Comparative Pollen Viability and Pollen Tube Growth of Two ...
16. A POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE INDUS DEEP SEA FAN …The pollen diagram (Fig. 2) was constructed in...
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Prell, W. J., Niitsuma, N., et al., 1991 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 117 16. A POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE INDUS DEEP SEA FAN FROM SITE 720 CORES 1 Yasuda Yoshinori, 2 Nobuaki Niitsuma, 3 and Akira Hayashida 4 ABSTRACT Pollen analytical studies of the ODP Site 720 cores revealed the wide development of the coniferous forest, which mainly composed by Pinus, Picea, Abies and Cedrus deodara, along the Indus river since the early Pleistocene. METHOD AND LITHOLOGY ODP Site 720 cores were recovered from the westernmost part of the middle Indus Deep Sea Fan (10°07'N, 60°44'E, 4037 m in water depth (Fig. 1). The total length of the ODP Site 720 core was 414.3 m. The stratigraphic sequence of Site 720 core has been subdivided into two lithologic units, as shown in Figure 2. Lithologic unit I (between 0 and 17.22 m) is composed of gray nannofossil ooze and foraminifer. Lithologic Unit II (between 17.22 and 414.3 m) is dominated by interbedded silts and sands. Paleomagnetism and nannofossils indicate that this 414.3 m core spans about 1.5 Ma. Brunhes normal epoch (ca. 0.73 Ma) is between Cores 6X-CC and 5X-CC. The first occur- rence of Emiliania huxleyi at 0.19 Ma is located between Sam- ples 1H-3-CC and 1H-5-CC (Fig. 2). Palynomorphs were separated from the sediment matrix by the heavy liquid flotation method modified from Faegri and Iversen (1964). The processing sequence is as follows: HC1 (10%) treatment, wash (in distilled water), KOH (10%) treat- ment, wash, float (zinc chloride heavy liquid flotation; specific gravity 2.1), HC1 (1%) treatment, wash, dehydration (acetic acid), acetolysis (boiled for 3 min in water basin in a solution of 1 part concentrated sulfuric acid and 9 parts acetic anhydride), dehydration, wash, mount. The material was examined at 400 × magnification and, when necessary, oil immersion was used. Generally more than 200 pollen grains were identified in each sample. As well as observation using light microscope, the samples were also studied using SEM. Residual materials were fixed by Carnoy's fluid (3 parts alcohol and 1 part acetic acid) for 1 hr. The fixed material was washed by alcohol and then fixed by isoamylacetate for 30 min. A drop of the material was put on a brass stage and allowed to dry naturally, then coated by Au-Pd target for 2 min in the Ion Sputter Fine Coat. Prell, W. L., Niitsuma, N., et al., 1991. Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 117: Col- lege Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). 2 International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, Japan. 3 Department of Earth Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan. 4 Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. The pollen diagram (Fig. 2) was constructed in terms of per- centages of the total pollen. Representative fossil pollen are shown in Plates 1-5. RESULTS OF POLLEN ANALYSIS Pinus, Cedrus deodara, Abies, Picea, Alnus, Ephedra, Eu- phorbiaceae, Thalictrum, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Grami- neae, and Typha show high concentration. Although the fre- quencies are low, Acanthaceae, Altingia, Myrica, Myrtaceae, and Barringtonia appear. DISCUSSION Picea and Abies presently grow in the Himalayas at an alti- tude more than 2100 m, and Cedrus deodara presently grows in the foot of Himalayas more than 1900 m where mean annual precipitation is less than 1200 mm. According to the present ec- ological distribution of these trees, it is supposed that the pollen of Picea, Abies, Pinus, and Cedrus deodara were transported from the foot of the Himalayas by the northeast monsoon and Indus river. High concentration of these coniferous pollen indi- cate the wide distribution of coniferous forest which composed by Pinus, Picea, Abies, and Cedrus deodara along the Indus river since the early Pleistocene. High values of Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Ephedra which presently grow in the dry land suggest the development of dry climate along the coast of Indus Deep Sea Fan since the early Pleistocene. There are several fluctuations of Gymnospermae which is composed of Picea, Abies, Pinus, Cedrus deodara, Tsuga, and Podocarpus, however, we cannot signify the meaning of these fluctuations, because of the poor core recovery. REFERENCES Faegri, K., and Iversen, J., 1964. Textbook of Pollen Analysis: New York (Hafner Press). Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989. Site 720. In Prell, W. L., Niitsuma, N., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 117: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 157-195. Date of initial receipt: 26 September 1989 Date of acceptance: 25 July 1990 Ms 117B-185 283
Transcript of 16. A POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE INDUS DEEP SEA FAN …The pollen diagram (Fig. 2) was constructed in...
Prell, W. J., Niitsuma, N., et al., 1991Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 117
16. A POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE INDUS DEEP SEA FAN FROM SITE 720 CORES1
Yasuda Yoshinori,2 Nobuaki Niitsuma,3 and Akira Hayashida4
ABSTRACT
Pollen analytical studies of the ODP Site 720 cores revealed the wide development of the coniferous forest, whichmainly composed by Pinus, Picea, Abies and Cedrus deodara, along the Indus river since the early Pleistocene.
METHOD AND LITHOLOGY
ODP Site 720 cores were recovered from the westernmostpart of the middle Indus Deep Sea Fan (10°07'N, 60°44'E,4037 m in water depth (Fig. 1). The total length of the ODP Site720 core was 414.3 m. The stratigraphic sequence of Site 720core has been subdivided into two lithologic units, as shown inFigure 2. Lithologic unit I (between 0 and 17.22 m) is composedof gray nannofossil ooze and foraminifer. Lithologic Unit II(between 17.22 and 414.3 m) is dominated by interbedded siltsand sands. Paleomagnetism and nannofossils indicate that this414.3 m core spans about 1.5 Ma. Brunhes normal epoch (ca.0.73 Ma) is between Cores 6X-CC and 5X-CC. The first occur-rence of Emiliania huxleyi at 0.19 Ma is located between Sam-ples 1H-3-CC and 1H-5-CC (Fig. 2).
Palynomorphs were separated from the sediment matrix bythe heavy liquid flotation method modified from Faegri andIversen (1964). The processing sequence is as follows: HC1(10%) treatment, wash (in distilled water), KOH (10%) treat-ment, wash, float (zinc chloride heavy liquid flotation; specificgravity 2.1), HC1 (1%) treatment, wash, dehydration (aceticacid), acetolysis (boiled for 3 min in water basin in a solution of1 part concentrated sulfuric acid and 9 parts acetic anhydride),dehydration, wash, mount.
The material was examined at 400 × magnification and, whennecessary, oil immersion was used. Generally more than 200pollen grains were identified in each sample.
As well as observation using light microscope, the sampleswere also studied using SEM. Residual materials were fixed byCarnoy's fluid (3 parts alcohol and 1 part acetic acid) for 1 hr.The fixed material was washed by alcohol and then fixed byisoamylacetate for 30 min. A drop of the material was put on abrass stage and allowed to dry naturally, then coated by Au-Pdtarget for 2 min in the Ion Sputter Fine Coat.
Prell, W. L., Niitsuma, N., et al., 1991. Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 117: Col-lege Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
2 International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, Japan.3 Department of Earth Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.4 Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
The pollen diagram (Fig. 2) was constructed in terms of per-centages of the total pollen. Representative fossil pollen areshown in Plates 1-5.
RESULTS OF POLLEN ANALYSISPinus, Cedrus deodara, Abies, Picea, Alnus, Ephedra, Eu-
phorbiaceae, Thalictrum, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Grami-neae, and Typha show high concentration. Although the fre-quencies are low, Acanthaceae, Altingia, Myrica, Myrtaceae,and Barringtonia appear.
DISCUSSIONPicea and Abies presently grow in the Himalayas at an alti-
tude more than 2100 m, and Cedrus deodara presently grows inthe foot of Himalayas more than 1900 m where mean annualprecipitation is less than 1200 mm. According to the present ec-ological distribution of these trees, it is supposed that the pollenof Picea, Abies, Pinus, and Cedrus deodara were transportedfrom the foot of the Himalayas by the northeast monsoon andIndus river. High concentration of these coniferous pollen indi-cate the wide distribution of coniferous forest which composedby Pinus, Picea, Abies, and Cedrus deodara along the Indusriver since the early Pleistocene.
High values of Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Ephedrawhich presently grow in the dry land suggest the development ofdry climate along the coast of Indus Deep Sea Fan since theearly Pleistocene.
There are several fluctuations of Gymnospermae which iscomposed of Picea, Abies, Pinus, Cedrus deodara, Tsuga, andPodocarpus, however, we cannot signify the meaning of thesefluctuations, because of the poor core recovery.
REFERENCES
Faegri, K., and Iversen, J., 1964. Textbook of Pollen Analysis: NewYork (Hafner Press).
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989. Site 720. In Prell, W. L., Niitsuma,N., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 117: College Station, TX (OceanDrilling Program), 157-195.
Date of initial receipt: 26 September 1989Date of acceptance: 25 July 1990Ms 117B-185
283
Y. YOSHINORI, N. NIITSUMA, A. HAYASHIDA
30°N
Oman Margin sites
~Tj Indus Fan site
4 0 ° E 50
• S i t e 7 2 0 > D i r e c t i o n o f t h e p r e v a i l i n g w i n d i n J u l y
Figure 1. Location of ODP Site 720 (map after Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989).
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POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SITE 720 CORES
-5 Z z
felslZ - -a0_ < O
α ~ 5 EOm"'
3 ! " ^ — • <u
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—0.19(Nannofossils)
0.(9(Nannofossils)
0.73(Paleomagnetism)
100
Figure 2. Pollen diagram of ODP Site 720.
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Y. YOSHINORI, N. NIITSUMA, A. HAYASHIDA
30µmPlate 1. Fossil pollen from ODP Site 720 cores. 1-3. Cedrus deodara (LM high focus). 4-5. C. deodara (LM low focus). 6. C. deodara (SEM).
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POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SITE 720 CORES
3OµmPlate 2. Fossil pollen from ODP Site 720 cores. 1. Pinus (LM). 2. Abies (SEM). 3-4. Picea (LM). 5-6. Pinus (LM).
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Y. YOSHINORI, N. NIITSUMA, A. HAYASHIDA
30 5µm
10
30 µm
1630µm
14
I
Plate 3. Fossil pollen and spore from ODP Site 720 cores. 1. Quercus (LM). 2. Alnus (LM). 3. Elaegnus (LM). 4. Myrtaceae (LM). 5. Al-nus (SEM). 6-9. Altingia (LM). 10-13. Euphorbiaceae (LM). 14. Polygonum (LM). 15. Barringtonia (LM). 16. Juncaceae (LM). 17. Tri-lete spore (LM).
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20/xm
20µm 8
*‰ f13 14
15
V
20µm16 17
Plate 4. Fossil pollen and spore from ODP Site 720 cores. 1-4. Chenopodiaceae (LM). 5. Chenopodiaceae (SEM). 6-7. Artemisia (LM). 8.Thalictrum (LM). 9-10. Liguliflorae (LM). 11-14. Typha (LM). 15-17. Gramineae (LM). 18. Monolete spore (LM).
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Y. YOSHINORI, N. NIITSUMA, A. HAYASHIDA
20µm
20µm 8
10µm
12 13 14
Plate 5. Fossil pollen from ODP Site 720 cores. 1-3. Ephedra (LM). 4. Ephedra (SEM). 5-14. Ephedra (LM).
10 -― 1120µm
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