle.

2.Howdowemeasurethelevelofdevelopment inacountry?

Incomepercapita Employment

Structure Employment

Opportunities

Incomepercapita Employment

Structure Employment

Opportunities

LiteracyRate LiteracyRate

LifeExpectancy InfantMortalityRate Availabilityofhealth

services Accesstocleanwater

supply&sanitation

LifeExpectancy InfantMortalityRate Availabilityofhealth

servicesAccesstocleanwater

supply&sanitation

1.Economic 3.Education

2.Health

LevelofUrbanisationLevelofUrbanisation

4.

1.Economicindicators

i. Income per capita

Income = Wealth of people in a country = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP)

Per capita = Per person Income per capita

refers to the average income earned by each

worker in a country in a year.

HowisGDPandGNPdifferent?

GDP

referstotheincomeearnedbyresidents workinginacountryinayear(includescitizens

andnoncitizensworkinginthecty).vs.

GNPreferstotheincomeearnedbycitizensina countryinayear(includescitizensworkinginthe countryaswellasoverseas).

Mathematically,

GDPpercapita

GNPpercapitaTotalincomegeneratedbycitizensinacountryinayear

TotalPopulation(Citizens)

TotalincomegeneratedbyresidentsinacountryayearTotalPopulation(Residents)

HigherGDPorGNPmeansthatacountryiswealthierand hasmoreresourcestodevelop.

ThesameholdsforcountrieswithhigherGDPpercapitaorGNP percapita.

CountrieswithlowGDP/GNPmeansthatcountryis undevelopedasthereislittleresourcesavailablefor development.

ThesameholdsforcountrieswithlowerGDPpercapitaorGNP percapita. E.g.AccordingtoUNDP2005,developedcountry,U.S.A,hasa

GDPpercapitaofUS$37562,ascomparedtodevelopingcountry, Ethiopia,whoonlyhasaGDPpercapitaofUS$711inthesame

year.

Limitations1.

GDP/GNPisagrossfigure,itdoesnottakeinto

accountthepopulationsizeofacountry.2.

GDPpercapita/GNPpercapitaisanaveragefigure,it

doesnotaccountforindividualorregionaldifferences inincome.

3.

Doesnotreflectthelocalcostofliving.I.e.apenmay cost$0.50inCtyAbut$2inCtyB.

4.

Doesnotaccountforinformalactivitiessuchas hawking,tuition.

Asaresult,income/incomepercapitamaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina

country.

ii. Employment Structure

Employment Structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

e.g.logging,

farming,mining

e.g.garment

manufacturing

e.g.services:banking,tourism

industry

1.Economicindicators

Whichindustry,doyouthink,bringsinthemost income?

Most

$$$

Least

$$$

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

ACTIVITY TIME

Drageachlabeltothepiegraph thatrepresentitseconomy.

Developed Country(DC)

LessDeveloped Country(LDC)

Newly Industrialising

Country

ACTIVITY TIME

Primaryindustriescontributelittlewealthto thecountry

Jobsinprimaryindustriesarelowpaying Jobsinsecondary&tertiaryindustriesare

higherpaying Hence,generally,mostDCs

havelargest

proportionofworkforceintertiary,followed bysecondary,lastly,primary.

Ontheotherhand,LDCs

have

largest proportionofworkforceinprimary,followed

bysecondary,thentertiary.

Limitations Somecountriesmayhaveasizeable

proportionofworkforceintheprimary industryandyetstillbeaDC.

E.g.USAhasarelativelybalancedprimary, secondaryandtertiaryindustrybecauseofits

largedomesticeconomy.

Asaresult,employmentstructuremaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina

country.

Triangulargraphshowing employmentstructure

HOWTOREADATRIANGULAR PYRAMID?

iii. Employment Opportunities CycleofDevelopment

Manyemployment Opportunities

Incomeper capita

Improved SOL&QOL

Developed Countries

1.Economicindicators

Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

Few

Employment Opportunities

LowIncomeper capita

LowSOL& QOL

GreateremploymentopportunitiesinDCs allowitspeopletoearnmoreincomeand havehigherSOLandQOL.

FewemploymentopportunitiesinLDCs

cause itspeopletobepoorandhavehigherSOLand QOL.

2.Healthindicators

Healthconditionsrefertothegeneralwell being

ofapersonwithregardtohis/her

mentalandphysicalconditions. ItdiffersbetweenDCs

andLDCs.

Determinedbywhetherthereis: Medical&healthcareisavailableandaccessible Facilitiessuchashospitalsandclinics Safedrinkingwater&propersanitation Balanceddiet

Definitionsofterms:

i. Lifeexpectancyreferstotheaverage

numberofyearsapersonisexpectedtolive.ii.

InfantMortalityRatereferstotherateat

whichthenumberofbabieslessthanone yearofagedies,forevery1,000livebirths, inayear.

iii.

Accesstowatersupply&sanitation facilities

Life Expectancy

Infant Mortality

Rate

Clean Water Supply

Proper Sanitation

FacilitiesDC High/Low High/Low Yes/No Yes/No

LDC High/Low High/Low Yes/No Yes/No

Why?

ACTIVITY TIME

Peoplein

DCshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthan LDCsbecause:

Balanceddiet Cleanenvironment Accesstoleadingmedicalservices Affordmedicaltreatment

E.g.UNDP2005:JapanhasahighLEof82yearsas comparedtoEthiopiawith47.6years.

PeopleinDCs

havelowerinfantmortality ratesthanLDCs

becausethereisaccessto:

Properhealthcareamenitiessuchasclinics, hospitalsandmedicalresearchfacilities

E.g.DCssuchasNorwayandUSAhavelowerIMR (3and7per1000livebirthsrespectively)than

LDCssuchasCambodiaandSierraLeone(97and 166per1000livebirthsrespectively).

PeopleinDCs

haveaccesstocleanwater supplysuppliedbypipestohome

PeopleinLDCs

donothaveaccesstoclean water

Uncleanwaterisunsafefordrinkingandwill causewaterbornediseasessuchcholera&

polio. E.g.UNDP2005:Accesstocleanwater;

Norway(100%),Ethiopia(22%)

DCs

havepropersanitationfacilities(i.e. toiletswithflushandwastedisposalsystem)

LDCs

haspoor/nosanitationfacilities

(i.e. humanwasteleftinopenground) seep

intogroundandcontaminategroundwaterrivers contaminatewatersourcesleadtowidespreadofdiseasessuchasdysentery.

E.g.UNDP2005:100%Australianshasaccess tosanitationcomparedtoonly6%inEthiopia.

Hence,

DCs:Accesstomedicalfacilities,cleanwaterand propersanitationreflectsHigh

Standardsof

Living&QualityofLifeMoredeveloped LDCs:Lackofaccesstomedicalfacilities,clean

waterandpropersanitationreflectsLow StandardsofLiving&QualityofLife Less

developed

Literacyratereferstothepercentageofadults (age15andabove)inacountry,whocanread

andwrite. Moredevelopedacountryis,thehigherits

literacyrate Morefinancialresourcestobuildschools,train

teachersandsubsidiseeducation E.g.UNDP2005:Italyhasahighliteracyrateof

98.5%ascomparedtoSierraLeonewith29.6%.

3.Educationindicators

Higherliteracyratesmeanspeoplehavemore skillstoworkinthetechnologydriventertiary industries higherpay higherSOLand

QOL

LowliteracyratesinLCDshindereconomic development

asindustrieswillbefocusedon

lowskilledprimaryandsecondarysectorslowlypaid lowSOL&QOL

Limitations Somecountriescanhaveahighliteracyrate

andyetstillclassifiedasaLDC. E.g.Vietnamhasahighliteracyrateof94%in

2004despitebeingaLDC.

Asaresult,literacyratemaynotbeanaccuratemeasure ofthelevelofdevelopmentinacountry.

Higherthepercentageofpeopleresidingin cities,themoredevelopedacountryis.

Morehigherpayingjobsareavailablein urbanareascomparedtoruralareas

Hence,thehigherthe%ofurbanpopulation, thehighertheSOL

4.Urbanpopulation

Limitations1.Ruralurbanmigration:Movementoflabourfrom

ruraltourbanareasinsearchofbetterjobs Ruralfarmerslackskillsneededforwellpaidjobsin

urbanareas unemployed/lowlypaidjobsinurbanareas

2.Counterurbanisation

trendinDCs:Peoplemoveout ofcitiestothesuburbstoavoidproblemssuchas overcrowding,highpollutioninthecities.

Asaresult,%ofurbanpopulationmaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina

country.

Think:Canwemeasuredevelopmentmoreaccuratelythen?How?

Pit StopPit Stop 3 mins3 mins

HUMANDEVELOPMENTINDEX (HDI)

Solution

1.AnindexusedbyUnitedNationstomeasurethe levelofdevelopmentinacountry.

HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)

2.Takes3keyindicators: Economicindicators(GrossDomesticProduct

percapita,GrossNationalProductpercapita, Employmentstructureandopportunities)

Healthindicators(i.e.Lifeexpectancy,Infant MortalityRate)

Educationindicators(i.e.Literacyrate)3.Valuebetween1and0.

HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)

LowLow MediumMedium HighHigh

HDI 0.499andbelow 0.5000.799 0.8001.00

0

HDI

1

Limitations:

1.LackofcompletedataaseconomiesinLDCs

areininformal

trading2.Failuretotakeintoaccounthumanrightsandfreedom3.Timelagbetweenyearofpublishandtimeofdatacollection

(2years)

WhatisStandardofLiving(SOL)?

WhatisQualityofLife(QOL)? Pit StopPit Stop

1.

Economic

2.

Health

3.

Education

Whatarethe3categoriesofindicators

usedtomeasurethelevelof

development?

Pit Pit StopStop

O Level Exam topicsN Level Exam TopicsSlide Number 3What is development?Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Mexico CityMexico CitySlide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Pit Stop2 minsEssential Questions:Slide Number 161. What is development?2. How do we measure the level of development in a country?1. Economic indicatorsSlide Number 20Mathematically,Slide Number 22Limitationsii. Employment Structure Which industry, do you think, brings in the most income?Drag each label to the pie graph that represent its economy. Slide Number 27LimitationsSlide Number 29HOW TO READ A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID?iii. Employment OpportunitiesLess Developed Countries (LDCs)Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Definitions of terms:Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43LimitationsSlide Number 45LimitationsPit Stop3 minsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)Human Development Index (HDI)Human Development Index (HDI)Pit StopSlide Number 52