©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Infancy Ch. 6 Unit 3 Seminar.

©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

InfancyInfancy

Ch. 6Ch. 6

Unit 3 SeminarUnit 3 Seminar


Social Change and Consequences Social Change and Consequences for Infantsfor Infants

High infant mortality historically – the main High infant mortality historically – the main developmental task in infancy was survivaldevelopmental task in infancy was survival

Rates decreased dramatically with improved Rates decreased dramatically with improved nutrition and control of infections and diseasenutrition and control of infections and disease

Increased recognition in early 1960’s of con-Increased recognition in early 1960’s of con-sequences of poor early child developmentsequences of poor early child development

Head Start program created in 1965Head Start program created in 1965

Early Head Start created in 1995Early Head Start created in 1995


Social Change and Consequences Social Change and Consequences for Infantsfor Infants

Societal changesSocietal changes– Both parents working, greater # of unmarried Both parents working, greater # of unmarried

women, increased # of teenage mothers, women, increased # of teenage mothers, increased substance abuse by mothersincreased substance abuse by mothers

Policies toward child carePolicies toward child care– Lanham Act provided government support for Lanham Act provided government support for

child care during WWIIchild care during WWII– Day care programs increased in the 1970’sDay care programs increased in the 1970’s– Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)– Dependent Care Child CreditDependent Care Child Credit– Welfare reform efforts of late 1990sWelfare reform efforts of late 1990s


Infancy Stage of Human Infancy Stage of Human DevelopmentDevelopment

From birth to approximately 2 yrs. of ageFrom birth to approximately 2 yrs. of ageHallmarks of infancy: Hallmarks of infancy: – Physical growthPhysical growth– Motor developmentMotor development– Vocal developmentVocal development– Cognitive and social developmentCognitive and social development

Rapid physical growth during 1Rapid physical growth during 1stst yr. yr.– Birth weight doubled in 6 mos., tripled in 1 yr.Birth weight doubled in 6 mos., tripled in 1 yr.

Growth and size depend on environmental Growth and size depend on environmental conditions as well as genetic endowmentconditions as well as genetic endowment


Infant Brain DevelopmentInfant Brain Development

Brain growth is most critical to biophysical Brain growth is most critical to biophysical human developmenthuman development

Brain grows to half its adult size in 1Brain grows to half its adult size in 1stst yr. yr.

By age 2, it is about 75% of its adult weight, By age 2, it is about 75% of its adult weight, while the body is only 20% of its adult sizewhile the body is only 20% of its adult size

Proper nutrition during this period of rapid brain Proper nutrition during this period of rapid brain growth is criticalgrowth is critical

Experience in the social environment also is Experience in the social environment also is important to brain growth during this periodimportant to brain growth during this period


Characteristics of Brain Growth Characteristics of Brain Growth during Infancyduring Infancy

The number of dendrites connecting to neurons The number of dendrites connecting to neurons in brain’s cortex increase five-foldin brain’s cortex increase five-fold

This process is termed This process is termed transient exuberancetransient exuberance

MyelinizationMyelinization (insulates axons and speeds (insulates axons and speeds transmission of nerve impulses) proceeds from transmission of nerve impulses) proceeds from head to feet (head to feet (cephalocaudalcephalocaudal) and) and fromfrom spinal spinal cord to extremities (cord to extremities (proximodistalproximodistal))

Motor development follows this processMotor development follows this process


Infant Motor DevelopmentInfant Motor DevelopmentSequence of motor developmentSequence of motor development– Hold up headHold up head– Roll overRoll over– SitSit– Roll from back or stomach to sitRoll from back or stomach to sit– Crawl or creepCrawl or creep– Move from sit to crawl and back againMove from sit to crawl and back again– Pull to standPull to stand– Stand aloneStand alone– Cruise (walk holding on to things)Cruise (walk holding on to things)– Walk (unassisted)Walk (unassisted)

Maturational theory of developmentMaturational theory of development


Assessing Newborn’s Nervous Assessing Newborn’s Nervous SystemSystem

Sleep-wake states provide useful informationSleep-wake states provide useful information

Active sleep – periods with eye movementActive sleep – periods with eye movement

Quiet sleep – periods with no eye movementQuiet sleep – periods with no eye movement

Unstable sleep patterns have been observed in Unstable sleep patterns have been observed in many types of atypical brain developmentmany types of atypical brain development

Early sleep patterns have predicted subsequent Early sleep patterns have predicted subsequent developmental outcomesdevelopmental outcomes

How can we tell whether a baby is develop-How can we tell whether a baby is develop-mentally delayed?mentally delayed?


What is infant mental health?What is infant mental health?Field promotes healthy social and emotional Field promotes healthy social and emotional developmentdevelopmentThe Zero to Three Diagnostic Classification Task The Zero to Three Diagnostic Classification Task Force (1994)Force (1994)This task force defined infant mental health as This task force defined infant mental health as developing the capacity from birth to 3 to:developing the capacity from birth to 3 to:(1) Experience, regulate, and express emotions;(1) Experience, regulate, and express emotions;(2) Form close, secure interpersonal (2) Form close, secure interpersonal

relationships;relationships;(3) Explore environment and learn in the context (3) Explore environment and learn in the context

of the family, community, and cultural of the family, community, and cultural expectations for young childrenexpectations for young children


What is infant mental health?What is infant mental health?Infants are vulnerable to abuse and neglectInfants are vulnerable to abuse and neglectThey may withdraw from interactions and even They may withdraw from interactions and even seem to suffer from depressionseem to suffer from depressionThey can develop problems with feeding, They can develop problems with feeding, sleeping, ad behavioral regulationsleeping, ad behavioral regulationProblems in infant-parent relationship due to:Problems in infant-parent relationship due to:– Previous pregnancy loss, postpartum Previous pregnancy loss, postpartum

depression, infant’s medical/developmental depression, infant’s medical/developmental problems, parent’s drug use, abuse of infant, problems, parent’s drug use, abuse of infant, prolonged separations, family stress, parent’s prolonged separations, family stress, parent’s mental illness, parent with own longstanding mental illness, parent with own longstanding attachment disorderattachment disorder


Infant MH Infant MH Assessment/InterventionsAssessment/Interventions

AIMS – instrument for assessing emotional wellbeing of AIMS – instrument for assessing emotional wellbeing of children from birth to 5 yrs. Oldchildren from birth to 5 yrs. Old– AttachmentAttachment - Mastery- Mastery– InteractionInteraction - Social Support- Social Support

Intervention for emotional developmentIntervention for emotional development– Show admiration for baby in parents’ presenceShow admiration for baby in parents’ presence– Point out parent’s ability to ‘hear’ baby’/child’s Point out parent’s ability to ‘hear’ baby’/child’s

cries/requests and to respond appropriatelycries/requests and to respond appropriately– Discuss role of the other parent in caregivingDiscuss role of the other parent in caregiving– Discuss upcoming stages of infant developmentDiscuss upcoming stages of infant development– Comment on how proud parent must be to see Comment on how proud parent must be to see

baby/child doing so wellbaby/child doing so well


Early Intervention for Early Intervention for Developmental DelayDevelopmental Delay

Until 1970s, parents were encouraged to Until 1970s, parents were encouraged to institutionalize babies with mental retardationinstitutionalize babies with mental retardationIntervention programs were then developed for Intervention programs were then developed for infants with disabilitiesinfants with disabilities– Services for Infants and Toddlers with Services for Infants and Toddlers with

Handicapping Conditions (federal law)Handicapping Conditions (federal law)Most communities now provide infant-stimulation or Most communities now provide infant-stimulation or early-intervention programsearly-intervention programs– Parents are taught exercises and activities to do Parents are taught exercises and activities to do

with child at home to enhance child’s with child at home to enhance child’s developmentdevelopment

– Strengthening baby’s muscles enriches Strengthening baby’s muscles enriches interaction with the environment and enhances interaction with the environment and enhances cognitive and physical developmentcognitive and physical development


Susceptibility of Infants to Susceptibility of Infants to Accidents and IllnessesAccidents and Illnesses

Injury from accidentsInjury from accidents– FallsFalls– PoisoningPoisoning– ChokingChoking– SuffocationSuffocation– DrowningDrowning– BurnsBurns– Auto accidentsAuto accidents

Parents must take Parents must take preventive measurespreventive measures

Illness susceptibilityIllness susceptibility– Chicken poxChicken pox– TetanusTetanus– Whooping coughWhooping cough– Strep infectionsStrep infections– Upper respiratory Upper respiratory

infectionsinfections– Have natural immunities Have natural immunities

to rubella, polio, mumps, to rubella, polio, mumps, measles, and diphtheria measles, and diphtheria up until age 3up until age 3

– Immunization issuesImmunization issues


Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)(SIDS)

Unexpected death of an infant for which no Unexpected death of an infant for which no physical cause can be foundphysical cause can be foundMost common cause of death in first year of life Most common cause of death in first year of life – 1 in 400 babies– 1 in 400 babiesAfrican American babies are two times more African American babies are two times more likely to die of SIDS than white babieslikely to die of SIDS than white babiesSeveral infant and parental risk factorsSeveral infant and parental risk factorsBelieved causes: changes in infant’s airways, Believed causes: changes in infant’s airways, viral infection, sleeping on their stomachviral infection, sleeping on their stomachThe Back to Sleep Campaign – babies are The Back to Sleep Campaign – babies are safest when they sleep on their backssafest when they sleep on their backs


Differentiating between types of Differentiating between types of infant attention patternsinfant attention patterns

How babies process information?How babies process information?Observe how long an infant will look at or fixate Observe how long an infant will look at or fixate on something interesting and not be distracted.on something interesting and not be distracted.Habituation is a process that observes how long Habituation is a process that observes how long it takes a baby to stop paying attention to the it takes a baby to stop paying attention to the same stimulantsame stimulantDishabituation is a process that observes how Dishabituation is a process that observes how long it takes the baby to become interested in a long it takes the baby to become interested in a new stimulusnew stimulus


Emotions Emotions

5 to six months—stranger anxiety.5 to six months—stranger anxiety.

8 to 10 months separation anxiety. 8 to 10 months separation anxiety.

13 months marks a period when 13 months marks a period when separation anxiety decreases.separation anxiety decreases.

The period when transitional objects used.The period when transitional objects used.

The role played by object permanence in The role played by object permanence in emotional processes. emotional processes.


Infant TemperamentsInfant Temperaments

Easy child—regular positive responses to new Easy child—regular positive responses to new stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or moderately intense mood. moderately intense mood.

Slow to warm up—more sedate, less exuberant Slow to warm up—more sedate, less exuberant orientation to the world, negative responses, and orientation to the world, negative responses, and slower adaptation.slower adaptation.

Difficult child—unpredictable daily habits, Difficult child—unpredictable daily habits, negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative mood. negative mood.


Sense of SelfSense of Self

Sense of self as object by 18 months.Sense of self as object by 18 months.

Active sense of self by birthActive sense of self by birth

Task to develop a sense of self as Task to develop a sense of self as separate from othersseparate from others

Mahler’s process of separation Mahler’s process of separation individuation. individuation.

Implications for personality assessment Implications for personality assessment and practiceand practice


Self RegulationSelf Regulation

At what age can baby’s obey when not in At what age can baby’s obey when not in the presences of others?the presences of others?

What role does the process of self What role does the process of self referencing play in self regulation of referencing play in self regulation of behavior?behavior?

The responses from others influences The responses from others influences moral development, but the implication moral development, but the implication can be to avoid certain responsescan be to avoid certain responses


Sensorimotor Stage of Sensorimotor Stage of Development Development

Reflex activityReflex activity

Primary circular reactionsPrimary circular reactions

Secondary circular reactionsSecondary circular reactions

Representational thoughtRepresentational thought

How does representational thought influence How does representational thought influence memory? memory?

What are the implications for representational What are the implications for representational thought and self regulation?thought and self regulation?


Factors Affecting AttachmentFactors Affecting Attachment

What is attachment?What is attachment?

Ainsworth’s three levels of attachment.Ainsworth’s three levels of attachment.

Characteristics of the baby affecting Characteristics of the baby affecting attachment.attachment.

Characteristics of the mother.Characteristics of the mother.

Characteristics of the home. Characteristics of the home.

©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Infancy Ch. 6 Unit 3 Seminar.

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Transcript of ©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Infancy Ch. 6 Unit 3 Seminar.