Post on 26-Jun-2018
PROJECT
Stirling City Centre Stage 1
DOCUMENT CCAP Precinct Analysis
PREPARED FOR Bernie O’Leary
Environmental Project Manager
Stirling Alliance
Stephen Kovacs
Strategic Planning Officer
City Planning
Stirling Alliance
VERSION FINAL
AUTHOR Bruce Taper, Director
David Holden, Climate Strategist – Urban Planning
Lachlan Kranz, Sustainability Consultant
Rob Helstroom, Principal Scientist
Patrick Sells, Researcher
23rd April, 2012
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Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 3
Summary of Scenarios for Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) .......................................................4
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5
CCAP Precinct Workshop ...........................................................................................................5
Precinct Details ....................................................................................................... 6
Green Infrastructure Analysis ................................................................................ 7
Energy .......................................................................................................................................8
Water .........................................................................................................................................12
Transport ..................................................................................................................................15
Operational Affordability .........................................................................................................16
Marginal capital costs ...............................................................................................................17
Appendix 1: CCAP Precinct Report ............................................................................ 18
Appendix 2: Qualifications and Data Sources ......................................................... 24
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Executive Summary
Kinesis were engaged by the Stirling Alliance to quantify the sustainability performance and
proposed green infrastructure solutions for the Stirling City Centre Stage 1 development area.
Through interventions in demand management, fuel switching and supply side infrastructure,
compared to a business as usual development, the Stirling City Centre Stage 1 can
achieve:
47% reduction in energy related greenhouse gas emissions
73% reduction in grid electricity consumption
67% reduction in peak electricity demand
36% reduction in water consumption
31% reuse of wastewater
In addition, compared to an average resident in the Perth Metropolitan Area, a
resident living in the Stirling City Centre development area (Stage 1) is estimated to:
Emit 54% less greenhouse gas emissions
Consume 76% less potable water
Drive 52% less kilometres
Save 34% on energy, water and transport costs
These results are achieved at an estimated marginal capital cost of approximately $61 million
or $90 per m2.
Source: Stirling Alliance
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Summary of Scenarios for Stirling City Centre (Stage 1)
Strategy Business as Usual Specification Preferred Scenario Specification
Building Thermal
Efficiency
Non-Residential - Building Code of Australia Section J compliant.
Non-Residential - 30% improvement in building fabric to achieve an
effective average U-value of 1.75 (watts/m2 per degree). Averaged across
the precinct’s building types, this is equivalent to approximately 250
MJ/m2 per year of heating and cooling demand.
Residential - 5-star NatHERs rating. Residential - 7-star NatHERs (approximately 52 MJ/m2/year of heating
and cooling demand).
Efficient Lighting Standard non-residential lighting (largely fluorescent lighting fixtures at
approximately 50-65 lumens per watt)
30% reduction in non-residential lighting electricity consumption through
T5 fluorescent and LED lighting fixtures (80-90 lumens per watt).
Appliance Efficiency
3-star energy refrigerator and 1.5-star energy clothes dryer 5-star energy refrigerator and clothes dryer
2-star energy clothes washer and 2.5-star energy dishwasher 5-star energy clothes washer and 4-star energy dishwasher
2-star WELS clothes washer and 2.5-star WELS dishwasher 4.5-star WELS clothes washer and 4-star WELS dishwasher
3-star WELS showerhead, toilet and tap-ware 3-star WELS showerhead, 4-star WELS toilet and 5-star WELS tapware
Trigeneration Not applicable 6 MWe centralised system supply residential hot water, and non-
residential heating, cooling and hot water
Solar thermal Not applicable 10,000 m2 of solar thermal to supplement the trigeneration system
Solar PV Not applicable 700 kW (approximately 5,000 m2 of panel area)
Efficient Irrigation Standard practice irrigation demand, equivalent to approximately
0.61 kL/m2 of irrigated area per year.
A 30% improvement in irrigation water demand, through drip irrigation or
equivalent, equating to approximately 0.42 kL/m2 of irrigated area/year.
Recycled Water Not applicable
Recycled water for toilet flushing, laundry and irrigation of open space and
playing fields (estimated storage tank of 410 m3, equivalent to 8 hours of
recycled water storage).
Car parking Average of 2 parking spaces per dwelling. Average of 1 parking space per dwelling.
Car share Not applicable Provision of car share for an expected take-up rate of 9% of residents.
Table 1: Summary of proposed strategies and green infrastructure specifications for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1)
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Introduction
The Stirling Alliance engaged Kinesis to undertake detailed sustainability performance analysis
on the proposed Stirling City Centre in order to determine the preferred green infrastructure
scenario for the development area. This report outlines the modelled results of the Stirling City
Centre (Stage 1) development area.
The analysis was undertaken using Kinesis’s CCAP Precinct modelling tool. Originally built by
Kinesis for Landcom and now licensed by land development agencies around Australia, CCAP
Precinct is an award winning mathematical tool that models key environmental, economic and
social indicators for precinct-scale development projects.
The actions modelled in CCAP Precinct are based on the vision put forward by the Stirling City
Centre Green Infrastructure Study as well as the discussions between key stakeholders in the
workshop meeting. The two scenarios presented in the green infrastructure study are presented
as a preferred course of action that applies the most cost effective technologies to the Stirling
City Centre in a way that takes account of both the local constraints and opportunities.
This report is supported by:
Appendix 1 – CCAP Precinct Report is a record of the modelling which details the inputs,
technology selections and results of the reference and modelled scenario.
Appendix 2 – Qualification and Key Data Sources used within CCAP Precinct.
CCAP Precinct Workshop
Sustainability analysis of the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) was undertaken at a workshop
between Kinesis, energy and water utilities, and the Stirling Alliance partners on 14th February,
2012. Following this workshop, analysis was refined and a recommended set of sustainability
strategies was developed.
The modelled results contained in this report are compared to the following benchmarks:
Business As Usual (BAU): the performance of new development built to regulatory
compliance. This scenario was established in consultation with the participants at the CCAP
Precinct Workshop.
Metropolitan Average: average transport, energy and water consumption profiles of
existing residents in the Perth Metropolitan Area.
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Precinct Details
Stage 1 includes 57.6 ha of the 328 ha identified under the District Structure Plan for Stirling
City Centre. The precinct details for the Stirling Centre Stage 1 were provided by the Stirling
Alliance on 7th February (Table 2).
The modelling undertaken using the CCAP Precinct tool assumes a 60% build out of Stage 1 and
did not include the IKEA site on the south side of the station.
STIRLING CITY CENTRE - STAGE 1
Stage 1 Development Area
Figure 1: Location of Stirling City Centre - Stage 1
PRECINCT DETAILS
Land Use Totals Floor Space
Total Precinct 57.6 ha 959,291 m2
Residential dwellings 1,764 dwellings 187,552 m2
Multi-unit
Mixed-Use 28 ha 771,739 m2
Office 85,903 m2
Retail 129,066 m2
Commercial
Community
Car Park
152,095 m2
4,675 m2
400,000 m2
Open Space 4.8 ha
Table 2: Precinct details - Stirling City Centre Stage 1
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Green Infrastructure Analysis
The Stirling City Centre Green Infrastructure Study outlines the sustainable vision for the
Stirling City Centre and the role that green infrastructure might play in the precinct. Both
demand and supply-side considerations were explored in this proposal, with attention given to
the capacity of green infrastructure to:
Reduce the resource footprint of the development
Reduce the need for centralised services
Reduce the operational costs of these services
Maximise the return on public and private investment
Improve liveability for residents, and
Lower the overall CO2 emissions of the precinct.
The analysis undertaken in this report translates this vision into the specific infrastructure
appropriate for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) and models the potential reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions, water, transport use, and household costs that are achievable in the
Stirling City Centre development.
Stage 1 was analysed under a Business as Usual (or building code compliant) scenario before
green infrastructure systems and efficiency measures were explored. The key results of these
scenarios are outlined in Table 3 and discussed in detail below.
Key Metric Business as Usual
Preferred Scenario
% Reduction
Energy
Total CO2 - tCO2-e/year 89,000 47,000 47%
Electricity demand - MWh/year 84,000 23,000 73%
Peak electricity demand kW 23,700 7,800 67%
Gas demand - GJ/year 103,000 380,000 -269%
Residential CO2 - tCO2-e/year 9,600 4,400 54%
Residential peak electricity demand - kW/dwelling 2.5 1.2 52%
Non-Residential CO2 - tCO2-e/year 79,400 42,600 48%
Non-Residential peak electricity demand - kW 19,000 10,000 47%
Water
Total demand - ML/year 1,030 650 36%
Residential consumption - kL/dwelling/year 123 58 53%
Stormwater discharge - ML/year 330 330 0%
Sewer discharge - ML/year 970 450 54%
Transport
GHG emissions - tCO2-e/year 10,100 4,100 59%
Vehicle Kilometres Travelled - km/person/day 24.7 10 60%
Affordability
Energy, water and transport - $/household/year $21,500 $11,050 49%
Table 3: Key Results - Stirling City Centre Stage 1
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Energy
Under a business as usual scenario, the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) is expected to consume
84,000 MWh of electricity, 103,000 GJ of gas and emit 89,000 tonnes of CO2-e per year –
equivalent to approximately 93 kg CO2-e/m2 of floor space.
In order to assess the application of the strategies outlined in the Stirling City Centre Green
Infrastructure Study, reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were
explored through the following strategies:
The incorporation of thermal efficiency measures in residential and non-residential
buildings
The inclusion of energy efficient appliances and lighting
Installation of a 6 MWe cogeneration plant for district hot water supply and non-residential
heating and cooling – augmented by approximately 5.6 MWthermal of solar thermal capacity,
and
Installation of a 700 kW solar PV array
Compared to the Business as Usual development scenario, these strategies are estimated to
achieve:
47% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
67% reduction peak energy demand
2.3% local renewable energy generation
The details and results of these strategies are outlined in Table 4, while the individual and
cumulative impact of each technology is shown in Figure 2.
ENERGY STRATEGIES
Strategy Business as Usual Green Infrastructure Model
Demand side strategies:
Thermal performance
Lighting Efficiency
Appliance Efficiency
BCA compliant (Section J)
NatHERS 5-star thermal comfort
Standard lighting
Standard practice appliances
Efficienct non-residential thermal
performance (30% improvement)
NatHERS 7-star thermal comfort
Efficient lighting
Best practice energy appliances
Supply side strategies:
Renewable or low carbon
energy
Standard electricity supply for heating
and cooling
Gas supply for hot water
6 MWe of trigeneration
Supplying hot water for residential
dwellings
Supplying hot water, heating and
cooling for non-residential
buildings
10,000 m2 of solar thermal boost
for trigeneration system
700 kW Solar PV
Table 4: Comparison of energy measures between the Business as Usual and Model scenarios
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EMISSION REDUCTION WATERFALL CHART – STAGE 1
▼9%
▼1% ▼14%
▼1% ▼11%
▼1% ▼1% ▼8%
0% ▼47%
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000to
nn
es
CO
2-e
/yea
r
Figure 2: The individual and cumulative impact of each emission reduction strategy for Stage 1
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency strategies proposed in the development have been achieved through both
improved thermal design and the incorporation of energy efficient fixtures and appliances.
Specifically, these strategies include:
A 30% improvement in non-residential building fabric to achieve an average U-value of 1.75
(watts/m2 per degree) or approximately 250 MJ/m2 /year of heating and cooling demand.
A 30% reduction in non-residential lighting electricity consumption through the provision
of T5 fluorescent and LED lighting fixtures (80-90 lumens per watt).
Residential building thermal efficiency from 5-star to 7-star NatHERs (approximately 52
MJ/m2/year of heating and cooling demand).
Installation of the following energy efficient appliances in each residential dwelling:
5-star energy refrigerator
5-star energy clothes dryer
5-star energy clothes washer
4-star energy dishwasher
Renewable Energy
The high density urban form (8 to 12 storeys) of the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a small
amount of roof space relative to energy demand. As such, traditional roof top Solar PV is limited
in its ability to meet electricity demand and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the site.
CCAP Precinct calculates the expected roof space of the site to be approximately 300,000 m2.
Conservatively assuming approximately 25% of this roof space is available for renewable energy
installations (removing space required for building services and areas that are unavailable due
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to overshadowing) approximately 10 MW of solar PV could be implemented, generating 19,000
MWh of electricity per year and reducing precinct greenhouse gas emissions by 20%.
For the Preferred Scenario, 700 kW of solar PV was proposed so as to minimise exported
electricity when coupled with trigeneration (see District Thermal below). An installation of this
size generates approximately 1,300 MWh per year, reducing greenhouse gas emissions across
the precinct by 1.4%.
Wind was also explored in response to the wind-pod technology noted in the Stirling City
Centre Green Infrastructure Study. Assuming an equivalent size of wind pods are installed
(700 kW) and based on a roof top wind speed of 3 metres per second, these systems are
expected to produce approximately 280 MWh per year, significantly less electricity than solar
PV. These urban turbines are inefficient due to their lower height (roof top level) and small
swept area. In addition, wind-pods are estimated to cost approximately $7,000 per kW
installed, compared to $5,500 per kW installed for solar PV. As a result, wind was not modelled
as part of the Preferred Scenario for Stage 1.
District Thermal (Trigeneration, Solar Thermal and Geothermal)
The Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a peak thermal (heat) demand of 100,000 MJ per hour or
approximately 28 MWthermal. This thermal demand can be met through trigeneration, solar
thermal or geothermal. A combination of these technologies were explored for Stage 1.
Trigeneration was explored to meet a component of the thermal demand of Stage 1. A 6 MWe
trigeneration plant was sized based on the electrical load of the connected residential and non-
residential floor space (see Figure 3). This means that the plant is designed to meet the
electrical, rather than thermal load. This sizing strategy was adopted to ensure no net annual
electrical energy was exported outside the study area and that, in effect, the trigenerated
electricity was consumed within the precinct where it can be sold at economic peak and shoulder
rates.
The high and inconsistent peak thermal load of residential space conditioning means that to size
the trigeneration plant to meet these loads would require an additional 1 MW of trigeneration
plant for only marginal additional greenhouse gas emission savings (less than 1% across the
entire precinct). As a result, this solution was not proposed for the Stirling City Centre.
Residential cooling demand could be addressed through the provision of thermal storage as a
means of preserving unused high grade heat during times of low total load to meet the
residential space cooling loads during peak times. Provision of a thermal storage facility would
be contingent on the economic value of the generated off-peak electricity. Thermal storage was
not modelled as part of the trigeneration system proposed for the Stirling City Centre.
Solar thermal was explored to provide boost heat energy to the trigeneration system (see
Figure 3). A solar thermal system of approximately 10,000 m2 of roof space (equivalent to 3.2%
of the total precinct roof space) would save an additional 1,700 tonnes of greenhouse gas
emissions each year, or a 2% reduction compared to the Business as Usual case.
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TRIGENERATION + SOLAR THERMAL
Figure 3: Energy inputs and outputs of a trigeneration system
Geothermal was also explored as a substitute for the heat generated by the trigeneration plant.
This is equivalent to approximately 3 MWheat from a geothermal bore with temperatures
sufficient to drive an absorption chiller (approximately 90-95 degrees).
Substituting trigeneration with geothermal energy removes the low carbon electricity generated
by the trigeneration plant. This additional electricity demand can be met through increased
solar PV generation. However, an additional 7 MW of solar PV will be required to achieve an
equivalent greenhouse gas emission reduction from the trigeneration plant configuration
outlined above.
A combination of the above renewable and low carbon technologies should be explored further
once the potential (bore size, depth and temperatures available) for geothermal is established.
In addition, the technologies proposed for Stage 1 were sized to ensure no net annual electrical
energy was exported outside the study area. Investigation of exporting electricity to the broader
Stirling City Centre and beyond should be discussed alongside electricity network
considerations.
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Water
Under a business as usual scenario, the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) is expected to consume
approximately 1,030 ML of water each year.
Reductions in water consumption were explored through appliance and fixture efficiency and
the use of recycled water for irrigation, toilet flushing and laundry.
Compared to the Business as Usual development scenario, these strategies are estimated to
achieve a 36% reduction in total water consumption by limiting mains water usage to
approximately 650 ML each year. The details and results of these strategies are outlined in
Table 5 and Figure 4 and are discussed below.
WATER STRATEGIES
Strategy Business as Usual Model
Demand side strategies:
Fixture + irrigation efficiency Standard irrigation
Standard practice fixture efficiency
and standard practice appliance s
Efficient irrigation (30% efficiency
improvement through drip irrigation
or equivalent)
Best practice fixture efficiency and
appliances
Supply side strategies:
Alternative water supply Not available Recycled water for toilet flushing,
laundry and irrigation of open space
and playing fields
Table 5: Water measures between the Business as Usual and Model scenarios
WATER REDUCTION WATERFALL CHART – STAGE 1
▼3% ▼24%
▲9% 0% ▼19%
0% ▼36%
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
kL/y
r
Figure 4: The individual and cumulative impact of each water reduction strategy for Stage 1
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It should be noted that trigeneration consumes high levels of water associated with heat
rejection and cooling. The proposed 6 MWe trigeneration system is estimated to consume
approximately 150,000 kL of water per year, equivalent to a 9% increase in water consumption
(Figure 4). If treated to the appropriate level, there is potential for the Stirling City Centre
(Stage 1) to use recycled water for the purposes of heat rejection in its trigeneration system.
Such a configuration could reduce mains water consumption by a further 150 ML annually,
resulting in a total reduction of 51% in potable water use across the precinct (see
Recycled Water).
The energy implications of the recycled water plant are also calculated as part of the precinct.
The recycled water plant is estimated to consume 1,400 MWh of electricity for water treatment
and pumping.
Water Efficiency
Water efficiency strategies proposed in the development have been achieved through the
incorporation of water efficient irrigation, fixtures and fittings. Specifically, these strategies
include:
A 30% improvement in irrigation water demand, equivalent to approximately 0.18 kL/m2 of
irrigated area per year.
Installation of the following water efficient appliances in each residential dwelling:
4-star WELS toilet
3-star WELS showerhead
5-star WELS tapware
4-star WELS dishwasher
4.5-star WELS clothes washer
Rainwater and Stormwater
Roof, road and infrastructure surfaces can be drawn on for rainwater and stormwater
harvesting, both at the individual building as well as at the community scale. Similar to
renewable energy, however, the high density urban form (8 to 12 storeys) of the Stirling City
Centre (Stage 1) has a small amount of roof space (relative to water demand) available for water
capture and reuse.
In addition, a key objective highlighted by stakeholders at the CCAP Precinct Workshop was the
use of rainwater and stormwater to recharge groundwater - rather than use this water for non-
potable purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and residential laundry. In addition,
recycling grey and black water from the precinct provides more water than can be used for these
non-potable uses (see Recycled Water below). As such, rainwater and stormwater was
configured for groundwater recharge.
Recycled Water
Recycled water, as proposed for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1), draws on all on-site
wastewater from both residential and non-residential buildings for treatment and use in
irrigation, toilet flushing and residential laundry.
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Figure 5 highlights the hourly performance of the recycled water system over a year. Due to the
consistent supply and volume of wastewater available for use in the precinct, recycled water will
provide more water than can be used for these non-potable uses – shown in the amount of spill
from the recycled water system (light blue).
RECYCLED WATER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
Jan
Feb
Ap
r
May Ju
l
Sep
Oct
De
c
Sto
red
Wat
er V
olu
me
-L
stored water volume makeup spill
Figure 5: The water inflows and outflows of the proposed recycled water system for Stage 1
In order to ensure there is adequate recycled water supply during system maintenance and
repair (equivalent to 8 hours of recycled water storage), a total system storage tank of 410 m3 is
estimated. Due to the volume of wastewater available, reductions in this storage tank will not
significantly reduce the expected water savings from the scheme.
It was agreed at the workshop that the recycled water system be configured to overflow to sewer.
However, if treated to appropriate standards to ensure that environmental systems were not
adversely effected, there exists an opportunity to utilise overflow from the recycled water tank
(in addition to rainwater and stormwater) for groundwater recharge. Overflow from the
recycled water system is approximately 300 ML per year.
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Transport
Located 10km from the Perth CBD and immediately adjacent to the Stirling Railway Station, the
Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a significant opportunity to become a low car-use precinct.
Due to the location, public transport access, land use mix, urban form and low parking rates
associated with Stirling City Centre (Stage 1), private vehicle use and associated greenhouse gas
emissions are expected to be 52% lower than the Perth Metropolitan average at
approximately 10 km per person per day.
While car share is not currently active in the Perth Metropolitan area, it is estimated that car
share has a potential take-up rate of 9% for residents in the Stirling City Centre.
Alongside land use mix, density and access to public transport, parking rates and the location of
parking spaces (within or separated from the residential buildings) will determine the potential
for car share as an alternative transport option. While not significantly reducing car use, car
share has the potential to improve household affordability (see Affordability section).
The transport parameters adopted for the Business as Usual and Model scenarios are listed in
Table 6 and the modelled results are provided in Figure 6.
KEY TRANSPORT VARIABLES
Variable Business as Usual Model
Distance to Regional Centre 0 km 0 km
Land Use Mix (0-1 rating) 0.8 0.8
Local Employment (within 5km) Approximately 50,000 jobs Approximately 50,000 jobs
Car Ownership 2 car space per dwelling 1 car space per dwelling
Public transport access Nearest major transport node: 500m
Weekday peak frequency: 5 mins
Mode: train
Nearest major transport node: 500m
Weekday peak frequency: 5 mins
Mode: train
Car share None Available (est. 9% take-up rate)
Table 6: Transport parameters used to calculate the car use of Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) residents
REDUCTIONS IN CAR USE
▲19%
▼52%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Perth Metropolitan Average
Business as Usual Model
VK
T/P
ers
on
/Day
Figure 6: Estimated Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) per person per day for the Business as Usual and Model scenarios compared to the Perth Metropolitan Average
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Operational Affordability
The green infrastructure preferred scenario outlined in this report achieves a 34% reduction
in energy, water and transport household operational costs against the Perth
Metropolitan average.
The affordability implications of the sustainability measures are reflected in the indicative
household operating costs from energy, water and transport. Household expenditure includes
electricity, gas, thermal, mains water and recycled water costs (excluding sewerage charges).
Fixed costs such as service usage and meter costs were excluded as these do not tend to differ
from the Business as Usual scenario. The costs of vehicle ownership and use (including
financing, registration, maintenance and fuel) were also included in the analysis.
The average Australian household spends approximately 18% of total household expenditure on
energy, water and transport costs. At 16% of total yearly household expenditure, transport costs
are the third highest costs behind housing (18%) and food (17%)1.
When compared to the Perth Metropolitan average, the preferred green infrastructure plan
achieved reductions in household operating costs of 43% in energy and 15% in
water.
While the development’s land use mix and proximity to public transport have both influenced
household expenditure on transport, the greatest reduction in this area has come from lowering
the average rate of vehicle ownership. Through limited parking space availability and the
implementation of on street parking controls, the Stirling City Centre can achieve household
transport savings of 35%. Due to the magnitude of transport expenditure relative to other
household costs, this saving is largely responsible for the overall increase in household
affordability.
HOUSEHOLD COSTS
▲25%
▼34%
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
Metro Average Business as Usual Model
$/d
we
llin
g/yr
Transport variable costs
Transport fixed costs
Water variable costs
Energy variable costs
Water fixed costs
Energy fixed costs
Figure 7: Estimated transport, energy and water costs for residents at Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) compared to the Perth Metropolitan Average
1 ABS Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results, 2009-10
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Marginal capital costs
The net capital costs for the sustainability features modelled in this report are estimated to be
approximately $61 million or $90 per m2 of floor area.
The estimated marginal capital cost of $6.9 million for trigeneration includes the capital costs
over and above the cost of providing individual building and dwelling heating, cooling and hot
water systems. It accounts for the 6 MWe cogeneration primary plant, heat driven chiller,
thermal pipe network and connection costs (see Figure 8 and Table 7).
The 5.6 MWthermal (10,000 m2) solar thermal system recommended to supplement the
trigeneration system has a marginal capital cost of approximately $19 million. It should be
noted that while solar thermal was included to make best use of the roof space for solar energy
and supplement the trigeneration system, the significant marginal capital cost may preclude the
use of this technology in Stage 1.
The water recycling system specified for the Stirling City Centre is estimated to cost
approximately $6 million, equivalent to approximately $15/kL of treated wastewater. With a
range of wastewater treatment technologies available, the final figure will depend significantly
on the chosen system.
CAPITAL COST CONTRIBUTIONS
$0
$2,000,000
$4,000,000
$6,000,000
$8,000,000
$10,000,000
$12,000,000
$14,000,000
$16,000,000
$18,000,000
$20,000,000
Figure 8: Estimated marginal capital costs of proposed energy and water strategies in Stage 1
Technical specifications for each of the technology listed in Figure 8 are discussed in the Energy
and Water sections above. Details of the marginal capital costs are listed in Table 7.
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Proposed Strategy Marginal Capital $
Total Capital $
Residential NatHERS (7-star NatHERs dwellings) $3,000,000 -
Residential Energy Appliances (4-5 star appliances) $2,100,000 -
Residential Space Heating + Cooling (5-star systems) $3,200,000 -
Non-Residential Lighting (80-90 lumins/watt) $3,300,000 -
Non-Residential Building Fabric (U-value of 1.75 watts/m2 per degree) $14,000,000 -
Trigeneration (6 MWe, including plant + thermal pipe network)* $6,900,000 $8,700,000
Primary plant, heat driven chiller + ancillary systems**
$8,600,000
Thermal pipe network
$100,000
Solar PV (700 kW) $3,700,000
Solar Thermal (10,000 m2) $19,000,000
Residential Irrigation (drip irrigation) $8,800 -
Residential Water Fixtures (3-4 WELS tap fittings) $140,000 -
Residential Water Appliances (4-5 WELS appliances) $1,500,000 -
Non-Residential Water Efficiency (1.6 L/m2) $78,000 -
Recycled Water System (For irrigation, toilet + laundry) $4,100,000 $4,100,000
TOTAL MARGINAL CAPITAL COST $61,026,800
Table 7: Estimated costs of proposed energy and water strategies in Stage 1
* The marginal capital cost is lower than the total capital cost to reflect the cost savings from installing individual hot
water, heating and cooling systems
**The absorption chiller is sized to harness the additional thermal energy from the solar thermal for cooling
The modelled marginal capital costs for the sustainability features included in this analysis were
estimated based on Kinesis’s project experience and available data from published economic
assessments. The estimated costs accord with the size and scale of the energy and water
sustainability measures included in the analysis.
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Appendix 1: CCAP Precinct Report
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Appendix 2: Qualifications and Data Sources
This report and the information generated in the workshop on 14th February 2012 are provided
subject to some important assumptions and qualifications:
The results presented in this report are modelled estimates using mathematical calculations and are based solely on the activities conducted at the workshop and information provided by the Stirling Alliance. The data, information and scenarios presented in this report have not been separately confirmed or verified. Accordingly the results should be considered to be preliminary in nature and subject to such confirmation and verification.
Energy, water and greenhouse consumption estimates are based on local climate and utility data available to the consultant at the time of the report. These consumption demands are, where necessary, quantified in terms of primary energy and water consumptions using manufacturer’s data and scientific principles.
Embodied energy and greenhouse results are based on estimated quantities of materials used in the construction of buildings and infrastructure as determined by analysis of site plans and standard dwelling and infrastructure assemblies. Associated greenhouse gas emissions are sourced from an industry standard databases that incorporate local, national and international life-cycle emission estimates.
Transport results are based on a travel regression model that draws on the key land use, location and demographic variables to determine a best estimate for residential vehicle use. Associated greenhouse gas emissions are calculated using representative private and public vehicle emissions data from a range of sources.
Cost estimates provided in this report are indicative only based on Kinesis’s project experience and available data from published economic assessments.
The Kinesis software tool and results generated by it are not intended to be used as the sole or primary basis for making investment or financial decisions (including carbon credit trading decisions). Accordingly, the results set out in this report should not be relied on as the sole or primary source of information applicable to such decisions.
Key data sources referenced in this analysis include:
1. Bureau of Meteorology local rainfall, temperature and evaporation data for Perth CBD
(2010/11) 2. Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, 2010, Energy in Australia – 2010, ABARE,
Canberra
3. National Water Commission, 2011, National performance report 2009-2010: urban water
utilities, National Water Commission, Canberra
4. Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 2011, Road vehicle kilometres travelled:
estimations from state and territory fuel sales, Australian Government, Canberra
5. Australian Greenhouse Office (2010) National GHG Accounts Workbook, July
6. Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector, 1986 – 2020, Australian Government
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEHWA), 2008.
7. Energy Efficient Strategies (2009), Appliance Energy Consumption in Australia: Equations
for Appliance Star Ratings
8. Building Code of Australia (2007) Energy Efficiency Requirements in Commercial Buildings
9. Transport Data Centre (2006) The Development of a Sydney VKT Regression Model
10. ABS (2010) ‘Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results’, catalogue
number 65300DO001_200910, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
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11. SimaPro Life Cycle Analysis - Australian materials data sets where available.
12. Lawson, B (1996) Building Materials Energy and the Environment, Appendix B, Embodied
Energy Tables.
13. ABSA (2009) ‘ABSA energy efficiency workshops: lowering the cost of 6 star compliance’,
presentation for Building Australia's Future, Association of Building Sustainability
Assessors, Australia.
14. CSIRO (2009) ‘Intelligent grid: a value proposition for distributed energy in Australia’,
Report ET/IR 1152, CSIRO, Australia.
15. Delfin (2006) ‘News at Ropes Crossing’, issue 01 (August), available at
www.delfin.com.au/llweb/ropescrossing/main.nsf/images/pdf_rc_01_august2006_01.pdf
/$file/pdf_rc_01_august2006_01.pdf [accessed 1/11/2010].
16. RACQ (2009) ‘Private ownership costs’, available at
www.racq.com.au/motoring/cars/car_economy/vehicle_running_costs [accessed
5/5/2010].
17. Yarra Valley Water (2009) ‘Recycled water marks milestone at Aurora’, available at
www.yvw.com.au/Home/Aboutus/news/Recycledwaternews/Aurorarecycledwater/index.ht
m [accessed 1/11/2010].
18. Yarra Valley Water (2010) ‘Highlands recycled water project’, available at
www.yvw.com.au/Home/Waterandsewerage/recycledwater/Recycledwaterareas/Highlands
/index.htm [accessed 1/11/2010].