Post on 24-Dec-2015
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The Axial Skeleton
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Axial skeletonSkullVertebral columnThoracic cage
Appendicular skeletonPectoral and pelvic girdlesUpper and lower limbs
Skeletal system includes both:
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The Skull
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The cranium
Cranial vault or calvariaSuperior, lateral, and posterior walls of the
skullCranial floor or base
Anterior fossaMiddle fossaPosterior fossa
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Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face
SuturesLambdoid-between occipital and parietal
bonesCoronal-between parietal and frontal bonesSagittal-between parietal bonesSquamous-between parietal and temporal
bones
The skull
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The skull
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The skull
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The skull
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one occipital boneforamen magnum
two parietal bonesone frontal bone
frontal sinusesglabella
Cranial Bones
two temporal bonesauditory ossicles
one sphenoidone ethmoid
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The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
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The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
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The Occipital and Parietal Bones
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Occipital and Parietal Bones
Occipital boneForamen magnumOccipital condyleExternal occipital protuberance
Parietal boneFrontal bone
Supraorbital foramenGlabella
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Frontal bone
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Temporal bone
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Temporal bone
Squamous sutureZygomatic process
Zygomatic archMandibular fossaExternal auditory meatusStyloid process
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Temporal bone is divided in regions
Mastoid processMastoiditisMeningitis
Stylomastoid foramenPassage for cranial nerve VII
Internal acustic meatusPassage for cranial nerves VII and VIII
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The Sphenoid
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Sphenoid bone
Greater wingsSella turcica
For the pituitary gland
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The Ethmoid
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Ethmoid bone
Crista galliAttachment of the dura mater
Cribiform platePassage of olfactory nerves
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Ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plateForms the superior part of the nasal septum
Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)Covered by mucosaWarms and humidifies the air
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Maxillary bonesMandible Palatine bonesNasal bonesVomer
Facial bones
Inferior nasal conchaeZygomatic bonesLacrimal bones
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Alveolar margimPalatine process- anterior hard palateIncisive fossa- passage for nerves and blood
vessels
Maxillae
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Maxillary bone
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Zygomatic bonearticulates with zygomatic process of temporal
bone forming the zygomatic arch
Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones
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Facial bones
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Body- horizontal portionRamus-vertical portionMandibular condyle- articulates with temporal
boneCoronoid processAngle Alveolar margin- with sockets for the teethMandibular foramen – site of Novocain
injection
Mandible
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The mandible
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The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
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Cranial Foramens to identify
External view:Supraorbital foramen-for blood vessels and
nervesInfraorbital foramen-blood vessels and
nervesMental foramen-blood vessels and nervesStylomastoid foramen- nerve VIICarotid canal-for carotid arteryExternal auditory meatus-leads to eardrumIncisive fossa-for blood vessels and nerves
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Cranial Foramens to identify
Internal viewOptic canal -for optic nerveSuperior and inferior orbital fissure“ROS”
Rotundum- for a branch of VOvale-for a branch of VSpinosum-for middle meningeal artery
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Cranial Foramens to identify
Foramen lacerum -internal carotidJugular foramen -for jugular vein; IX, X,XI
cranial nervesInternal acustic meatus -for VII,VIIIHypoglossal canal -for XIIForamen magnum -for spinal cord
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The Fetal Skeleton
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Fontanels
Anterior or frontal Palpable for the first 1 ½ to 2 years of age
Posterior of occipitalCloses by the end of the first year of age
MastoidCloses by the end of the first year of age
SphenoidCloses by the end of the first year of age
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Cranial bones
FrontalIt is parted
Temporal It is incompletely ossified
Presence of ossification centersConical protusions on the cranial bones
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The Vertebral Column
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7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae5 sacrum fused vetebrae 3-5 fused coccyx vertebrae
Vertebral column
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Vertebral column
Intervertebral discs- pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebraeNucleus pulposus- central soft regionAnnulus fibrosus- outer ring. Collagen fibersHerniated disc- protusion of the nucleus
pulposus
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Spinal curvatures
Figure 7.16
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Four spinal curves- posterior viewPrimary curvatures – present at
birth Thoracic - convex Sacral- convex
Secondary curvatures – develops after birthCervical- concaveLumbar- concave
Spinal curvatures
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
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Body- rounded portion. Anterior part Vertebral Foramen-for the spinal cordTransverse processSpinous process-single and posteriorIntervertebral foramina-it is seen when 2
vertebras are put together. Passage of the spinal nerves
Structure of a typical vertebra
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Transverse foraminas- only present in cervical vertebrae
Atlas or C1No bodyJoin with the head and provides for range of
motion (when you nod yes)
Cervical vertebra
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Cervical vertebra
Axis or C2Odontoid process or dens-allows rotation of
the head (when you nod no)
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Thoracic vertebrae
Spinous process-long and downwardRib facet – for articulation with 1 rib
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Massive bodyShort and thick and more horizontal spinous
processesNo rib facetsNo transverse foramemSuperior and inferior articular processes
Lumbar vertebrae
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Medial sacral crest-remnant of the spinous processes
Alae- formed by fusion of the transverse processes. It articulates with the hip bones
Sacral foramina- passage for blood vessels and nerves
Sacral canal- continuation of the verterbral canal
Sacrum
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Sacrum and coccyx
Sacral hiatus-inferior opening of the sacral canal
Sacral promontory- rim on the anterior and superior part of the sacrum
Coccyx Attached to the sacrum by ligaments
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SternumManubrium-articulates with the clavicleBody Xiphoid process-inferior end. Made of
hyaline cartilage in children and is ossified in adults
Jugular notchSternal angle-between the body and the
manubrium
The bony thorax
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Tubercle – is inferiorCostal groove –depression along the inferior
sideSternal end-articulates with sternum
The ribs
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True Ribs 1-7 Attached to the sternum through their own
cartilage
Types of ribs
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False8-12 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs
Attaches to the sternum indireclty through the cartilage of the C7
11-12 are floating ribsNo attachment to the sternum
Types of ribs