Political Structure of Society:

Paul Ricoeur’s View On Politics and The

StateJulie Ann C. BalbutinKaren EreseRegina Rose Mata

Paul Ricoeur was among the most impressive philosophers of the 20th century continental philosophers, both in the unusual breadth and depth of his philosophical scholarship and in the innovative nature of his thought.

- he was a prolific writer, and his work is essentially concerned with that grand theme of philosophy: the meaning of life

Ricoeur’s view on politics and the state in three stages.

A. THE FIRST STAGE: THE DOUBLE BIBLICAL “READING” OF THE STATE

- a first “reading” in terms of a “difficult justification”—that of St. Paul which sees the State in the figure of the “Magistrate”.-a second “reading” in terms of an “obstinate mistrust”—that of St. John which sees the State in the figure of the “beast”.

1. THE PAULINE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE STATE 

In chapter 13 of his epistle to the Romans, St. Paul exhorts his Christian listeners (who are subjugated citizens in an ordered and relatively just State) to obey their lawful authorities, not out fear of punishment, but by a reason of conscience: St. Paul tells his listeners: “The magistrate is God’s minister for thy good…ruling justly…...when he faithfully fulfills his duty” (Romans 13:1-1).

2. THE JOHANNINE INTERPRETATION OF THE STATE. 

-In the Chapter 13 of the Book of Revelation, St. John speaks of a wounded “beast” whose wound is temporarily healed.

-It is the figure of this “beast” which St. John uses to symbolize the State as evil power.

B. THE SECOND STAGE: THE DOUBLE HISTORY OF POWER 

-Of what use is the double biblical “reading” of the State? It can be of immense service in orienting ourselves politically. The modern State simultaneously advances on two fronts:

-the “institution” and the “power”.

-the promise of rationally and the threat of violence.

1. THE PROMISE OF RATIONALITY 

-One can say that the State progresses as an “institution” in history.

-“In spite of their violent nature, empires have been influential in advancing law, knowledge, culture, the well-being of man, and the arts”.

-Beyond the decline and fall of empires, the whole of mankind continues.

-Pascal, “as one single man who constantly learns and remembers.”

-In a way, this promotion of humanity, brought about by the State as “institution”, historically confirms the wager of St. Paul that it is instituted by God for the good of the citizens.

Ricoeur shows us the growth of rationality on four levels

-Legal plane-Technical plane-Civic plane -Socio-economic plane

A. ON THE LEGAL PLANE 

-A first sign of institutional growth is the evolution of the State from an autocratic to a constitutional phase.

-All regimes seem to follow this common pattern.

-As soon as certain levels of material comfort, education, and leisure are reached, all regimes inevitably evolve form a dictatorial to democratic form.-Power is rationalized through legality expressed in the constitution.

B. ON THE TECHNICAL PLANE 

-A second sign of the institutional growth of the State is the rationalization of power by means of an administration. -Politics has been radically altered by the appearance of the public administration understand as a neutral political body.

-Its development is an extension of technical rationality, more precisely, of the organization of work in the industrial enterprise. -Power is rationalized through technicality expressed in the public administration.

C. ON THE CIVIC PLANE 

-A third sign of institutional growth is the organization of public discussion in modern societies.

-Discussion is a vital necessity for the modern State which receives its orientation and impetus from it.

D. ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANE 

-A fourth sign of institutional growth is the appearance of large-scale planning in the modern State.

-Ricoueur shows his preference for a branch of “socialism” that brings about the transition from a “market economy”

-managed by “organizations representing the common interest whose fundamental purpose is the maximum satisfaction of real needs in the order of urgency”. -Planning for the common good manifests rationally in the socio-economic sphere.

2. THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE 

-one brings out the institutional progress of the state

-one also points out another which bares the deep-seated ambiguity of political reality.

-“All growth in the institution is also growth in power and in the threat of tyranny”.

C. THE THIRD STAGE: DOUBLE POLITICAL DUTY OF CHRISTIANS

-First, one cannot legitimately disengage a political course of action from the Bible.

-“a religious or ethical belief with technical information of an essentially profane character, with a situation which defines a limited field of possibilities and available means, and with a more or less hazardous choice”.

-Second, one must get rid of the illusion that the church exercises a direct political function in society.

-In Ricoeur’s opinion, political action undertaken by the church only prolongs the death throes of a clerical Christianity which is a humiliation to both believers and unbelievers.

-The division of power involves the insurance of the independence of the judicial branch.

-it is also involves the guarantee of the independence of the cultural sector which includes the university, the press media, scientific research, and literary-artistic creation.

1. Was among the most impressive philosophers of the 20th century continental philosophers, both in the unusual breadth and depth of his philosophical scholarship and in the innovative nature of his thought.

 a. Paul Ricoeurb. Karl Marxc. Emmanuel Kantd. Thomas Hobbes

2. According to this St. a first reading in terms of “difficult justification” which sees the state in the figure of the” magistrate”. 

a.St. Johnb.St. Josephc.St. Pauld.St. Teresa

 3. According to this St. a second reading in terms of an “obstinate mistrust” which sees the state in the figure of the “beast”.

a. St. Paulb. St. Johnc. St. Teresad. St. Joseph

4. This interpretation of the state St. Paul exhorts his Christian listeners to obey their lawful authorities, not out of fear of punishment, but by a reason of conscience. 

a. The Saints interpretations of the State

b. The Johannine interpretations of the State

c. The Pauline interpretations of the State

d. The biblical interpretations of the State

5. This interpretation of the state St. John speaks of a wounded beast whose wound is temporarily healed which symbolizes the figure of beast is the state as evil power. a. The Johannine interpretations of the

Stateb. the Pauline interpretations of the

Statec. The Saints interpretations of the

Stated. The Biblical interpretations of the

State

6. One of the level of rationality that the evolution of the state from an autocratic to a constitutional phase. 

a.Technical planeb.Civic planec.Socio-economic planed.Legal plane

 

7. This level is the organization of public discussion in modern societies. 

a.Technical planeb.Civic planec.Legal planed.Socio-economic plane

8. This level is the rationalization of power by means of an administration. 

a.Technical planeb.Civic planec.Legal planed.Socio-economic plane

9. This level is the appearance of large-scale planning in the modern state. 

a. Legal planeb. Civic planec. Socio-economic planed. Technical plane

10.  Ricoeur made this a third stage which is more on the level of commitment that consists in the promotion of rationality and in the exercise of vigilance with regard to the state. 

a. The double biblical reading of the state

b. The double political duty of Christians

c. The double history of powerd. The Saints explanation of the

state