57 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Chapter 4 Social Development in Infancy and...

11©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/

Cole PublishingCole Publishing

Chapter 4Chapter 4Social Development in Social Development in Infancy and ChildhoodInfancy and Childhood



SocializationSocialization The Family EnvironmentThe Family Environment

o Membership in Family Groups: Variations Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structurein Family Structure

o Positive Family FunctioningPositive Family Functioningo Macro Systems, Families, and the Pursuit Macro Systems, Families, and the Pursuit

of Social and Economic Justiceof Social and Economic Justiceo The Dynamics of Family SystemsThe Dynamics of Family Systems

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.5EP: 2.1.7 2.1.5 2.1.7a 2.1.8a2.1.7a 2.1.8a 2.1.7b2.1.7b



The Application of Systems Theory The Application of Systems Theory Principles to FamiliesPrinciples to Families

o SystemsSystems EntropyEntropyo Homeostasis Homeostasis Negative EntropyNegative Entropyo SubsystemsSubsystems EquifinalityEquifinalityo BoundariesBoundaries DifferentiationDifferentiationo InputInputo OutputOutputo FeedbackFeedback

EP: 2.1.7 EP: 2.1.7 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b2.1.7b



The Family Life CycleThe Family Life Cycleo Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life

CycleCycle Stage 1: Leaving Home: Emerging Stage 1: Leaving Home: Emerging

Young AdultsYoung Adults Stage 2: Joining of Families Through Stage 2: Joining of Families Through

Marriage/UnionMarriage/Union Stage 3: Families with Young ChildrenStage 3: Families with Young Children Stage 4: Families with AdolescentsStage 4: Families with Adolescents Stage 5: Launching Children and Stage 5: Launching Children and

Moving on at MidlifeMoving on at Midlife

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.4aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.4a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.5a2.1.7b 2.1.5a



Stage 6: Families in Late Middle AgeStage 6: Families in Late Middle Age Stage 7: Families Nearing the End of Stage 7: Families Nearing the End of

LifeLife Additional Issues Affecting Multiple Additional Issues Affecting Multiple

Phases of the Family Life CyclePhases of the Family Life Cycle Single AdultsSingle Adults Immigration StatusImmigration Status

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.4aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.4a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.5a2.1.7b 2.1.5a



Learning TheoryLearning Theoryo Critical Thinking: Evaluation of TheoryCritical Thinking: Evaluation of Theoryo Respondent ConditioningRespondent Conditioningo ModelingModelingo Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioningo The ABCs of BehaviorThe ABCs of Behavior

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.3aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.3a 2.1.7a 2.1.6b2.1.7a 2.1.6b 2.1.7b2.1.7b



o ReinforcementReinforcement Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement

o PunishmentPunishmento ExtinctionExtinction

EP: 2.1.7 EP: 2.1.7 2.1.7a2.1.7a 2.1.7b2.1.7b



o Suggestions for Using Positive Suggestions for Using Positive ReinforcementReinforcement Quality of Positive ReinforcementQuality of Positive Reinforcement Immediacy of Positive ReinforcementImmediacy of Positive Reinforcement Frequency of Positive ReinforcementFrequency of Positive Reinforcement Shaping BehaviorShaping Behavior

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b 2.1.7a 2.1.10g2.1.7a 2.1.10g 2.1.7b 2.1.10j2.1.7b 2.1.10j



Applications of Learning Theory to Applications of Learning Theory to PracticePracticeo The Use of Positive ReinforcementThe Use of Positive Reinforcemento Types of Positive ReinforcersTypes of Positive Reinforcerso Secondary ReinforcersSecondary Reinforcers

Material Reinforcers and Nonfood Material Reinforcers and Nonfood ConsumablesConsumables

ActivitiesActivities Social ReinforcersSocial Reinforcers TokensTokens

o Reinforcers Versus RewardsReinforcers Versus Rewards

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b 2.1.7a 2.1.10g2.1.7a 2.1.10g 2.1.7b 2.1.10j2.1.7b 2.1.10j



o The Use of PunishmentThe Use of Punishment Potential Negative ConsequencesPotential Negative Consequences The Nature of PunishmentThe Nature of Punishment The Effectiveness of PunishmentThe Effectiveness of Punishment Suggestions for Using PunishmentSuggestions for Using Punishment

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b 2.1.7a 2.1.10g2.1.7a 2.1.10g 2.1.7b 2.1.10j2.1.7b 2.1.10j



Additional IssuesAdditional Issueso Accidental TrainingAccidental Trainingo Behaviorally Specific TerminologyBehaviorally Specific Terminologyo Measuring ImprovementMeasuring Improvemento The Importance of Parental AttentionThe Importance of Parental Attention

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.3c EP: 2.1.7 2.1.3c 2.1.7a 2.1.10m2.1.7a 2.1.10m 2.1.7b 2.1.7b



A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-out from Reinforcementout from Reinforcemento Improving EffectivenessImproving Effectivenesso GroundingGrounding

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b EP: 2.1.7 2.1.6b 2.1.7a2.1.7a 2.1.7b2.1.7b



Impacts of Common Life Events on Impacts of Common Life Events on ChildrenChildreno Membership in Family SystemsMembership in Family Systemso Cultural Context and Parenting Cultural Context and Parenting

StyleStyleo Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Ethnic and Cultural Differences in

Families: Empowerment Through Families: Empowerment Through Appreciation of StrengthsAppreciation of Strengths Hispanic FamiliesHispanic Families Native American FamiliesNative American Families Asian American FamiliesAsian American Families

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.1e EP: 2.1.7 2.1.1e 2.1.7a 2.1.4c2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b 2.1.4d2.1.7b 2.1.4d

2.1.10e2.1.10e



o Membership in Sibling SubsystemsMembership in Sibling Subsystems The Coming of a New BabyThe Coming of a New Baby Sibling InteractionSibling Interaction The Effects of Birth Order, Family Size, The Effects of Birth Order, Family Size,

and Family Spacingand Family Spacingo Gender-Role SocializationGender-Role Socialization

EP: 2.1.7 EP: 2.1.7 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b



The Social Environment: Peers, The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and SchoolTelevision, and Schoolo The Social Aspects of Play With PeersThe Social Aspects of Play With Peers

Play and InteractionPlay and Interaction Social PlaySocial Play Gender Differences in PlayGender Differences in Play The Peer Group and PopularityThe Peer Group and Popularity

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.9aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.9a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b2.1.7b



o The Influence of Television and Other The Influence of Television and Other MediaMedia BullyingBullying

o The School EnvironmentThe School Environment The Teacher’s ImpactThe Teacher’s Impact Effective School EnvironmentsEffective School Environments Educational Programming That Educational Programming That

Responds to Cultural ValuesResponds to Cultural Values Race, Ethnicity, and SchoolsRace, Ethnicity, and Schools

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.4a EP: 2.1.7 2.1.4a 2.1.7a 2.1.4c2.1.7a 2.1.4c 2.1.7b2.1.7b



Child MaltreatmentChild Maltreatmento Incidence of Child MaltreatmentIncidence of Child Maltreatmento Physical Child AbusePhysical Child Abuse

Diverse Cultural Contexts: Discipline Diverse Cultural Contexts: Discipline or Abuse?or Abuse?

Characteristics of Physically Abused Characteristics of Physically Abused VictimsVictims

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.9aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.9a 2.1.7a 2.1.10a2.1.7a 2.1.10a 2.1.7b 2.1.1e2.1.7b 2.1.1e 2.1.4c 2.1.4d2.1.4c 2.1.4d



Characteristics of AbusersCharacteristics of Abusers Need for Personal Support and Need for Personal Support and

NurturanceNurturance Social IsolationSocial Isolation Communication and Relationship Communication and Relationship

DifficultiesDifficulties Poor Parenting SkillsPoor Parenting Skills Poor General Coping SkillsPoor General Coping Skills Extreme External Stress and Life Extreme External Stress and Life

CrisesCrises

EP: 2.1.7 EP: 2.1.7 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b



o Child NeglectChild Neglect Characteristics of Neglected ChildrenCharacteristics of Neglected Children Characteristics of Neglectful ParentsCharacteristics of Neglectful Parents

o Psychological MaltreatmentPsychological Maltreatment Characteristics of Psychologically Characteristics of Psychologically

Maltreated ChildrenMaltreated Children Characteristics of PerpetratorsCharacteristics of Perpetrators

EP: 2.1.7 EP: 2.1.7 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b2.1.7b



o A Macro-System Response: Child A Macro-System Response: Child Protective ServicesProtective Services

o Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Psychological Maltreatment: Social and Psychological Maltreatment: Social Work RoleWork Role

o A Macro-System Response: Involvement A Macro-System Response: Involvement of the Courtsof the Courts

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.1cEP: 2.1.7 2.1.1c 2.1.7a 2.1.10d2.1.7a 2.1.10d 2.1.7b 2.1.10e2.1.7b 2.1.10e 2.1.10h 2.1.10i2.1.10h 2.1.10i 2.1.10j2.1.10j



o Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse The Dynamics of Child Sexual AbuseThe Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse The Internet and Sexual Abuse The Internet and Sexual Abuse

PredatorsPredators Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Characteristics of Sexual Abuse

VictimsVictims Long-Term Effects of Sexual AbuseLong-Term Effects of Sexual Abuse Suggestions for Talking to Children Suggestions for Talking to Children

Victimized by Sexual AssaultVictimized by Sexual Assault

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.9aEP: 2.1.7 2.1.9a 2.1.7a 2.1.7a 2.1.7b 2.1.7b



Treatment of Sexual Abuse: Social Treatment of Sexual Abuse: Social Work RoleWork Role

Prevention of Sexual Abuse: The Need Prevention of Sexual Abuse: The Need for a Macro-System Responsefor a Macro-System Response

Educating Children About Sexual Educating Children About Sexual AbuseAbuse

EP: 2.1.7 2.1.1cEP: 2.1.7 2.1.1c 2.1.7a 2.1.10j2.1.7a 2.1.10j 2.1.7b 2.1.10i2.1.7b 2.1.10i 2.1.8a2.1.8a

57 ©2013, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing Chapter 4 Social Development in Infancy and...

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