Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. A History of Helping Chapter...
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C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 1 2 B r o o k s / C o l e , a d i v i s i o n o f C e n g a g e L e a r n i n g , I n c . A History of Helping A History of Helping Chapter Two Chapter Two
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Transcript of Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. A History of Helping Chapter...
Copyright ©
2012 Brooks/C
ole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.
A History of HelpingA History of Helping
Chapter TwoChapter Two
Copyright ©
2012 Brooks/C
ole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.
Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
Early HistoryEarly History– Mental illness was the consequence of evil Mental illness was the consequence of evil
spiritsspirits– The focus of treatment was to rid the body of The focus of treatment was to rid the body of
the evil spiritsthe evil spirits– One such process was to drill a hole in the One such process was to drill a hole in the
skull to allow the spirit to leave; this was skull to allow the spirit to leave; this was called called trephiningtrephining
– Other treatments included, various rites, Other treatments included, various rites, beatings, starving, and bleeding beatings, starving, and bleeding
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
HippocratesHippocrates (3 (3rdrd century BC) century BC)– Used a scientific approach and took a much Used a scientific approach and took a much
more realistic approach to mental illnessmore realistic approach to mental illness– He believed mental illness had natural cause He believed mental illness had natural cause
in the same manner as other illnessesin the same manner as other illnesses– Brain disease, heredity, or head injury were Brain disease, heredity, or head injury were
examples of thisexamples of this– He distinguished between melancholia and He distinguished between melancholia and
epilepsy which are still used todayepilepsy which are still used today
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
The The Catholic Church Catholic Church was the primary was the primary source of human services until the 1500ssource of human services until the 1500s– St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Francis of Assisi St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Francis of Assisi
are considered to be among the first human are considered to be among the first human service providersservice providers
– Institutions were founded for the poor, Institutions were founded for the poor, orphans, the elderly, and those with orphans, the elderly, and those with disabilitiesdisabilities
– Asylums were established for the Asylums were established for the illnessillness of of deviant behaviordeviant behavior
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
GovernmentGovernment became more prominent by became more prominent by the 1500s as the church declined in powerthe 1500s as the church declined in power– In England, people diagnosed with mental In England, people diagnosed with mental
illness were to be protectedillness were to be protected– There were two categories of mental illness:There were two categories of mental illness:
Natural fools or idiotsNatural fools or idiots: permanent conditions : permanent conditions generally present a birthgenerally present a birth
Non compos mentisNon compos mentis (lunatics): All other mental (lunatics): All other mental disordersdisorders
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
By the end of the 15By the end of the 15thth century mental century mental competence was established by an inquisition competence was established by an inquisition (unrelated to church inquisitions)(unrelated to church inquisitions)
A government official and a jury of at least 12 A government official and a jury of at least 12 men attempted to determine three points:men attempted to determine three points:– Was the person a idiot or lunatic?Was the person a idiot or lunatic?– When, how, and in what manner was the person When, how, and in what manner was the person
lucid?lucid?– What land or property did the person own?What land or property did the person own?
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
By the end of the 15By the end of the 15thth hospitals would not hospitals would not only provide medical assistance to the ill only provide medical assistance to the ill but they also fed and housed tired but they also fed and housed tired travelers, orphans, the elderly, and the travelers, orphans, the elderly, and the poor.poor.
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
During the 15During the 15thth and 16 and 16thth centuries, insane centuries, insane asylums were formed initially out of asylums were formed initially out of concern for the care and housing of the concern for the care and housing of the mentally ill, however, treatment and living mentally ill, however, treatment and living conditions were very poor:conditions were very poor:– ““Women were chained by the ankles to one Women were chained by the ankles to one
long wall. Men were liable to be attached by long wall. Men were liable to be attached by the neck to a vertical bar. One man was kept the neck to a vertical bar. One man was kept that way, even in the 18that way, even in the 18thth century, for 12 century, for 12 years” (London’s Bethlehem Hospital)years” (London’s Bethlehem Hospital)
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Copyright ©
2012 Brooks/C
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Early History SummeryEarly History Summery
The decline of feudalism and the coming The decline of feudalism and the coming of the industrial revolution created a new of the industrial revolution created a new type of economy. The rural barter system type of economy. The rural barter system the poor could use was no longer effective the poor could use was no longer effective and their numbers grewand their numbers grew
In England, the pressures of the poor in In England, the pressures of the poor in the city created the need for a large scale the city created the need for a large scale attack on povertyattack on poverty
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
This large scale attack on poverty This large scale attack on poverty became the foundation for future became the foundation for future human serviceshuman services
This legislation guided social welfare This legislation guided social welfare practices in and England and the practices in and England and the United States for the next 350 yearsUnited States for the next 350 years
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
There were 3 featuresThere were 3 features– Compulsory taxationCompulsory taxation
– Classification system for dependentsClassification system for dependents
– Family vs. government responsibilityFamily vs. government responsibility
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Compulsory taxationCompulsory taxation– This was simply used to raise the funds This was simply used to raise the funds
necessary to help the needynecessary to help the needy– The system was very similar to the one used The system was very similar to the one used
by the church in the middle agesby the church in the middle ages
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Classification system for dependentsClassification system for dependents– Dependents were classified according to Dependents were classified according to
their ability to work:their ability to work:Children (who could work) were apprenticed Children (who could work) were apprenticed or indenturedor indentured
The able-bodied worked or they were The able-bodied worked or they were punishedpunished
Those unable to work received home or Those unable to work received home or institutional reliefinstitutional relief
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Family Family vs. government responsibilityvs. government responsibility– Parents were legally responsible for their Parents were legally responsible for their
children and grandchildrenchildren and grandchildren– Children were legally responsible for their Children were legally responsible for their
parents and grandparentsparents and grandparents– If the family could not provide assistance the If the family could not provide assistance the
government was responsible for doing sogovernment was responsible for doing so
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Human Services in the Colonial Human Services in the Colonial AmericaAmerica
Poor relief as public responsibilityPoor relief as public responsibility– Generally patterned after Elizabethan Poor Generally patterned after Elizabethan Poor
LawsLaws
Legal residenceLegal residence– Services were provided at the local levelServices were provided at the local level
Family responsibilitiesFamily responsibilities– Public aid was denied those who had familyPublic aid was denied those who had family
Apprenticed childrenApprenticed children– Children of paupersChildren of paupers
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1919thth Century Century
Social philosophiesSocial philosophies
Probation mental illnessProbation mental illness
Child welfareChild welfare
Reform movementsReform movements
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Social PhilosophiesSocial Philosophies
IndividualismIndividualism– Hard work was the road to successHard work was the road to success
Laissez-faireLaissez-faire– Limited government and limited human Limited government and limited human
serviceservice
Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Natural selection dictated that the poor Natural selection dictated that the poor
were, by nature, unfit for survivalwere, by nature, unfit for survival
*a. individualism b.Laissez-faire
c. Social Darwinism d.
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ProbationProbation
Earliest forms of probation began Earliest forms of probation began appearing in the 19appearing in the 19thth century century– Judge Peter O. Thatcher (Boston)Judge Peter O. Thatcher (Boston)– John Augustus John Augustus – Salvation ArmySalvation Army
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Mental IllnessMental Illness
Dr. Benjamin Rush (1700s) Dr. Benjamin Rush (1700s) – The founder of American psychiatry fought to The founder of American psychiatry fought to
deal with mental illness scientificallydeal with mental illness scientifically
Dorothea Dix (1800s)Dorothea Dix (1800s)– Called attention to harsh treatment of Called attention to harsh treatment of
prisoners and the mentally illprisoners and the mentally ill
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Child WelfareChild Welfare
House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents in New York Cityin New York City
Provision of pension for mothers and/or Provision of pension for mothers and/or widowswidows
Juvenile courts and probation systemJuvenile courts and probation system
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Reform MovementsReform Movements
Organized Charity MovementOrganized Charity Movement– Forerunner of the United WayForerunner of the United Way
Settlement House MovementSettlement House Movement– Social engineeringSocial engineering– Hull House (Jane Addams 1889)Hull House (Jane Addams 1889)
Beginning of social work professionBeginning of social work profession– United WayUnited Way
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Mental Health MovementMental Health Movement
Clifford BeersClifford Beers– A victim of mental illness; founded the A victim of mental illness; founded the
Connecticut Society for Mental HygiendConnecticut Society for Mental Hygiend– The beginning of organized mental health The beginning of organized mental health
movementmovement
Clinical psychology professionClinical psychology profession
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Social Security Act (1935)Social Security Act (1935)
Protection from economic stabilityProtection from economic stability
Birth of American welfare stateBirth of American welfare state
Expansion of welfare activitiesExpansion of welfare activities
AssistanceAssistance– Social insuranceSocial insurance– Public assistancePublic assistance– Health and welfare servicesHealth and welfare services
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Public Assistance ProgramsPublic Assistance Programs
APTDAPTD
AFDCAFDC
OAAOAA
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2020thth Century: Mental Health Century: Mental Health
NIMHNIMH
Mental health Study ActMental health Study Act
Community Mental Health Community Mental Health Centers ActCenters Act
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Johnson AdministrationJohnson Administration
War on povertyWar on poverty
““Great Society”Great Society”
MedicareMedicare
MedicaidMedicaid
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Human Service MovementHuman Service Movement
New type of workerNew type of worker
DeinstitutionalizationDeinstitutionalization
Professional organizationsProfessional organizations
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Social Welfare RevisionsSocial Welfare Revisions
New FederalismNew Federalism
Reduction of government Reduction of government involvementinvolvement
Department of Health and Human Department of Health and Human ServicesServices
Proposition 13 Proposition 13
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Welfare ReformWelfare Reform
PRWORA- 1996PRWORA- 1996
TANFTANF
Emergency funds—2009-2010Emergency funds—2009-2010
Evaluation Evaluation
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2121stst Century Changes Century Changes
Medicare Prescription Drug, Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003Modernization Act of 2003
Centers for Faith-based and Centers for Faith-based and Community InitiativesCommunity Initiatives
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Unresolved IssuesUnresolved Issues
Social Security fundingSocial Security funding
Protection of civil libertiesProtection of civil liberties
HealthcareHealthcare
War in AfghanistanWar in Afghanistan
