Medical Terminology Lecture 1

Medical Terminology

1

Interesting Fact

The term “muscle” comes from the Latin term musculus meaning “little mouse,” referring to muscles like the biceps which pop up as though a mouse were scurrying about under the skin

Basic Elements of a Medical Word

1. Word Root

2. Combining Form

3. Suffix

4. Prefix

These four parts of a word are known as ELEMENTS.

3

Word Root

Main part or foundation of a word. All words have at least one word root. A word root may be used alone or combined

with other elements to form a complete word.

IE: SPEAK (word root) + ER (suffix) = SPEAKER (complete word)

4

The word root usually refers to a body part. Some root words are derived from the Latin

or Greek language.

5

Word Root Examples

“dent” means tooth “dermat” means skin “cardi” means heart “gastr” means stomach “pancreat” means pancreas

6

Combining Forms

Correct pronunciation of medical words is important.

In order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root.

The combination of a word root and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM.

7

Combining forms consist of a combining vowel.

The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used.

IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO.

Word root Combining vowel

8

When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other.

IE: osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis

Word root

Combining vowel Word root

suffix

Slashes separate elements

9

Word-Building System

By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts.

10

Leukocytopenia

Word Roots: Leuk / (white)

cyt / (cell)

Combining Vowel / o /

Suffix: / penia (decrease)

11

Suffixes

A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning.

By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we create a noun or adjective with a different meaning.

12

A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel).

This is to make pronunciation easier.

Word root: scler / (hardening)

Suffix: / derma (skin)

Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin)

Combining vowel13

Meanings of certain suffixes

-al pertaining to dent/al

(pertaining to teeth)

-er one who speak/er

(one who speaks)

-able capable of being playable

(capable of being played)

14

-oma (tumor) hematoma

(blood tumor)

NOTE: The element that comes before a suffix can either be a word root or combining form.

15

The suffixes

-scope (instrument to view)-rrhexis (rupture)-rrhea (flow or discharge)

all begin with a consonant, therefore a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.

16

The suffixes

-algia (pain)-edema (swelling)-uria (urine, urination)

These suffixes begin with a vowel, therefore a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix.

17

REVIEW

A combining vowel IS used to link one root to another root, and before a suffix that begins with a consonant.

A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.

18

Prefixes

A prefix is a syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word root to alter its meaning or create a new word.

Some prefixes:Hyper- (excessive)Pre- (before)Post- (after)Homo- (same)Hypo- (under)

19

Hypoinsulinemia

Hypo / insulin / emia

PrefixWord root

suffix

LOW INSULIN BLOOD

Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

20

Plurality

To make a medical word plural (more than one), first look at the suffix.

Then, choose the rule that changes the singular form to the plural form. The rules appear on page 18 of the text.

21

Roots for Medical Terms

Examples

Root Meaning Examplearthr arthritis

gingiva gingivitis

nephr nephrectomy

22


Examples

Root Meaning Examplearthr joint arthritis

gingiva gingivitis

nephr nephrectomy

23


Examples


gingiva gum gingivitis

nephr nephrectomy

24


Examples


gingiva gum gingivitis

nephr kidney nephrectomy

25

Prefixes for Medical TermsPrefix Meaning Example

anti antilithic

brady bradycardia

dys dyspnea

endo endocarditis

26


anti against antilithic

brady bradycardia

dys dyspnea

endo endocarditis

27



brady slow bradycardia

dys dyspnea

endo endocarditis

28




dys painful, difficult dyspnea

endo endocarditis

isch

29




dys painful, difficult dyspnea

endo within, inside endocarditis

isch reduced Ischemia

30


Inter between

Intra within

Sub below

Super or supra

beyond

Oligo few

NEUR- Nervous System

ENCEPHAL BRAIN

MYELO SPINAL CORD31


A without

Ab away from

Eu good

Eu real

HEPAT LIVER

NEPHR OR REN KIDNEYS

CYST-, VESSICO- URINARY BLADDER

OPTHAL, OR OCUL- EYES

OT-, ACOUST- EARS

32

Suffixes for Medical TermsSuffix Meaning Example

algia cardialgia

itis gastritis

oscopy gastroscopy

penia leukopenia

33


algia pain cardialgia

itis gastritis

oscopy gastroscopy

penia leukopenia

34



itis Inflammation of gastritis

oscopy gastroscopy

penia leukopenia

35


plasty Angioplasty

megaly hepatomegaly

36

Suffixes for Medical Terms

Suffix Meaning Example


itis Inflammation of gastritis

oscopy inspection gastroscopy

penia decrease, deficiency leukopenia

Ectomy to remove Tonsillectomy

ac, al pertaining to Cardiac, Cerebral

osis abnormal condition arteriosclerosis

37

Medical Terminology

Sound-Alikes or Look-Alikes

• Use caution

• Look a the statement or sentence and see if the word fits

38

Pharmaceutical TerminologyExamples :

Adsorbate

Material being absorbed

Adsorbent

Material that absorbs another substance

Adsorption

Concentration of a substance onto the surface of a solid

39

PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY (cont’d)

Another Examples :

Antagonist

Drug that reacts with receptors and prevents their normal endogenous activation (e.g., naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist)

40

Official Specifications for Storage ConditionsExcessive heat — temperature above 40°C

Warm place — temperature between 30 and 40°C

Room temperature — temperature prevailing in a working area

Controlled room temperature — temperature held between 15 and 30°C

Cool place — temperature held between 8 and 15°C (unless otherwise specified, item may be stored in a refrigerator)

Cold place — temperature not exceeding 8°C

Refrigerator — cold place held between 2 and 8°C

Freezer — cold place with temperature held between -10 and -20°C

41

COLOR WORD PARTSCOLOR WORD PARTS ERYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis)

WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis)

CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic)

WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia)

POLI GRAY (poliomyelitis)

ERYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis)

WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis)

CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic)

WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia)

POLI GRAY (poliomyelitis)

ANATOMYANATOMY

BODY DIRECTIONS ANTERIOR/VENTRAL POSTERIOR/DORSAL SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL PROXIMAL AND DISTAL MEDIAL AND LATERAL

BODY DIRECTIONS ANTERIOR/VENTRAL POSTERIOR/DORSAL SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL PROXIMAL AND DISTAL MEDIAL AND LATERAL

Medical Terminology Lecture 1

Documents

Transcript of Medical Terminology Lecture 1