In your own words

1. Transport for London are asking/encouraging people to behave in a certain way

The government is legislating/compelling/threatening punishment if people don’t behave in a certain way

2. First 20 minutes: brave/bold idea of showing an earth in which everything is bad And which won't support life The film is beautiful to look at The narrative is told without speech

Rest of film:

Enjoyable and clear But it is just a typical Disney cartoon/animation/production It follows a standard pattern A struggle eventually won by underdogs A happy. Over-romantic, slushy ending

3. We might have expected the protestors to be (over) zealous environmental activists/ (ultra) dedicated conservationists (explanations of "eco-warriors")/ people who have rejected the conventional values of society (explanation of "hippies") (1); instead they are just normal people/ a typical cross-section of the community/people of all ages and from all walks of life (1)

4. Despite Britain's involvement in more recent/equally terrible conflicts, we still view the First World War as having a greater significance (explanation of "there have been other wars since 1918...collective imagination"); despite the losses suffered by many countries involved in the First World War, Britain still considers itself to have suffered more than these other nations (explanation of "the international catastrophe that was the first world war has been adopted as a peculiarly national trauma")

5. There must be some attempt to use own words. Blatant lifts: 0.

Any two of the following for 1 mark each:

1. it is not detrimental to one’s health (“doesn’t kill anyone”)

2. it contributes to the national wealth (“keeps the economy going”)

3. many people are employed in the retail industry (“it … provides one in six jobs”)

4. it creates contentment/pleasure (“it makes people happy”)

6. (a) There must be some attempt to use own words. Blatant lifts: 0.

Any two of the following for 1 mark each:

1. they are updated versions…

2. …of traditional stories/of stories which have been passed down from generation to generation…

3. …involving the battle (on a grand scale) between good and evil

(b) There must be some attempt to use own words. Blatant lifts: 0.

Marks will depend on the quality of explanation. A clear explanation will be worth 2 marks; more basic explanations will be worth 1 mark each.

Possible answers:

1. the writer exemplifies this idea by adopting a “new for old” listing strategy. An “old” feature of the folk epic is given, followed by its “modern” equivalent (or vice-versa, in the final sentence)

2. writer describes how nature of evil has changed: in some cases, the threat of a frightening individual (“the Devil’s power”, “the evil vampire”) has been superseded by more modern, more impersonal terrors (“machinery and atomic power”)

3. writer describes how the environment of evil has changed: from medieval fastness (“castle”) to a modern, technological, scientific location (“subterranean laboratory”).

4. writer describes how instruments of death have changed: from the “natural” (“fangs”) to the manufactured (“steel claws”)

5. writer describes how destructive powers at the figure of evil’s command have changed: from the unfathomable, mystical, innately evil (“unholy source”) to the comprehensible, technological, scientific (“atomic reactor”)

6. writer describes how the hero’s weaponry has been updated: from the medieval and/or mythical (“magic swords and spears”, “helmets of invisibility”, “indestructible shields”) to the modern and/or ingenious (“Bond’s gadgets”)

7. There must be some attempt to use own words. Blatant lifts: 0.

The following three key ideas for 1 mark each:

1 (heating) has reduced/nearly eradicated certain (respiratory) diseases

2 (hot water/more effective cleaning) reduced/nearly eradicated disease-carrying pests/parasites/insects

3 (the car) has given people independence, broadened their horizons, made it easier for people to move about (“freedom”) or (the car) has allowed people to be much more adaptable/less rigid, to have more choice in their lives (“flexibility”)

Summarising

1. The internet used to/is thought to offer users the widest possible choice; however, in many important online activities there is no choice at all/a single company is all powerful.

2. (Scots have to accept that) people should be appreciated for what they do, for their accomplishments and not from which country they come from.

3. - Repairing/decontaminating the reactors themselves- reimbursing/paying out to companies who lost money as a result of the incident- loss of foreign earnings because people won’t buy from Japan- providing new accommodation for families evacuated from the area- installing extra safety procedures at many other reactors in Japan

4. There must be some attempt to use own words. Blatant lifts: 0.

The following three key ideas for 1 mark each:

1 (heating) has reduced/nearly eradicated certain (respiratory) diseases

2 (hot water/more effective cleaning) reduced/nearly eradicated disease-carrying pests/parasites/insects

3 (the car) has given people independence, broadened their horizons, made it easier for people to move about (“freedom”) or (the car) has allowed people to be much more adaptable/less rigid, to have more choice in their lives (“flexibility”)

5. Possible answers include: (1 mark each)

Government food policy:

• buy more British/regional produce (“urging families to buy British food”) • buy less foreign food (“Choosing to buy fewer imports”) • ease pressure on farmers (“churn out more for less”) • be more environmentally aware (“more eco-friendly way of eating”) • buy in-season/healthy food (“seasonal fruit and vegetables”)

Consumer wishes:

• drawn to less expensive produce (“addicted to cheap meat … products”) • not concerned about origins of food (“supply lines … globe”) • previously exotic/expensive food now commonplace/ inexpensive (“once delicacies …cheap as chips”) • expectation of variety “supply lines… globe”)

6.

Context

1. The word "implacable" means relentless. The context shows this by saying Silverstein had "searched for years" and when he found the man who he wanted to take revenge on he "showed no mercy".

2. The word "vacillated" means to swither between two options. The context shows this by saying "hesitation", which means doubt has made you pause before saying or doing something. The question revealing the two alternatives shows what he was trying to decide over/make his mind up about.

3. The word "qualified" means not complete or absolute. The context shows this by saying that "numbers attending had inexplicably fallen away" which means the numbers of people viewing the show had declined from the opening night. The contrast between the opening night and the end of the run demonstrates that the success did not last/was not a full success.

4. Successful answers should demonstrate an understanding of the ironic contrast between the anti-consumerist slogan “All You Need is Love” (on an eco tote-bag) and the materialistic desire for “more shoes, skirts, scarves, belts”.

Possible answers:

The young woman is more interested in buying things than in looking after others/the environment.

The young woman’s purchases demonstrate that she feels she needs more than just love.

5. gloss on “radical” for 1 mark – eg original, drastic, far-reaching, fundamentally different, …

gloss on “derivative” for 1 mark – eg unoriginal, imitative, copied, …

Link

1. The phrase “illicit grandeurs of her forebears” refers back to the idea of the mother’s connections with “the Castle”, and noblemen who murdered Edward II (1)The phrase “quite ordinary poverty” links to the idea of the difficult circumstances which follow in detail, such as the girl having to leave school to look after a large family of brothers because her mother was ill (1)

2. Four elements are required:

1 “eco-lobby’s anti-flying agenda” … 2 … refers back to the restrictive air travel proposals discussed in the opening two paragraphs; 3 “their strategy as a whole”/“can we just review” 4 … leads into the discussion of the eco-lobby’s proposed restrictions on travel as a whole/on energy use in general Answers which do not follow the requirement to refer to “specific words and/or phrases” cannot score more than 1 mark.

3. Four elements are required for full marks; point 1 without point 2 : 0; point 3 without point 4: 0.

1 “digs into the past” … 2 … refers back to the previous paragraph where the writer has selected, relived some of his greatest Olympic memories 3 “without questioning” / “what was true and what was false” … 4 …leads into the discussion of Ben Johnson whose extraordinary performance turned out to be based on a lie, which casts a shadow over, calls into question all great Olympic performances

NB The words “But nowadays …” could be used to show that the argument is moving from past acceptance to present doubt. Maximum for this alone: 1.

4. Four elements are required, ie points 1 + 2 for 1 mark and points 3 + 4 for 1 mark:

1. “this condemnation” or “empty vessel” or “morally corroded” or “dark forces of anonymous markets” … 2. … refer back to the previous paragraph where the writer has discussed/outlined the critics’ negative view of shopping/shoppers 3. “partial truth”, “too quickly”, “savouring that moment”, “enhance their lives”, “another diverting item” …

4. …prepares the reader for the much more positive, enthusiastic view of shopping which is to follow

NB Be alert to answers that successfully use “partial truth” to cover both sides.

5. The phrase “the years as the golden boy” refers back to the description of Alastair’s successful school career (1)The phrase “made a sad contrast” leads up to the list of disasters which overtook him later at university (1)

6. “that kind of thinking” refers to the view that video games are detrimental to children and that almost anything else would be better (1)

“all wrong” introduces the counter-argument that criticism of video games is old-fashioned (which the writer finds hard to believe) (1)

Word choice

1. “thrashed” suggests uncontrolled, frenzied, slightly aggressive movement (1)

“fretting” suggests anxious, nervous state of mind (1)

“scrabbling” suggests desperate, frantic, near-hysterical (1)

“at very least” suggests he is prepared to accept/welcome whatever he can (1)

2. "nonsense" suggests it is completely false, meaningless (1); "spouted" suggests that the stories are pouring out in an uncontrolled way, that the media are like some bore who rambles on and on (1); "(too) ubiquitous" suggests they can’t be avoided, they overrun the media (1); "stupid" unequivocal description of the stories as brainless, almost insultingly so (1); "lazy" the reporters make minimal effort, not really concerned about the substance of the story (1);"churning out" suggests relentless production of something all the same, in large quantities (1); "cliches" suggests the stories are predictable, old, tired, generalised (1); "easy (outrage)" the reporters are looking to stir up controversy without making much effort, they are lazy, undemanding (1)

3. "enriches" suggests that reading adds to one's knowledge, awareness; is rewarding, beneficial; improves one (1); "the mind" suggests reading is influencing something greater than just the brain; it influences our consciousness: thought, perception, emotion and imagination (1); "deadens" suggests video games make kids less aware, less sensitive, less vigorous; they make kids think less; lifeless (1);"zoning out" suggests video games make kids detached from people and things around them, unresponsive, unstimulated (1)

4. “(away from the) all seeing teachers’ eyes” suggests avoidance of authority of the classroom eye “traded” suggests an illicit, appealing bargaining “(marks of) rebellion” exaggerates the significance of the swapping, but leaves the idea of the anti-authoritarian behaviour “(statements of) suggests the dawning awakening of action not independence” sanctioned by authority “suspected”/“rather suggests a confused delight in thwarting the wishes they didn’t” of adults“ever so much more” suggests the excessive importance placed on a few relatively unimportant sweets

“enticing” suggests the illicit, forbidden fruit idea “not just food but” suggests that the sweets had become an anti- authoritarian symbol “food plus attitude” suggests the sweets acquired a significance in the adoption of a stance against authority which soared beyond their importance as sweets

5. "enriched" sense of improving, adding quality, ... "vibrant" suggests they are lively, dynamic, spirited, ..."significant" they are important, impressive, constructive, ... "friends/relatives/colleagues" unpromising choices, but might be used successfully

6. “sweep away” suggests previous argument is “rubbish” and can be dealt with/dismissed very quickly “apoplectic” suggests uncontrolled, irrational anger “froth” suggests something insubstantial, trivial… “self-interested” suggests middle classes only concerned with themselves, not the countryside “posturing” suggests middle classes’ concern is exaggerated, contrived, fake, affected … “look at the reality” suggests truth is clear and incontrovertible “recedes dramatically” suggests rapid movement, significant diminution of threat “overwhelmingly green” emphasises full extent of Britain’s rural make-up “classified” official nature of term reinforces accuracy, validity of statistic use of personal pronouns (“you … we …us …our”) clear attempt to make the reader share his point of view/involve the reader personally

7. “freedoms” suggests that travel offers people independence, broadens their horizons, …; “experience” suggests something life-enhancing; “liberating (possibilities)” suggests that travel allows people a freer, less constrained life-style; “enlightenment” suggests travel can result in a fundamental increase/transformation in people’s knowledge or happiness; “pleasure” suggests enjoyment, gratification, …; “(I reach for my) megaphone” suggests strident, highly vocal, intense, I’m-standing-on-a-soapbox-and-you’d better- listen opposition;“thousands (of people)” suggests sheer number who have benefited from travel; “(would never have) ventured” suggests limited nature of parents’ experience as compared with current possibilities; “(social) revelation” suggests life-changing benefit

Imagery

1. “conquered” just as to conquer means to fight and then overcome (1), so the mainstream media have been unable to fight off or resist Twitter, which is now a part of it (1)

“mainstream” just as the mainstream is the principle current of a river (1), so the ‘mainstream media’ refers to the traditional, safe, well-established media (1)

“orgy” just as an orgy is a wild party involving indiscriminate (sexual) activity (1), so Twitter is seen by some as an uncontrolled/uncontrollable mess of communication lacking order and decency (1)

“fillip” just as a fillip is literally a snap of the fingers which suggests quick and lively action (1), so Twitter was given a snappy boost by the events in the middle east (1)

“(geopolitical) stage” just as a stage is where the action of a play takes place (1), so world events can be seen as being performed, to be watched by the public (1)

“snipe” just as to snipe is to shoot single targets from a hidden position (1), so the Israeli government, instead of launching a full scale attack on the press, made frequent small criticisms (1)

2. “hamster-wheels” just as a hamster wheel is designed for endless repetitive movement and gets the hamster nowhere, so our working lives are tedious and repetitive.

“treadmill” just as a treadmill requires constant effort and is dull and repetitive, so our working lives are dreary and monotonous.

“arms race” just as an arms race involves two sides endlessly striving for better weaponry, so our working lives have become over-competitive (to the point where neither ‘side’ can win)

3. Comparison of a house to a dinosaur suggests various similarities; it is obsolete; it takes up a great deal of space; it consumes a great deal; and so on. The comparison to a fossil continues the idea of something prehistoric lingering on into the modern age. Both are examples of metaphor.

4. “stuck” to be stuck is to be fixed immovably; it suggests being trapped in a situation which offers no escape

“wrestling” wrestling involves close, physical combat with a single opponent; it suggests a demanding, exhausting battle with an unforgiving enemy

“worrying a loose tooth” involves the constant working away at a persistent physical annoyance; it suggests that the difficulties presented by video games are nagging frustrations that constantly prey on one’s mind

NB Comment could possibly be made on “dirty little secret”, but it will be hard to relate this convincingly to “the difficulties of playing video games”. It could be argued that the expression is usually used in the realms of ethics or morality, a deliberate attempt to hide the truth, a cover-up of some sort, a hidden scandal; used in relation to the difficulty of video games, it heightens the potentially damaging nature of this feature, suggests it is a very negative feature that is deliberately glossed over

5. “butchers” just as a butcher is involved in carving up animals into large-scale pieces, so the writer is suggesting municipal workers are cutting back the trees to a significant degree. It also suggests the nature of the work performed is rather brutal and indiscriminate.

“embarrassed stumps” just as an embarrassed person feels self-conscious and exposed, so the writer is suggesting that trees look vulnerable after the work has been carried out on them.

“autumnal hell” just as hell is seen as a place of eternal damnation, so the writer is using this hyperbolic term to ridicule the wild over-reaction of those who find trees a problem at particular times of the year.

“like a beautiful girl being forced to sell her hair” just as the girl exchanges a personal asset, an attractive feature for financial gain, so the writer suggests Burma gave away part of the country’s natural beauty for money.

6. “turbo-consumerism” Just as turbo is a supercharger which gives an engine or mechanical system much more power, so the writer suggests that consumerism has become over-powering, having the potential to overwhelm other more meaningful aspects of life.

“voracious appetite” just as voracious appetite describes an insatiable desire to consume food greedily/ravenously, so consumerism encourages an over-indulgent approach to shopping.

“seduced” just as to seduce is to tempt an individual, possible into sexual liaison or an unwise deed, so the writer suggests that the temptations of consumerism are hard to resist and may corrupt us.

“heroin” just as heroin is a highly addictive narcotic, so the writer suggests that we can become dependent on consumerism.

“(brief) high” just as a “high” is a temporary feeling of extreme happiness, so the writer suggests that consumerism offers only temporary happiness.

7. an “à la carte menu” allows diners to make an individual choice from a varied, extensive list of dishes; by using it here, the writer is suggesting that people in London are able to make a series of individual lifestyle choices from a very wide variety of activities, jobs, cultures, pursuits.

NB A candidate who focuses exclusively on ideas of sophistication, class or quality implied by the image may also score up to 2 marks.

Tone

1.

Marks will depend on the quality of comment. Insightful comment on one feature could score up to 3 marks; alternatively a candidate could make more basic comments for up to 1 mark each.For full marks, there must be comment on at least two features. For full marks, candidates must deal with both the humorous tone and the serious tone.Reference alone: 0.Mere identification of a feature of sentence structure: 0.Matters relating to tone are tricky. The following points could be made, but all points which candidates propose will have to be judged on their merits.Humorous tone:1. the list of killings the excessive length of the list; the sheer variety of killing

methodology; the breathlessly rapid fire nature of the exemplification; the pulsatingly indulgent beat of the verbs; the increasingly esoteric, arguably ridiculous, nature of the killings: all of these serve to create a comic effect in capturing the cartoon-like mayhem of Bond’s world

2. use of anti-climax to end list (“…and sometimes just shoots them.”)

brings list to a delightful prosaic, downbeat conclusion, just when it seems an even more spectacular example is inevitable

3. word choice in list some candidates may comment on the rather informal nature of some of the verbs (“dumps”, “explodes”) and how this adds to the trivialisation of death

4. repetitive use of short, punchy sentences (“He doesn’t agonise…”, “He doesn’t wonder…”)

creates a throwaway, conversational style, perhaps mimicking the quickness of Bond’s decision-making. The continuation of the staccato style of the opening sentence and the parallel structure of these two sentences arguably add to the punchy, comic impact of these sentences

5. further use of punchy language (“He knows…and he knows”)

continues the throwaway, conversational style described in point 4

6. “the bad guys” this simplistic reference to Bond’s enemies reinforces the cartoon-like portrayal of the battle between good and evil presented in the opening sentence

7. “they deserve it” word choice here has echoes of the deadpan, nonchalant humour of pulp fiction

Serious tone:8. use of short, punchy sentences (“He doesn’t agonise…”, “He doesn’t wonder…”)

candidates may see these sentences as being much more serious than the reading described in point 4. They may focus on the repetition and the parallel structure as emphasising Bond’s unwavering, unequivocal moral certainty

9. emphatic “No” at the start of the antepenultimate sentence

stresses the strength of the writer’s feelings on something as serious as Bond’s moral certainty

10. repetition of “he knows” conveys the unwavering, absolute certainty of Bond’s moral

in penultimate sentence judgements

11. authoritative nature of final sentence

after the various stylistic devices which permeate this (and the previous) paragraph, the final sentence is well-balanced, considered and somewhat magisterial

12. elevated language of the final sentence

the language of the final sentence is formal and elevated (“judgement”, “moral authority”, “evildoers”), establishing a tone of absolute certainty

13. contrasting register in final two sentences

the final two sentences have similar meanings but the elevated nature of the final sentence is emphasised by the differing register of the two sentences: “evildoers” instead of “bad guys”, “judgement” and “moral authority” instead of “he knows they deserve it”

NB. In discussing the creation of either of the two tones, some candidates may make reference to elements of contrast (structure, word choice, register) which permeate the paragraph; for example, they may argue that the gravity of the tone is heightened (or arguably, diminished) by the preceding levity. Such a line of argument is likely to have merit

2. Identification of tone alone: 0. Some candidates may identify a negative tone (angry, scathing, dismissive, sarcastic, caustic …) or they may just assume the tone is one of “disapproval”. Some candidates, however, may focus on the more positive, celebratory tone adopted by the writer in the second half of the paragraph which also conveys her disapproval of the antimobility “solution”.

Marks will depend on the quality of comment. A single insightful comment on one of the following will be worth 2 marks; more basic comments will be worth up to 1 mark each. Reference alone: 0.

Possible answers:1 “and I am just waiting” suggests writer’s world-weary mistrust

of politicians and the inevitability of their actions

2 “none/anywhere” emphasising the extreme nature of the “solution”

3 “craven retreat” suggests the “solution” would be a cowardly, unworthy, retrograde step

4 “Renaissance” positive reference to a very enlightened, progressive, civilised

5 “intellectual progress” suggests society/civilisation moving forward in very considered, enlightened manner

6 parenthesis (“and I am knowing aside to the readers about the bandwagon-joining… explicitly”) propensities of politicians

7 “Stay at home and save this parody of facile, instant sloganeering shows the writer’s the planet.” contempt for the quick-fix solutions of the eco-lobby

8 “social, professional accumulated list of benefits made possible by mobilityand cultural”

9 structure of the final the positioning (and the bluntness) of “But that” presages sentence her explicit rejection of the “solution”

and/orthe dash (followed by “and”) is used to introduce an additional point to the argument, effectively building the sentence to a resonant, powerful, pro-mobility climax

3. Word choice:1 “talk the language” suggests that there is something artificial or pretended about what these people say – they are using “jargon” rather than sincere language

2 “(do not) really (believe)” suggests that in their heart of hearts they do not mean what they actually say

3 “impose” suggests an opposition to “choice” etc rather than the flexibility which their “language” suggests

4 “set menu” suggests a lack of choice, contrary to their declared intentions

5 “confident (that they know best)” suggests an overweening adult superiority over those who they have said should be allowed to make choices

6 “rhetoric” suggests overblown, artificial and exaggerated language intended to persuade or browbeat

7 “old-fashioned” suggests they are out of touch with the ideals of modern democracy

8 “top-down (approach)” suggests that they are “on top” in matters of decision making and such things should not be left to those lower down in the heap

9 “institutional” suggests the rigid, authoritarian, hidebound views which permeate an organisation despite individual attempts to change it

10 “experts and professionals” suggests that ordinary citizens are too ignorant to know what is best because they are not professionally qualified

Imagery:11 “set menu … à la carte” the reference to the choice or lack of choice offered in a restaurant illustrates the writer’s disapproval of the establishment not offering any choice to the people of Glasgow despite their statements that there is to be “choice”

Punctuation:12 the use of inverted commas round “opportunity”, “choice” or “diversity” shows that the writer does not believe that these concepts are on offer, or are really meant and that he disapproves of the people who are misleading the public

4. ‘fetish’ use of word usually associated with some sort of perverted obsession shows just how much contempt he has for the league tables.

‘fact-cramming, rote-learning’ two compound words which make the schools sound aggressive, relentless – the words are squeezed together in a way to suggest the grinding obsession involved

‘factories’ comparing schools to factories shows he sees them as being designed simply to churn out ‘product’, soulless, mechanical, utilitarian

‘blinkered…grindingly utilitarian’ suggesting they have no vision, are simply there to do a job and do it oppressively

Reference to Dickens: scathing reminder that over 150 years ago this approach to education was being seen as worthy of mockery

Final sentence: rhetorical question demanding agreement with his angry summation of the effect of school-leavers/almost despairing tone of ‘Is it any wonder…’/deliberately chooses ‘uncultured’ activities such as examples of what they’re reduced to, with the ‘binge-drinking’ almost symbolic of teenage irresponsibility

5. ‘get off their backsides’ a colloquial, rather coarse, rude description of the inactive among the population, suggesting he is not taking the idea very seriously

‘hardly ever on them’ a rather humorous description of athletes, reducing their sporting prowess to them simply not being on their ‘backsides’

‘order a pizza’ stereotypical view of the self-indulgent, non-sporty, consumer junk food

‘slump’ suggests they are lazy, sprawling (polar opposite of athletic grace)

‘telly’ slovenliness extends even to referring to television by slang name

‘mix my metaphors’ implies perhaps that he is not too bothered with ‘proper’ expression, that the claim is not worthy of this

‘thin on the ground’ sounds very much like a euphemism for ‘non-existent’, he is being a little tongue-in-cheek

6. use of inverted commas around ‘flood’ and ‘drain’ as if quoting sarcastically the knee-jerk, essentially racist, emotional reaction of right-wingers to ‘foreigners’

‘posturing’ suggests they are blustering, pompous, putting on a pathetic act

‘monstrous’ makes them sound non-human, outrageous, as if the idea is too grotesque to consider, or even comment on

‘pundit after pundit’ sneering description of the as self-appointed experts, and repetition of the word gives an idea of an endless, boring line of them

‘drones on’ makes the sound tiresome, whining at length, saying the same thing over and over again

Use of inverted commas around ‘snatching’ and ‘culture’ as if quoting sarcastically the outrages objections of the liberal left, their use of emotional words to distort the reality

(second) use of ‘To that I say..’ as if pointing a finger angrily at both sides

‘go and stand…look, sniff, smell’ imperatives as if losing patience, giving simple instructions on how they can learn something

‘don’t – don’t you dare – tell me’ really worked up now, challenging them not even to think about not agreeing with her, shows real contempt that they might even think of it

‘obscenity’ final word emphasises just how disgusting, offensive she finds their claim

Sentence structure

1. 1 mark for each “way” that is identified.Note that the question calls for identification only; no comment or analysis is required.

Possible answers include:

1. Parallelism/balanced construction 2. Series of contrasts (“when/now” … “fat/thin” … “feed the hungry/ obesity”) 3. Repetition of “rich…poor…right-thinking” 4. Two compound sentences with co-ordinate clauses in which the attributes are reversed

In some answers, what the candidate defines as two separate features may seem very similar; be generous, unless the two features are very obviously identical. Quotation alone: 0.

2. 1. the positioning of “Yet” at the start of the opening sentence sets up the rebuttal of the preceding argument 2. contrast/balance in opening sentence of “sweep away”/“look at” moves argument forward 3. structure of opening sentence places emphasis on principal clause at its conclusion4. short, (apparently) concessionary 2nd sentence, introduced by “Yes”, is immediately qualified/contradicted by 3rd sentence 5. positioning of “But” at start of 3rd sentence sets up qualification/ contradiction to 2nd sentence 6. repetition of “seem crowded” following “crowded” also underlines 3rd sentence’s qualification/contradiction 7. short, punchy, declarative final two sentences drive home writer’s point 8. positioning of “Just” at start of final sentence underlines (surprisingly small) statistic 9. candidates may comment on the writer’s general sign-posting at the start of sentences: “Yet”, “Yes”, “But”, “Just” to flag up the oppositional nature of his argument

3. 1 use of questions first question is what politicians are asking the public to consider; second question shows the writer’s incredulous response/immediate opposition and/or a case might be made that the repetition of the questions and/or the use of questions to open the passage indicates the combative, populist, anti-restriction stance of the writer 2 use of parenthesis in first paragraph (“the experience … climates”) to identify/exemplify the benefits/ freedoms of travel

3 use of list (“other cultures … climates”) to identify/exemplify the multiplicity of these benefits 4 repetition of “other” to emphasise the multiplicity/variety of the experiences travel affords and/or to emphasise the very different nature of other countries 5 balanced structure of the “Just as … their reach” sentence describing the many benefits of air travel in the first half of the sentence makes the negative thrust of its conclusion all the more forceful 6 use of “And” at start of second paragraph unusual placement of conjunction is an eye-catching, forceful indication of the start of her personal opposition 7 use of parenthesis in second paragraph (“most of them comfortably off”) (rather sneering aside) to remind us that politicians are part of the rich elite who will still be able to travel/be unaffected by the restrictions 8 balanced structure/ contrast of the “Maybe Tommy … social revelation” sentence the writer concedes that there is a negative aspect to the democratisation of travel but shows the relative unimportance of this in the second half of the sentence via her sweeping affirmation of the large-scale benefits of travel

4. Marks will depend on the quality of comment. A single insightful comment will be worth 2 marks; more basic comments will be worth up to 1 mark each. Mere identification of a feature of sentence structure: 0.

For full marks, candidates should focus on:1 parallel openings (“Its old residential core”, “Its market halls and power stations”, “Its simple terraced streets”)2 repeated “before and after” formula3 similar verb pattern “has made the transition”, “have become” (twice)

any/all of these features are used to stress the repetitive nature, widespread scale and perhaps the inevitability of change

Comments on other features of sentence structure could be rewarded if there is some attempt to link them to the paragraph “as a whole”.

5. Marks will depend on the quality of comment. A single insightful comment will be worth 2 marks; more basic comments will be worth up to 1 mark each. Mere identification of a feature of sentence structure: 0.

Possible answers:1 positioning of (or

rhythmic/repetitive nature of) “And the first and last thing”

definitive “alpha and omega” nature of this phrase, especially when placed at the start of the sentence, suggests the difficulty of video games is a fundamental point to the writer

2 use of parenthesis adds to the mystery, adds to the

“the thing …hear” dramatic build-up to the final announcement of video games‟ difficulty

3 additional phrase “sometimes maddeningly”

two functions: again adds to the build-up and/or ramps up the notion of extreme difficulty that “fiendishly” has introduced

4 Candidates may attempt a more general point, incorporating aspects of points 1–3, about the various ways in which the writer builds up to/delays the climax of the (ultimately slightly lame) “hard”

5 use of climax in the sentence “The dirty …fun.”

somewhat awkward/unusual construction of this sentence is designed to stress the “not having fun” element of its conclusion

6 repetition of the “you may be” structure

stresses – and this is heightened by the use of the inclusive direct address – the variety of problems playing video games may cause

7 list of adjectives (“frustrated”, “confused”, “disorientated”, “stuck”)

rat-a-tat run of adjectives suggests „the sea of troubles‟ playing video games may involve

8 anticlimax(?) of “you may be stuck”

in its definitive downbeat simplicity, it is a stark summation of the seemingly insoluble challenge these games present

9 use of the continuous tense in final sentence

an argument might be made that this reflects the ongoing, nagging nature of the problems involved

6. 1. balance of “enormous fun and profoundly satisfying” introduces/captures the two aspects of the writer’s view of shopping: great enjoyment but also something more significantly, deeply meaningful2. use of parenthesis “not one … £4” to emphasise that buying cheaply/getting a “bargain” is part of the enjoyment

3. positioning of “enjoy” the sentence reaches its climax with the word “enjoy”, stressing the sheer fun of shopping

4. use of the conversational “And on top of that” to start the sentence creates the impression of a spontaneous outpouring of enthusiasm, of a fresh idea about the joys of shopping springing into his mind

5. use of list “case … strap” emphasises the range of choices involved, an exciting bombardment of choices

6. use of the dash (line 30) to introduce his explanation of the similarity, the shared enjoyment

7. use of list “binoculars … figurines” emphasises the eclectic range, great variety of goods to choose from

8. use of the dash (line 34) to set up the punchy summation “it was endless”, which emphasises the seemingly infinite attractions of shopping

9. use of the semicolon in the antepenultimate sentence allows the writer to give an enthusiastic personal example,illustrating the point he makes in the first part of the sentence about self-discovery

10. use of the semicolon in the penultimate sentence allows the writer to explain what seems paradoxical in the first part of the sentence: shopping is more about self- knowledge than acquisition

11. use of parenthesis “as my daughters tell me” to delay the very positive climax of “life-affirming” and/or to recall the shared bond between father and daughters

12. short, punchy nature of final sentence to make “life-affirming” stand out, emphasising how truly significant/wonderful shopping is