1 NRT101 Terminology

7/28/2019 1 NRT101 Terminology

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Terminology


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Content

leaf arrangement

leaf type

leaf shapes

leaf vein pattern

leaf margins

leaf tips and bases

plant form (silhouette)

plant texture

fruit


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Dendrology

dendrology is the study of woody plants

includes

trees: erect woody plants usually with one central

stem (trunk, bole)

shrubs: erect plants with numerous woody stems

vines: woody plants that require an erect

substrate for support

we are focussed on trees and shrubs

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/dendrology/


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Plant morphology

woody plant identification is based on plant

morphology

morphology the size, shape and appearance

of plant parts


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Plant morphology

important to identify trees/shrubs using a

number of features including:

leaves twigs/buds

bark flowers/fruit

growth form texture


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Principles of identification

leaf arrangement

leaf type

leaf shape

leaf structure

vein pattern

leaf margin

leaf base leaf tip


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Leaf arrangement


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Leaf arrangement broad-leaves

alternate opposite whorled

bud at base

of petiole

(leaf stalk)

Identifying leaf arrangement along a stem is a useful first step

in broad-leaved woody plant identification

(e.g., the ashes and maples are likely the only native trees

that you may encounter in Ontario with opposite leaves)


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northern catalpa

(Catalpa speciosa)

mid-western U.S. native

opposite, alternate or whorled

leaf arrangement?

early June (S.S.M.)

bud at base

of petiole


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Jacan or David Elm

(Ulmus davidiana)

widely distributed across China,

Mongolia, Korea, Siberia and Japan

early June (S.S.M.)opposite, alternate or whorled

leaf arrangement?

bud at base of

petiole


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green ash

(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)


leaf arrangement?

bud at base of petiole

that makes this

an entire leaf!


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willow

(Salixsp.)


leaf arrangement?


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Leaf type

simple leaf vs. compound leaf

(needles are leaves also they arediscussed later)


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Simple leaf

a single blade attached to a stem by

a petiole


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Lobe

Sinus

Apex tip or uppermost portion

Margin outer edge Base bottommost part

Veins conduction system

Midrib main vein

Blade expanded portion of a leaf

Petiole - the stem of the leaf

Lobe roundish division of a leaf

Sinus the separation between lobes

Axillary (orlateral) bud at junction of stem and petiole(embryonic leaf, shoot, or flower)

Node - portion of a stem from which one or more leaves(or other stem) arise

Stipules green, leaf-like, (often small) structures,attached to the twigs in pairs, one at each side of thebase of a petiole; may fall off early in the growing

season or persist through the growing season

Parts of a simple leaf

Blade

Petiole

LEAF = petiole + blade

Blade

Node


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Review

Blade

Margin

Vein

Petiole

Blade

Axillary bud (lateral bud)

A.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.


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ReviewA. stipules

B. petiole

C. axillary bud

(lateral bud)

witch hazel

(Hamamelis virginiana)

A B

C


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Parts of a compound leaf

Leaflet

LeafletRachis

Rachis

Petiole

Petiole

Petiole

StemStem Stem

Axillary

bud

Axillary

bud

Axillary

bud

Petiolule

Petiolule

Rachis extends from the first set of leaflets (where the petiole ends)

to the end of the leaf

Leaflet resembles a leaf, but not borne on a stem as a leaf is (a

leaflet at the terminal end of the leaf is called a terminal leaflet)

Petiolule a stalk of a leafletLeaf Leaf


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Review

A B

C

E

D

A. axillary bud

(lateral bud)

B. petiole

C. leafletD. petiolule (small)

E. rachis

green ash



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pinnately

(oronce pinnate)

compound

bipinnately

(ortwice pinnate)

compound

palmately

compound

Different types of compound leaves


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Leaf types

pinnately and bi-pinnately

compound both occur

(honey locust)

pinnately compound

(white ash)

simple

(white oak)

palmately compound

horse chestnut

simple

(sugar maple)

bi-pinnately compound(Kentucky coffeetree)


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simple or compound

leaf?

early June (S.S.M.)

green ash


petiole basebud

no buds


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compound leaf

green ash


petiolebud

petiolulerachis

leaflet

leaflet


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petiole base

honey locust

(Gleditsia triacanthos)

top portion of leaf

simple or compound

leaf? bud


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petiole base

top portion of leaf

compound leaf

pinnately compound?

bipinnately compound?

palmately compound?

bud

honey locust

(Gleditsia triacanthos)


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Review

Leaftype

Leafarrange

ment


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What would we call these

compound leaf types?

Review

pinnately

(oronce pinnate)

compound

palmately

compound


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Review

one leaf!

bi-pinnately

compound

What would we call thiscompound leaf type?


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broad-leavedtrees

oppositebud/leaf

arrangement

compound

leaf

pinnate

palmate

simple

leaf

alternatebud/leaf

arrangement

General

dichotomous

key


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Leaf shapes - conifers

(leaf type = needles)


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Leaf shapes conifer needles

Needle-like

single(e.g., spruces)

bundled

(e.g., pines)

clustered(e.g., tamarack)

Scale-likee.g., eastern white cedar,red cedar (slow growth)

Awl-likee.g., common juniper, red

cedar (fast growth)

arran

gement


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awl-shaped, scale-like,

needle-like


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Leaf shapes broad-leaves


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oblanceolate

Major leaf shapes


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Leaf vein pattern


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Major vein patterns

palmate pinnate parallel

P-P-P!

typical for

monocots

(e.g., grasses)


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Name the vein type

palmate pinnate


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Name the vein type

palmate(silver maple)

pinnate(American

beech)

pinnate

(red osier)


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Leaf margins


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Major leaf margins

the outer edge of a leaf .

incurved

doubly

serrate

palmately

lobed

pinnately

lobed


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Leaf margins Review

entire doubly serrate

crenate


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Leaf margins Reviewserrate

(basswood)

lobed

(white oak)

serrate & undulate(green alder)


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Leaf margins Review

incurved(black cherry)

doubly serrate

(hawthorn)crenate

(Canada plum)


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Selected leaf tips and bases


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Acuminate

(narrowly

pointed)

Acute

(broadly

pointed)

Obtuse

(rounded)

Truncate

(square)

Mucronate(bristle-tipped)

leaf tips


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Leaf tips Review

acuminate (narrowly pointed)

(Canada plum)


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Oblique (asymmetrical)Truncate

(square)Cordate (heart-shaped)

Rounded

leaf bases


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Leaf bases Reviewoblique (asymmetrical)

(northern hackberry)

cordate (heart-shaped) and

oblique (basswood)

oblique (asymmetrical)

(white elm)


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Plant form


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Plant Form

the outer shape of a tree and its branches

the outer silhouette

Columnar Oval Vase Weeping Pyramidal Round


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Plant Form


Lombardy poplar

(Populus nigra)

(Upright)


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Plant Form


white elm

(Ulmus americana)

(Upright)


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Plant Form


balsam fir

(Abies balsamea)

(Upright)


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Texture


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Texture

deals with the size of the leaves

large leaves appear to have a coarse texture,

while small leaves give a fine textured

appearance

the size and thickness


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Plant Texture

the size and thicknessof the plants leavesand stems

fine, medium, coarse

eastern white pine

(Pinus strobus)

red pine

(Pinus resinosa)

fine

coarse


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Fruit


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nut

(e.g., acorn,

walnut)

samara (key)

double samara

(maple)

elm ash

legume (pod)

woody seed

cone

fleshy seed cone

(e.g., juniper berry)

stone or drupehard, lignified stone (or pit)

(e.g., peaches, olives,

cherries, plums)

pomeleathery or stony case

around one or more seeds

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