PROJECT

Stirling City Centre Stage 1

DOCUMENT CCAP Precinct Analysis

PREPARED FOR Bernie O’Leary

Environmental Project Manager

Stirling Alliance

Stephen Kovacs

Strategic Planning Officer

City Planning

Stirling Alliance

VERSION FINAL

AUTHOR Bruce Taper, Director

David Holden, Climate Strategist – Urban Planning

Lachlan Kranz, Sustainability Consultant

Rob Helstroom, Principal Scientist

Patrick Sells, Researcher

23rd April, 2012

2 |

Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 3

Summary of Scenarios for Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) .......................................................4

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5

CCAP Precinct Workshop ...........................................................................................................5

Precinct Details ....................................................................................................... 6

Green Infrastructure Analysis ................................................................................ 7

Energy .......................................................................................................................................8

Water .........................................................................................................................................12

Transport ..................................................................................................................................15

Operational Affordability .........................................................................................................16

Marginal capital costs ...............................................................................................................17

Appendix 1: CCAP Precinct Report ............................................................................ 18

Appendix 2: Qualifications and Data Sources ......................................................... 24

3 |

Executive Summary

Kinesis were engaged by the Stirling Alliance to quantify the sustainability performance and

proposed green infrastructure solutions for the Stirling City Centre Stage 1 development area.

Through interventions in demand management, fuel switching and supply side infrastructure,

compared to a business as usual development, the Stirling City Centre Stage 1 can

achieve:

47% reduction in energy related greenhouse gas emissions

73% reduction in grid electricity consumption

67% reduction in peak electricity demand

36% reduction in water consumption

31% reuse of wastewater

In addition, compared to an average resident in the Perth Metropolitan Area, a

resident living in the Stirling City Centre development area (Stage 1) is estimated to:

Emit 54% less greenhouse gas emissions

Consume 76% less potable water

Drive 52% less kilometres

Save 34% on energy, water and transport costs

These results are achieved at an estimated marginal capital cost of approximately $61 million

or $90 per m2.

Source: Stirling Alliance

4 |

Summary of Scenarios for Stirling City Centre (Stage 1)

Strategy Business as Usual Specification Preferred Scenario Specification

Building Thermal

Efficiency

Non-Residential - Building Code of Australia Section J compliant.

Non-Residential - 30% improvement in building fabric to achieve an

effective average U-value of 1.75 (watts/m2 per degree). Averaged across

the precinct’s building types, this is equivalent to approximately 250

MJ/m2 per year of heating and cooling demand.

Residential - 5-star NatHERs rating. Residential - 7-star NatHERs (approximately 52 MJ/m2/year of heating

and cooling demand).

Efficient Lighting Standard non-residential lighting (largely fluorescent lighting fixtures at

approximately 50-65 lumens per watt)

30% reduction in non-residential lighting electricity consumption through

T5 fluorescent and LED lighting fixtures (80-90 lumens per watt).

Appliance Efficiency

3-star energy refrigerator and 1.5-star energy clothes dryer 5-star energy refrigerator and clothes dryer

2-star energy clothes washer and 2.5-star energy dishwasher 5-star energy clothes washer and 4-star energy dishwasher

2-star WELS clothes washer and 2.5-star WELS dishwasher 4.5-star WELS clothes washer and 4-star WELS dishwasher

3-star WELS showerhead, toilet and tap-ware 3-star WELS showerhead, 4-star WELS toilet and 5-star WELS tapware

Trigeneration Not applicable 6 MWe centralised system supply residential hot water, and non-

residential heating, cooling and hot water

Solar thermal Not applicable 10,000 m2 of solar thermal to supplement the trigeneration system

Solar PV Not applicable 700 kW (approximately 5,000 m2 of panel area)

Efficient Irrigation Standard practice irrigation demand, equivalent to approximately

0.61 kL/m2 of irrigated area per year.

A 30% improvement in irrigation water demand, through drip irrigation or

equivalent, equating to approximately 0.42 kL/m2 of irrigated area/year.

Recycled Water Not applicable

Recycled water for toilet flushing, laundry and irrigation of open space and

playing fields (estimated storage tank of 410 m3, equivalent to 8 hours of

recycled water storage).

Car parking Average of 2 parking spaces per dwelling. Average of 1 parking space per dwelling.

Car share Not applicable Provision of car share for an expected take-up rate of 9% of residents.

Table 1: Summary of proposed strategies and green infrastructure specifications for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1)

5 |

Introduction

The Stirling Alliance engaged Kinesis to undertake detailed sustainability performance analysis

on the proposed Stirling City Centre in order to determine the preferred green infrastructure

scenario for the development area. This report outlines the modelled results of the Stirling City

Centre (Stage 1) development area.

The analysis was undertaken using Kinesis’s CCAP Precinct modelling tool. Originally built by

Kinesis for Landcom and now licensed by land development agencies around Australia, CCAP

Precinct is an award winning mathematical tool that models key environmental, economic and

social indicators for precinct-scale development projects.

The actions modelled in CCAP Precinct are based on the vision put forward by the Stirling City

Centre Green Infrastructure Study as well as the discussions between key stakeholders in the

workshop meeting. The two scenarios presented in the green infrastructure study are presented

as a preferred course of action that applies the most cost effective technologies to the Stirling

City Centre in a way that takes account of both the local constraints and opportunities.

This report is supported by:

Appendix 1 – CCAP Precinct Report is a record of the modelling which details the inputs,

technology selections and results of the reference and modelled scenario.

Appendix 2 – Qualification and Key Data Sources used within CCAP Precinct.

CCAP Precinct Workshop

Sustainability analysis of the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) was undertaken at a workshop

between Kinesis, energy and water utilities, and the Stirling Alliance partners on 14th February,

2012. Following this workshop, analysis was refined and a recommended set of sustainability

strategies was developed.

The modelled results contained in this report are compared to the following benchmarks:

Business As Usual (BAU): the performance of new development built to regulatory

compliance. This scenario was established in consultation with the participants at the CCAP

Precinct Workshop.

Metropolitan Average: average transport, energy and water consumption profiles of

existing residents in the Perth Metropolitan Area.

6 |

Precinct Details

Stage 1 includes 57.6 ha of the 328 ha identified under the District Structure Plan for Stirling

City Centre. The precinct details for the Stirling Centre Stage 1 were provided by the Stirling

Alliance on 7th February (Table 2).

The modelling undertaken using the CCAP Precinct tool assumes a 60% build out of Stage 1 and

did not include the IKEA site on the south side of the station.

STIRLING CITY CENTRE - STAGE 1

Stage 1 Development Area

Figure 1: Location of Stirling City Centre - Stage 1

PRECINCT DETAILS

Land Use Totals Floor Space

Total Precinct 57.6 ha 959,291 m2

Residential dwellings 1,764 dwellings 187,552 m2

Multi-unit

Mixed-Use 28 ha 771,739 m2

Office 85,903 m2

Retail 129,066 m2

Commercial

Community

Car Park

152,095 m2

4,675 m2

400,000 m2

Open Space 4.8 ha

Table 2: Precinct details - Stirling City Centre Stage 1

7 |

Green Infrastructure Analysis

The Stirling City Centre Green Infrastructure Study outlines the sustainable vision for the

Stirling City Centre and the role that green infrastructure might play in the precinct. Both

demand and supply-side considerations were explored in this proposal, with attention given to

the capacity of green infrastructure to:

Reduce the resource footprint of the development

Reduce the need for centralised services

Reduce the operational costs of these services

Maximise the return on public and private investment

Improve liveability for residents, and

Lower the overall CO2 emissions of the precinct.

The analysis undertaken in this report translates this vision into the specific infrastructure

appropriate for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) and models the potential reductions in

greenhouse gas emissions, water, transport use, and household costs that are achievable in the

Stirling City Centre development.

Stage 1 was analysed under a Business as Usual (or building code compliant) scenario before

green infrastructure systems and efficiency measures were explored. The key results of these

scenarios are outlined in Table 3 and discussed in detail below.

Key Metric Business as Usual

Preferred Scenario

% Reduction

Energy

Total CO2 - tCO2-e/year 89,000 47,000 47%

Electricity demand - MWh/year 84,000 23,000 73%

Peak electricity demand kW 23,700 7,800 67%

Gas demand - GJ/year 103,000 380,000 -269%

Residential CO2 - tCO2-e/year 9,600 4,400 54%

Residential peak electricity demand - kW/dwelling 2.5 1.2 52%

Non-Residential CO2 - tCO2-e/year 79,400 42,600 48%

Non-Residential peak electricity demand - kW 19,000 10,000 47%

Water

Total demand - ML/year 1,030 650 36%

Residential consumption - kL/dwelling/year 123 58 53%

Stormwater discharge - ML/year 330 330 0%

Sewer discharge - ML/year 970 450 54%

Transport

GHG emissions - tCO2-e/year 10,100 4,100 59%

Vehicle Kilometres Travelled - km/person/day 24.7 10 60%

Affordability

Energy, water and transport - $/household/year $21,500 $11,050 49%

Table 3: Key Results - Stirling City Centre Stage 1

8 |

Energy

Under a business as usual scenario, the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) is expected to consume

84,000 MWh of electricity, 103,000 GJ of gas and emit 89,000 tonnes of CO2-e per year –

equivalent to approximately 93 kg CO2-e/m2 of floor space.

In order to assess the application of the strategies outlined in the Stirling City Centre Green

Infrastructure Study, reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were

explored through the following strategies:

The incorporation of thermal efficiency measures in residential and non-residential

buildings

The inclusion of energy efficient appliances and lighting

Installation of a 6 MWe cogeneration plant for district hot water supply and non-residential

heating and cooling – augmented by approximately 5.6 MWthermal of solar thermal capacity,

and

Installation of a 700 kW solar PV array

Compared to the Business as Usual development scenario, these strategies are estimated to

achieve:

47% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

67% reduction peak energy demand

2.3% local renewable energy generation

The details and results of these strategies are outlined in Table 4, while the individual and

cumulative impact of each technology is shown in Figure 2.

ENERGY STRATEGIES

Strategy Business as Usual Green Infrastructure Model

Demand side strategies:

Thermal performance

Lighting Efficiency

Appliance Efficiency

BCA compliant (Section J)

NatHERS 5-star thermal comfort

Standard lighting

Standard practice appliances

Efficienct non-residential thermal

performance (30% improvement)

NatHERS 7-star thermal comfort

Efficient lighting

Best practice energy appliances

Supply side strategies:

Renewable or low carbon

energy

Standard electricity supply for heating

and cooling

Gas supply for hot water

6 MWe of trigeneration

Supplying hot water for residential

dwellings

Supplying hot water, heating and

cooling for non-residential

buildings

10,000 m2 of solar thermal boost

for trigeneration system

700 kW Solar PV

Table 4: Comparison of energy measures between the Business as Usual and Model scenarios

9 |

EMISSION REDUCTION WATERFALL CHART – STAGE 1

▼9%

▼1% ▼14%

▼1% ▼11%

▼1% ▼1% ▼8%

0% ▼47%

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000to

nn

es

CO

2-e

/yea

r

Figure 2: The individual and cumulative impact of each emission reduction strategy for Stage 1

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency strategies proposed in the development have been achieved through both

improved thermal design and the incorporation of energy efficient fixtures and appliances.

Specifically, these strategies include:

A 30% improvement in non-residential building fabric to achieve an average U-value of 1.75

(watts/m2 per degree) or approximately 250 MJ/m2 /year of heating and cooling demand.

A 30% reduction in non-residential lighting electricity consumption through the provision

of T5 fluorescent and LED lighting fixtures (80-90 lumens per watt).

Residential building thermal efficiency from 5-star to 7-star NatHERs (approximately 52

MJ/m2/year of heating and cooling demand).

Installation of the following energy efficient appliances in each residential dwelling:

5-star energy refrigerator

5-star energy clothes dryer

5-star energy clothes washer

4-star energy dishwasher

Renewable Energy

The high density urban form (8 to 12 storeys) of the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a small

amount of roof space relative to energy demand. As such, traditional roof top Solar PV is limited

in its ability to meet electricity demand and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the site.

CCAP Precinct calculates the expected roof space of the site to be approximately 300,000 m2.

Conservatively assuming approximately 25% of this roof space is available for renewable energy

installations (removing space required for building services and areas that are unavailable due

10 |

to overshadowing) approximately 10 MW of solar PV could be implemented, generating 19,000

MWh of electricity per year and reducing precinct greenhouse gas emissions by 20%.

For the Preferred Scenario, 700 kW of solar PV was proposed so as to minimise exported

electricity when coupled with trigeneration (see District Thermal below). An installation of this

size generates approximately 1,300 MWh per year, reducing greenhouse gas emissions across

the precinct by 1.4%.

Wind was also explored in response to the wind-pod technology noted in the Stirling City

Centre Green Infrastructure Study. Assuming an equivalent size of wind pods are installed

(700 kW) and based on a roof top wind speed of 3 metres per second, these systems are

expected to produce approximately 280 MWh per year, significantly less electricity than solar

PV. These urban turbines are inefficient due to their lower height (roof top level) and small

swept area. In addition, wind-pods are estimated to cost approximately $7,000 per kW

installed, compared to $5,500 per kW installed for solar PV. As a result, wind was not modelled

as part of the Preferred Scenario for Stage 1.

District Thermal (Trigeneration, Solar Thermal and Geothermal)

The Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a peak thermal (heat) demand of 100,000 MJ per hour or

approximately 28 MWthermal. This thermal demand can be met through trigeneration, solar

thermal or geothermal. A combination of these technologies were explored for Stage 1.

Trigeneration was explored to meet a component of the thermal demand of Stage 1. A 6 MWe

trigeneration plant was sized based on the electrical load of the connected residential and non-

residential floor space (see Figure 3). This means that the plant is designed to meet the

electrical, rather than thermal load. This sizing strategy was adopted to ensure no net annual

electrical energy was exported outside the study area and that, in effect, the trigenerated

electricity was consumed within the precinct where it can be sold at economic peak and shoulder

rates.

The high and inconsistent peak thermal load of residential space conditioning means that to size

the trigeneration plant to meet these loads would require an additional 1 MW of trigeneration

plant for only marginal additional greenhouse gas emission savings (less than 1% across the

entire precinct). As a result, this solution was not proposed for the Stirling City Centre.

Residential cooling demand could be addressed through the provision of thermal storage as a

means of preserving unused high grade heat during times of low total load to meet the

residential space cooling loads during peak times. Provision of a thermal storage facility would

be contingent on the economic value of the generated off-peak electricity. Thermal storage was

not modelled as part of the trigeneration system proposed for the Stirling City Centre.

Solar thermal was explored to provide boost heat energy to the trigeneration system (see

Figure 3). A solar thermal system of approximately 10,000 m2 of roof space (equivalent to 3.2%

of the total precinct roof space) would save an additional 1,700 tonnes of greenhouse gas

emissions each year, or a 2% reduction compared to the Business as Usual case.

11 |

TRIGENERATION + SOLAR THERMAL

Figure 3: Energy inputs and outputs of a trigeneration system

Geothermal was also explored as a substitute for the heat generated by the trigeneration plant.

This is equivalent to approximately 3 MWheat from a geothermal bore with temperatures

sufficient to drive an absorption chiller (approximately 90-95 degrees).

Substituting trigeneration with geothermal energy removes the low carbon electricity generated

by the trigeneration plant. This additional electricity demand can be met through increased

solar PV generation. However, an additional 7 MW of solar PV will be required to achieve an

equivalent greenhouse gas emission reduction from the trigeneration plant configuration

outlined above.

A combination of the above renewable and low carbon technologies should be explored further

once the potential (bore size, depth and temperatures available) for geothermal is established.

In addition, the technologies proposed for Stage 1 were sized to ensure no net annual electrical

energy was exported outside the study area. Investigation of exporting electricity to the broader

Stirling City Centre and beyond should be discussed alongside electricity network

considerations.

12 |

Water

Under a business as usual scenario, the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) is expected to consume

approximately 1,030 ML of water each year.

Reductions in water consumption were explored through appliance and fixture efficiency and

the use of recycled water for irrigation, toilet flushing and laundry.

Compared to the Business as Usual development scenario, these strategies are estimated to

achieve a 36% reduction in total water consumption by limiting mains water usage to

approximately 650 ML each year. The details and results of these strategies are outlined in

Table 5 and Figure 4 and are discussed below.

WATER STRATEGIES

Strategy Business as Usual Model

Demand side strategies:

Fixture + irrigation efficiency Standard irrigation

Standard practice fixture efficiency

and standard practice appliance s

Efficient irrigation (30% efficiency

improvement through drip irrigation

or equivalent)

Best practice fixture efficiency and

appliances

Supply side strategies:

Alternative water supply Not available Recycled water for toilet flushing,

laundry and irrigation of open space

and playing fields

Table 5: Water measures between the Business as Usual and Model scenarios

WATER REDUCTION WATERFALL CHART – STAGE 1

▼3% ▼24%

▲9% 0% ▼19%

0% ▼36%

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

kL/y

r

Figure 4: The individual and cumulative impact of each water reduction strategy for Stage 1

13 |

It should be noted that trigeneration consumes high levels of water associated with heat

rejection and cooling. The proposed 6 MWe trigeneration system is estimated to consume

approximately 150,000 kL of water per year, equivalent to a 9% increase in water consumption

(Figure 4). If treated to the appropriate level, there is potential for the Stirling City Centre

(Stage 1) to use recycled water for the purposes of heat rejection in its trigeneration system.

Such a configuration could reduce mains water consumption by a further 150 ML annually,

resulting in a total reduction of 51% in potable water use across the precinct (see

Recycled Water).

The energy implications of the recycled water plant are also calculated as part of the precinct.

The recycled water plant is estimated to consume 1,400 MWh of electricity for water treatment

and pumping.

Water Efficiency

Water efficiency strategies proposed in the development have been achieved through the

incorporation of water efficient irrigation, fixtures and fittings. Specifically, these strategies

include:

A 30% improvement in irrigation water demand, equivalent to approximately 0.18 kL/m2 of

irrigated area per year.

Installation of the following water efficient appliances in each residential dwelling:

4-star WELS toilet

3-star WELS showerhead

5-star WELS tapware

4-star WELS dishwasher

4.5-star WELS clothes washer

Rainwater and Stormwater

Roof, road and infrastructure surfaces can be drawn on for rainwater and stormwater

harvesting, both at the individual building as well as at the community scale. Similar to

renewable energy, however, the high density urban form (8 to 12 storeys) of the Stirling City

Centre (Stage 1) has a small amount of roof space (relative to water demand) available for water

capture and reuse.

In addition, a key objective highlighted by stakeholders at the CCAP Precinct Workshop was the

use of rainwater and stormwater to recharge groundwater - rather than use this water for non-

potable purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and residential laundry. In addition,

recycling grey and black water from the precinct provides more water than can be used for these

non-potable uses (see Recycled Water below). As such, rainwater and stormwater was

configured for groundwater recharge.

Recycled Water

Recycled water, as proposed for the Stirling City Centre (Stage 1), draws on all on-site

wastewater from both residential and non-residential buildings for treatment and use in

irrigation, toilet flushing and residential laundry.

14 |

Figure 5 highlights the hourly performance of the recycled water system over a year. Due to the

consistent supply and volume of wastewater available for use in the precinct, recycled water will

provide more water than can be used for these non-potable uses – shown in the amount of spill

from the recycled water system (light blue).

RECYCLED WATER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

Jan

Feb

Ap

r

May Ju

l

Sep

Oct

De

c

Sto

red

Wat

er V

olu

me

-L

stored water volume makeup spill

Figure 5: The water inflows and outflows of the proposed recycled water system for Stage 1

In order to ensure there is adequate recycled water supply during system maintenance and

repair (equivalent to 8 hours of recycled water storage), a total system storage tank of 410 m3 is

estimated. Due to the volume of wastewater available, reductions in this storage tank will not

significantly reduce the expected water savings from the scheme.

It was agreed at the workshop that the recycled water system be configured to overflow to sewer.

However, if treated to appropriate standards to ensure that environmental systems were not

adversely effected, there exists an opportunity to utilise overflow from the recycled water tank

(in addition to rainwater and stormwater) for groundwater recharge. Overflow from the

recycled water system is approximately 300 ML per year.

15 |

Transport

Located 10km from the Perth CBD and immediately adjacent to the Stirling Railway Station, the

Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) has a significant opportunity to become a low car-use precinct.

Due to the location, public transport access, land use mix, urban form and low parking rates

associated with Stirling City Centre (Stage 1), private vehicle use and associated greenhouse gas

emissions are expected to be 52% lower than the Perth Metropolitan average at

approximately 10 km per person per day.

While car share is not currently active in the Perth Metropolitan area, it is estimated that car

share has a potential take-up rate of 9% for residents in the Stirling City Centre.

Alongside land use mix, density and access to public transport, parking rates and the location of

parking spaces (within or separated from the residential buildings) will determine the potential

for car share as an alternative transport option. While not significantly reducing car use, car

share has the potential to improve household affordability (see Affordability section).

The transport parameters adopted for the Business as Usual and Model scenarios are listed in

Table 6 and the modelled results are provided in Figure 6.

KEY TRANSPORT VARIABLES

Variable Business as Usual Model

Distance to Regional Centre 0 km 0 km

Land Use Mix (0-1 rating) 0.8 0.8

Local Employment (within 5km) Approximately 50,000 jobs Approximately 50,000 jobs

Car Ownership 2 car space per dwelling 1 car space per dwelling

Public transport access Nearest major transport node: 500m

Weekday peak frequency: 5 mins

Mode: train

Nearest major transport node: 500m

Weekday peak frequency: 5 mins

Mode: train

Car share None Available (est. 9% take-up rate)

Table 6: Transport parameters used to calculate the car use of Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) residents

REDUCTIONS IN CAR USE

▲19%

▼52%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Perth Metropolitan Average

Business as Usual Model

VK

T/P

ers

on

/Day

Figure 6: Estimated Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) per person per day for the Business as Usual and Model scenarios compared to the Perth Metropolitan Average

16 |

Operational Affordability

The green infrastructure preferred scenario outlined in this report achieves a 34% reduction

in energy, water and transport household operational costs against the Perth

Metropolitan average.

The affordability implications of the sustainability measures are reflected in the indicative

household operating costs from energy, water and transport. Household expenditure includes

electricity, gas, thermal, mains water and recycled water costs (excluding sewerage charges).

Fixed costs such as service usage and meter costs were excluded as these do not tend to differ

from the Business as Usual scenario. The costs of vehicle ownership and use (including

financing, registration, maintenance and fuel) were also included in the analysis.

The average Australian household spends approximately 18% of total household expenditure on

energy, water and transport costs. At 16% of total yearly household expenditure, transport costs

are the third highest costs behind housing (18%) and food (17%)1.

When compared to the Perth Metropolitan average, the preferred green infrastructure plan

achieved reductions in household operating costs of 43% in energy and 15% in

water.

While the development’s land use mix and proximity to public transport have both influenced

household expenditure on transport, the greatest reduction in this area has come from lowering

the average rate of vehicle ownership. Through limited parking space availability and the

implementation of on street parking controls, the Stirling City Centre can achieve household

transport savings of 35%. Due to the magnitude of transport expenditure relative to other

household costs, this saving is largely responsible for the overall increase in household

affordability.

HOUSEHOLD COSTS

▲25%

▼34%

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

Metro Average Business as Usual Model

$/d

we

llin

g/yr

Transport variable costs

Transport fixed costs

Water variable costs

Energy variable costs

Water fixed costs

Energy fixed costs

Figure 7: Estimated transport, energy and water costs for residents at Stirling City Centre (Stage 1) compared to the Perth Metropolitan Average

1 ABS Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results, 2009-10

17 |

Marginal capital costs

The net capital costs for the sustainability features modelled in this report are estimated to be

approximately $61 million or $90 per m2 of floor area.

The estimated marginal capital cost of $6.9 million for trigeneration includes the capital costs

over and above the cost of providing individual building and dwelling heating, cooling and hot

water systems. It accounts for the 6 MWe cogeneration primary plant, heat driven chiller,

thermal pipe network and connection costs (see Figure 8 and Table 7).

The 5.6 MWthermal (10,000 m2) solar thermal system recommended to supplement the

trigeneration system has a marginal capital cost of approximately $19 million. It should be

noted that while solar thermal was included to make best use of the roof space for solar energy

and supplement the trigeneration system, the significant marginal capital cost may preclude the

use of this technology in Stage 1.

The water recycling system specified for the Stirling City Centre is estimated to cost

approximately $6 million, equivalent to approximately $15/kL of treated wastewater. With a

range of wastewater treatment technologies available, the final figure will depend significantly

on the chosen system.

CAPITAL COST CONTRIBUTIONS

$0

$2,000,000

$4,000,000

$6,000,000

$8,000,000

$10,000,000

$12,000,000

$14,000,000

$16,000,000

$18,000,000

$20,000,000

Figure 8: Estimated marginal capital costs of proposed energy and water strategies in Stage 1

Technical specifications for each of the technology listed in Figure 8 are discussed in the Energy

and Water sections above. Details of the marginal capital costs are listed in Table 7.

18 |

Proposed Strategy Marginal Capital $

Total Capital $

Residential NatHERS (7-star NatHERs dwellings) $3,000,000 -

Residential Energy Appliances (4-5 star appliances) $2,100,000 -

Residential Space Heating + Cooling (5-star systems) $3,200,000 -

Non-Residential Lighting (80-90 lumins/watt) $3,300,000 -

Non-Residential Building Fabric (U-value of 1.75 watts/m2 per degree) $14,000,000 -

Trigeneration (6 MWe, including plant + thermal pipe network)* $6,900,000 $8,700,000

Primary plant, heat driven chiller + ancillary systems**

$8,600,000

Thermal pipe network

$100,000

Solar PV (700 kW) $3,700,000

Solar Thermal (10,000 m2) $19,000,000

Residential Irrigation (drip irrigation) $8,800 -

Residential Water Fixtures (3-4 WELS tap fittings) $140,000 -

Residential Water Appliances (4-5 WELS appliances) $1,500,000 -

Non-Residential Water Efficiency (1.6 L/m2) $78,000 -

Recycled Water System (For irrigation, toilet + laundry) $4,100,000 $4,100,000

TOTAL MARGINAL CAPITAL COST $61,026,800

Table 7: Estimated costs of proposed energy and water strategies in Stage 1

* The marginal capital cost is lower than the total capital cost to reflect the cost savings from installing individual hot

water, heating and cooling systems

**The absorption chiller is sized to harness the additional thermal energy from the solar thermal for cooling

The modelled marginal capital costs for the sustainability features included in this analysis were

estimated based on Kinesis’s project experience and available data from published economic

assessments. The estimated costs accord with the size and scale of the energy and water

sustainability measures included in the analysis.

19 |

Appendix 1: CCAP Precinct Report

20 |

21 |

22 |

23 |

24 |

Appendix 2: Qualifications and Data Sources

This report and the information generated in the workshop on 14th February 2012 are provided

subject to some important assumptions and qualifications:

The results presented in this report are modelled estimates using mathematical calculations and are based solely on the activities conducted at the workshop and information provided by the Stirling Alliance. The data, information and scenarios presented in this report have not been separately confirmed or verified. Accordingly the results should be considered to be preliminary in nature and subject to such confirmation and verification.

Energy, water and greenhouse consumption estimates are based on local climate and utility data available to the consultant at the time of the report. These consumption demands are, where necessary, quantified in terms of primary energy and water consumptions using manufacturer’s data and scientific principles.

Embodied energy and greenhouse results are based on estimated quantities of materials used in the construction of buildings and infrastructure as determined by analysis of site plans and standard dwelling and infrastructure assemblies. Associated greenhouse gas emissions are sourced from an industry standard databases that incorporate local, national and international life-cycle emission estimates.

Transport results are based on a travel regression model that draws on the key land use, location and demographic variables to determine a best estimate for residential vehicle use. Associated greenhouse gas emissions are calculated using representative private and public vehicle emissions data from a range of sources.

Cost estimates provided in this report are indicative only based on Kinesis’s project experience and available data from published economic assessments.

The Kinesis software tool and results generated by it are not intended to be used as the sole or primary basis for making investment or financial decisions (including carbon credit trading decisions). Accordingly, the results set out in this report should not be relied on as the sole or primary source of information applicable to such decisions.

Key data sources referenced in this analysis include:

1. Bureau of Meteorology local rainfall, temperature and evaporation data for Perth CBD

(2010/11) 2. Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, 2010, Energy in Australia – 2010, ABARE,

Canberra

3. National Water Commission, 2011, National performance report 2009-2010: urban water

utilities, National Water Commission, Canberra

4. Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 2011, Road vehicle kilometres travelled:

estimations from state and territory fuel sales, Australian Government, Canberra

5. Australian Greenhouse Office (2010) National GHG Accounts Workbook, July

6. Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector, 1986 – 2020, Australian Government

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEHWA), 2008.

7. Energy Efficient Strategies (2009), Appliance Energy Consumption in Australia: Equations

for Appliance Star Ratings

8. Building Code of Australia (2007) Energy Efficiency Requirements in Commercial Buildings

9. Transport Data Centre (2006) The Development of a Sydney VKT Regression Model

10. ABS (2010) ‘Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results’, catalogue

number 65300DO001_200910, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

25 |

11. SimaPro Life Cycle Analysis - Australian materials data sets where available.

12. Lawson, B (1996) Building Materials Energy and the Environment, Appendix B, Embodied

Energy Tables.

13. ABSA (2009) ‘ABSA energy efficiency workshops: lowering the cost of 6 star compliance’,

presentation for Building Australia's Future, Association of Building Sustainability

Assessors, Australia.

14. CSIRO (2009) ‘Intelligent grid: a value proposition for distributed energy in Australia’,

Report ET/IR 1152, CSIRO, Australia.

15. Delfin (2006) ‘News at Ropes Crossing’, issue 01 (August), available at

www.delfin.com.au/llweb/ropescrossing/main.nsf/images/pdf_rc_01_august2006_01.pdf

/$file/pdf_rc_01_august2006_01.pdf [accessed 1/11/2010].

16. RACQ (2009) ‘Private ownership costs’, available at

www.racq.com.au/motoring/cars/car_economy/vehicle_running_costs [accessed

5/5/2010].

17. Yarra Valley Water (2009) ‘Recycled water marks milestone at Aurora’, available at

www.yvw.com.au/Home/Aboutus/news/Recycledwaternews/Aurorarecycledwater/index.ht

m [accessed 1/11/2010].

18. Yarra Valley Water (2010) ‘Highlands recycled water project’, available at

www.yvw.com.au/Home/Waterandsewerage/recycledwater/Recycledwaterareas/Highlands

/index.htm [accessed 1/11/2010].