1 CRed Keith Tovey ( ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation...

1CRedKeith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation CentreSchool of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Keith Tovey

Park Lane Methodist Church 4th June 2006

Climate Change – The Greatest Threat to Mankind?Crunch Time: What can you do in your homes or as a community?

2

Climate Change and the EnvironmentThe greatest threat to mankind?

• Our insatiable appetite for Energy

• Potential of Energy Resources

• Hard Choices Ahead

• The fifth fuel – Energy Conservation?

• This Week Crunch Time!– What can you do in your homes or as a

community?

3

• 1. When cooking vegetables on a stove. How much energy (as a percentage) is saved by putting a lid on the saucepan.?

• 2. Fluorescent lights use as much energy when switched on as they do in running for 15 minutes [some people say 30 minutes] or is this a myth?. What evidence can you use to confirm this or otherwise.

• 3. It is often argued that with a well insulated hot water tank it does not matter if the heating source is left on. In what circumstances is this statement correct, and in what circumstances is it not?

• 4. Your house feels cold when you return: You have Thermostatic Radiator Valves fitted. What advantages or disadvantages would there be if you turned up the temperature setting on the valve?

• 5. What are the major sources of heat loss from a house? List the conservation measures which should be adopted in order of effectiveness, and also cost? What measures would you take to improve the energy efficiency of your home?

• 6. By time switching the heating in a house so that it is off from 11pm until 7am the next morning, a saving of one third in energy will be possible. Is this correct? What disadvantages are there from time switching ?

To discuss later

4

• Two weeks ago• We have hard choices to make:• Promote all renewables• Energy conservation – each of us to reduce consumption by

1.5% each and every year – i.e. by 20+% by 2020.• There is no easy choice. Avoiding difficulty decisions will

make it even more difficult in the future.

• Last Week• Energy Conservation: the fifth fuel

– Reduce Transmission losses – particularly for electricity – local generation

– Reduce Conversion Losses – CHP– The heat pump


5

• By 2050 we could readily have a renewable an low carbon future.

• However we cannot now have a non-nuclear scenario in the period 2015 – 2030,

• Unless– we wish to be dependent on Russia and the middle east for are

heating and electricity generation for almost all our electricity and heating.

• Or – we wish to see a return to coal and global warming exacerbated. By

2030 significant possibilities will exist for carbon sequestration,• Or

– we make more drastic cuts in energy use – a 20% cut will only see us stand still

• But conservation measures often do not achieve the theoretical savings predicted because of “comfort taking”


6

• Opportunities for Conservation

– Reduce transmission losses

• Local generation of electricity (8.5% in case of electricity)

– Make more effective use of energy during conversion.

– Reduce demand

• Technical means

• Promoting Awareness


7

So where does it all go?Per Capita Consumption in Watts ~ 5 kW

• Transport Energy use has risen 10.5% in last decade

• Domestic use has risen by over 10%

1970 1980 1990 2002

Domestic 816 882 902 1060Transport 623 786 1076 1207Industry 1379 1069 855 769Other 411 414 425 442

Conversion and Transmission

1712 1565 1745 1844

Total 4942 4716 5004 5321

Non-Energy 240 165 249 241


8

• Energy Provision and Supply

• Technical Conservation Measures

• Awareness

• Transportation

• Buying New Goods

• Our Christian Response


9

Local Provision of Energy

Solar Pump

10

Local Provision of Energy

11

Saving Energy – A Practical GuideWays to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint

Micro Wind

Micro CHP

Heat Pumps

12

The Heat Pump

High PressureHigh Temperature

Low PressureCool TemperatureLow Pressure

Cold Temperature

High PressureWarm Temperature

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Compressor

Condenser

Heat to building

Heat from outside

Work In

A Heat Pump or refrigerator

• 3 to 4 times as much energy out as energy in!!• Works with thermodynamics – NOT against it

13

• Energy Provision and Supply– Micro-wind – should be available within 12 months could save

one quarter to one third of electricity bills – may be more. Costs estimated at around £1600 excluding installation ~£2000 all in.

– PV - expensive at present– Solar thermal approaching cost effectiveness.– Micro – CHP around 4000 homes are testing these. May be of

limited use in summer?– Biomass heaters – good for community centres schools –

domestic models now in use in some places in Europe.– Heat Pumps – good for new build (work best with underfloor

heating)– but more difficult for old buildings.

Grants are available, but new regulations for grants are likely to require more effort than previously.


14

• Technical Conservation Measures

• Loft Insulation – very cost effective

• Cavity Wall Insulation - very cost effective

• Double Gazing - very expensive – not usually cost effective (always request K-Glass – equivalent to triple glazing).

• Draught Proofing

• Low Energy Lighting – cuts consumption by up to 80%


15


Standard unimproved semi-detached house built 1945 - 1960

With 100 mm loft insulation added

~10% saving in total energy

With 200 mm loft insulation added

~12% saving

16


With 200 mm loft insulation and double glazing –no cavity insulation

~ 18% saving in total energy consumption

With 200 mm loft insulation and cavity insulation – no double glazing

~30% saving in total energy consumption

With 200 mm loft insulation and both cavity wall insulation and double glazing


17

All previous measures plus draught exclusion and lagging cylinder and condensing boiler


All previous measures plus draught exclusion and lagging cylinder


All previous measures plus draught exclusion



18

• Traditional tungsten filament

• Halogen – give more light per watt, but if used in decorative mode will consume much more

• Low energy (CFL) lights – typically will save around £8 a year each if used 5 hours a day.

• Look out for LED lights which will shortly be routinely available – even better than CFLs


Lighting

http://www.firstlightdirect.com/mcp/products.asp?category=Light%20Bulbs%20Standard

http://www.firstlightdirect.com/mcp/products.asp?category=Reflector%20Lamps%20and%20Spot%20Light%20Bulb%20%28R80%2C%20R64%20etc%29

19

• Halogen Spot lights are particularly wasteful.

• Many of often present in a room and are much more wasteful than tungsten filament.

• Do not be confused between LOW VOLTAGE and LOW ENERGY.

• 8 such lights used for say 5 hours a day on average will use 870 units, cost around £87 per year to run and emit 450 kg of carbon dioxide.


• Look out for low energy versions – with 8 bulbs will save you £65 a year, and save 350 kg of carbon dioxide.

20

BEWARE the HIP is nigh!

21

• 1. When cooking vegetables on a stove. How much energy (as a percentage) is saved by putting a lid on the saucepan.?

• 2. Fluorescent lights use as much energy when switched on as they do in running for 15 minutes [some people say 30 minutes] or is this a myth?. What evidence can you use to confirm this or otherwise.

• 3. It is often argued that with a well insulated hot water tank it does not matter if the heating source is left on. In what circumstances is this statement correct, and in what circumstances is it not?

• 4. Your house feels cold when you return: You have Thermostatic Radiator Valves fitted. What advantages or disadvantages would there be if you turned up the temperature setting on the valve?

• 5. What are the major sources of heat loss from a house? List the conservation measures which should be adopted in order of effectiveness, and also cost? What measures would you take to improve the energy efficiency of your home?

• 6. By time switching the heating in a house so that it is off from 11pm until 7am the next morning, a saving of one third in energy will be possible. Is this correct? What disadvantages are there from time switching ?

To discuss for 5 minutes

22

But how many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

5 hot air balloons per person per year.

Around 4 million in Norfolk

On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

"Nobody made a greater mistake

than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."

Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)


23

Raising Awareness

• Computers do NOT switch off when using the soft “SHUT DOWN”. Typically they will waste 60 kg CO2 a year.

• A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons.

• A Mobile Phone charger: > 20 kWh per year ~ 1000 balloons each year.

• Filling up with petrol (~£37 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

24


25

• A HiFi centre consumed 7 watts when not in use and 35 watts in use.

• Used for 2 hours a day it will consume 2.2 times as much when not in use as when it is. ~ 56 kWh per year £5.60

• A cable/SKY box consumes 10 – 12 watts whether on or off – if television is used 5 hours a day that is 83 kWh wasted each year, unnecessary emission of 45 kg of carbon dioxide at a cost of £8 - £9.

• If everyone switched off just one standby appliance it would save the output of a nuclear power station.

– But how do we persuade everyone to do it all of the time?


26

• A small family car: 10 000 miles a year will emit 2 – 2.5 tonnes of CO2. each year.

• Benefits can be achieved by moderating speed.


Transport

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

average speedm

iles

per

gal

lon

summer

winter

• To London (single) - by car 32 kg• To London – train ~ 7 kg or is it 0.7 kg

A person flying to Sydney Australia emits around 1.5 times as much as he uses in rest of year in his home and car. If you fly consider offsetting your flight.

27

• Look for Energy Label• For Fridges and Freezers look for A+ and A++

ratings.• Frost Free devices – a con!• Look at energy consumption• Divide figure by 10 to get approximate running

cost


Buying New Goods

Fridges and Freezers give annual energy consumption

Other appliances are per cycle.

It is illegal for shops NOT to display labels on ALL appliances

28

Current and Proected Use

Range of forecasts 20 - 100 TW with a likely valuein range 30 - 50 TW (say 40 TW). - 3 to 5 times present level

Country Energy Requirement

Population Per Capita

World 12.0 TW 6000 M 2.0 kW

USA 3.0 TW 300 M 10.0 kW

Europe 2.0 TW 350 M 5.7 kW

UK 0.3 TW 60 M 5.0 kW

How can we even stabilise our consumption? The Egalitarian Principle?

Should we all have a fair and equal share of the world’s resources? > richer countries use less > poorer countries allowed to consume more Eventually all consume the same?

Should those who already have high consumption be allowed to continue at the expense of those less fortunate?

29

Sharing our Resources

The Parable of The Rich Young Man Mark 10: 17 - 31

17 As Jesus started on his way, a man ran up to him and fell on his knees before him. "Good teacher," he asked, "what must I do to inherit eternal life?"

Jesus rebuked him saying only God was good and asked him about the 10 commandments.

20 "Teacher," he declared, "all these I have kept since I was a boy."

21 Jesus looked at him and loved him. "One thing you lack," he said. "Go, sell everything you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me."

22 At this the man's face fell. He went away sad, because he had great wealth.

25 It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God."

30

Sharing our Resources

How does the Gospel reading continue?

Even the disciples doubted whether anyone could be saved.

26 The disciples were even more amazed, and said to each other, "Who then can be saved?"

27 Jesus looked at them and said, "With man this is impossible, but not with God; all things are possible with God."

By concerted action, and with God’s help we can achieve what to some may be an impossible task.

31

World Environment Day 2006

32

Today is Environment Sunday• Genesis 2:15 specifically calls us "to watch over and

care for" the bounty of the earth and its creatures.

As the picture says: “There is hope” and there are several excellent packs available via the WEB such as this one to help us integrate what we have covered in this series with scriptures.

http://en.arocha.org/ukconsunday/index7.html

• Scripture not only affirms this role, but warns that the earth is not ours to abuse, own, or dominate.

• The Bible clearly says in Revelation 11:18 that "God will destroy those who destroy the earth." Rev Cizek

http://en.arocha.org/images/shared/1084l.jpeg

33

WEBSITE www.cred-uk.org

This presentation will be available on WEB from tomorrow: >follow Academic Resources Link

• Need to act now otherwise we might have to make choice of whether we drive 1.6 miles or heat an old person’s room

This is a challenge for Christians and people worldwide

Conclusions

Are you up to the Challenge?: Now is the time for you to make your pledge?

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

C:\nktdocuments\cred\methodist_series\compact2.avi

1 CRed Keith Tovey ( ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation...

Documents

Transcript of 1 CRed Keith Tovey ( ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation...