SingleSingle-- or Twinor Twin--Row Crops?Row Crops?

Kelly NelsonKelly NelsonUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri

Greenley Research Center, NoveltyGreenley Research Center, Novelty

Physiological benefits of twinPhysiological benefits of twin--rowsrowsExperiences with twinExperiences with twin--row crops in MOrow crops in MO

•• Northeast MO Northeast MO –– drylanddryland•• CornCorn•• SoybeanSoybean•• GlyphosateGlyphosate application timings application timings

•• Southeast MO Southeast MO –– irrigated (irrigated (HenggelerHenggeler))•• CornCorn•• Soybean Soybean

Summary and RecommendationsSummary and Recommendations

7.5 in.7.5 in. 22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.

30 in.30 in.

What are the benefits of twinWhat are the benefits of twin--rows?rows?

Twin-row benefits• Plant with the same planter

Twin-row benefits

• No new harvest equipment required

87.3

41.9

27.3

71.5

88.6 87.3

41.9

27.3

71.5

88.6 87.3

53.9

27.8 25.1

59.3

77.2

53.9

27.8 25.1

59.3

77.2

53.9

19.1 17.6

40.6

69.7

29.2

19.1 17.6

40.6

69.7

29.2

19.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 15 0 60 45 30 15 0 60 45 30

Distance from south row (inches)

Rad

iatio

n pe

netr

atio

n (P

AR

%)

2 meter 1 meter 0 meterEast-west rows, 2004

Twin-row benefits• Increased light (PAR) interception

38 35.9

66.5

38 35.9

66.5

38

23.1

12.819.4

23.1

12.819.4

23.1

9.3 10.4

18.9

9.3 10.4

18.9

9.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

15" 0" 30" 15" 0" 30" 15"

Distance from the south row (inches)

Rad

iatio

n pe

netr

atio

n

2 meter 1 meter 0 meterEast-west rows, 2004

Twin-row benefits• Increased light (PAR) interception

Twin-row benefits• Wider in-row plant spacing

In-row spacing at 28,000 plants/acre

15 in.

10.6 in.

15 in.

7.5 in.

7.5 in.

15 in.

15 in.

15 in.Twin-rowparallel

30 in. Twin-rowalternating

Twin-row benefits• Increased seeding rates• Improved weed control• Lower grain moisture at harvest• Reduced incidence of disease• Increased grain yield• New technology

TwinTwin--row Peanut Productionrow Peanut ProductionTwo, 7 in. rows on 36 in. centersTwo, 7 in. rows on 36 in. centers

•• Increased light interceptionIncreased light interception•• Increased pod yieldIncreased pod yield•• Improved market gradeImproved market grade•• Reduced incidence of diseaseReduced incidence of disease((JaaffarJaaffar and Gardner, 1988; Jordan et al., 2002; Lanier et al., 2004)and Gardner, 1988; Jordan et al., 2002; Lanier et al., 2004)

www.soilcrop.tamu.eduwww.soilcrop.tamu.edu

Twin-row benefits• Plant with the same planter• No new harvest equipment required• Increased light interception• Wider in-row plant spacing• Increased seeding rates• Improved weed control• Lower grain moisture at harvest• Reduced incidence of disease• Increased grain yield

Physiological benefits of twinPhysiological benefits of twin--rowsrows

Experiences with twinExperiences with twin--row crops in MOrow crops in MO

•• Northern MO Northern MO –– drylanddryland

•• Southern MO Southern MO –– irrigated irrigated

Summary and RecommendationsSummary and Recommendations

Source: http://umcspace.missouri.edu/columbia/home.cfm3636OONN

4040OONN

30 in PSS30 in PSS

30 in JD30 in JD

Conventional and NoConventional and No--till Corn till Corn Row Spacing and DensityRow Spacing and Density

Twin PSSTwin PSS

15 in PSS15 in PSS

22.5 in PSS22.5 in PSS

Corn Row Spacing IPAR in Corn Row Spacing IPAR in 20012001--2003 (Conventional tillage)2003 (Conventional tillage)

80

85

90

95

2001 2002 2003

IPA

R (%

)

15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD

LSD(p<0.1)=5

NS

NS

Pioneer 34B24, No interaction between RS and Plant Density. Data were averaged over 25, 30, 35, and 40K plants/acre.

Corn Grain Yield in 2001Corn Grain Yield in 2001--20032003(Conventional tillage) (Conventional tillage)

30405060708090

100110120130140150160170

2001 2002 2003

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD

LSD(p<0.1)= 5

LSD(p<0.1)= 8

LSD(p<0.1)= 24

Pioneer 34B24, No interaction between RS and Plant Density Data were averaged over 25, 30, 35, and 40K plants/acre.

Corn Row Spacing IPAR and Grain Corn Row Spacing IPAR and Grain Yield (NoYield (No--till) in 2001 and 2002till) in 2001 and 2002

80859095

100105110115120125

IPA

R (%

)

15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD

LSD(p<0.1)= 10

LSD(p<0.1)= 5

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

Garst 8342IT, No interaction between RS and Plant Density Data were averaged over 25 and 30K plants/acre.

NoNo--till Corn Emergence in 2001till Corn Emergence in 2001

PSSPSS JD planterJD planter2-4 inches taller 4

weeks after planting

TwinTwin--row Corn Plant Density row Corn Plant Density and Arrangementand Arrangement

TwinTwin--row Corn Plant row Corn Plant Arrangement (25,000 Arrangement (25,000

plants/acre)plants/acre)

16.4 in.

7.5 in.

22.5 in.

11.1 in.

16.4 in.

23.9 in.

Twin-row parallelplant arrangement

Twin-row alternating

plant arrangement

TwinTwin--row Corn Plant row Corn Plant Arrangement in 2001 and 2002Arrangement in 2001 and 2002

70

75

80

85

90

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

Twin-row parallel Twin-row alternating 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD

LSD(p<0.01)= NS

Burrus 671RR, No interaction between RS and plant density. Data were averaged over 25 and 35K plants/acre.

TwinTwin-- and 30 in. Wideand 30 in. Wide--row row Production in Large Contour Production in Large Contour

Plots in 2001 and 2002Plots in 2001 and 2002

30 in. JD30 in. JD

30 in. PSS30 in. PSS

Twin PSSTwin PSS

Rep #2Rep #215 x 1500 ft 15 x 1500 ft

•• 5 MPH @5 MPH @30,000 s/a30,000 s/a

•• BurrusBurrus BX65BX65•• WheatWheat--cloverclover

•• GarstGarst 8464IT8464IT•• Soybean Soybean

•• 2.5 MPH2.5 MPH

IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield in 2001in 2001

102030405060708090

100110

IPAR (%) Plantdensity *

1000(No./a)

Yield(bu/a)

IPAR (%) Plantdensity *

1000(No./a)

Yield(bu/a)

Twin-row PSS 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD

LSD = 9LSD = 9

NSNS

GarstGarst 8464IT8464IT

LSD = 15LSD = 15

LSD = 1.6LSD = 1.6

LSD = 11LSD = 11

**

LSD = 8LSD = 8

BurrusBurrus BX65BX65

IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield in 2002in 2002

Cooperator Research in 2001 Cooperator Research in 2001 and 2002and 2002

Palmyra 2001Palmyra 2001 YieldYield Knox City 2002Knox City 2002 YieldYield((bubu/a)/a) ((bubu/a)/a)

30 in. 30 in. KinzieKinzie 170170 30 in. JD175030 in. JD1750 148148TwinTwin--row PSSrow PSS 159159 TwinTwin--row PSSrow PSS 140140LSD (p=0.1)LSD (p=0.1) 1010 NSNS

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--row Soybean row Soybean in 2001 and 2002in 2001 and 2002

TwinTwin 7.5 in.7.5 in.

15 in.15 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.

80

85

90

95

IPA

R (%

)

7.5 in. 15 in. 22.5 in. Twin

42

43

44

45

46

Yiel

d (b

u/a)

7.5 in. 15 in. 22.5 in. Twin

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--row Soybean row Soybean in 2001 and 2002in 2001 and 2002

LSD = 3LSD = 3LSD = 7LSD = 7

Pioneer 93B01

GlyphosateGlyphosate Application Timings Application Timings in Twinin Twin-- and Singleand Single--Row Corn Row Corn and Soybean in 2002 and 2003and Soybean in 2002 and 2003

WilcrossWilcross 3149 @ 29,000 s/a3149 @ 29,000 s/a

AsgrowAsgrow 3701 @ 180,000 s/a3701 @ 180,000 s/a

Weed-free Corn Intercepted PAR in 2002 & 2003

6065707580859095

100

9 WAP 10 WAP 11 WAP 12 WAP

Ligh

t int

erce

ptio

n (%

)

Twin-row corn 30" corn

NS

NS

NS NS

Weed-free Soybean Intercepted PAR in 2002 & 2003

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

10 WAP 11 WAP 12 WAP

Ligh

t int

erce

ptio

n (%

)

Twin-row soybean 15" soybean 7.5" soybean

NS

NS

LSD(p<0.1) = 2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500To

tal w

eed

biom

ass

(g/m

2 )

Corn 2002 Corn 2003 Soybean2002

Soybean2003

Twin-row 15 in. 7.5 in. 30 in.

Total Weed Biomass in 2002 and 2003

NS

NS

NS

NS

Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.

Summary:Summary:1.1. Intercepted PAR was Intercepted PAR was

similar in twinsimilar in twin-- and 30 in. and 30 in. widewide--row corn 9 to 12 row corn 9 to 12 weeks after planting weeks after planting (WAP).(WAP).

2.2. 7.5 in. soybean 7.5 in. soybean intercepted 3% more PAR intercepted 3% more PAR than 15 in. soybean 12 than 15 in. soybean 12 WAP.WAP.

3.3. Total weed biomass was Total weed biomass was similar in twinsimilar in twin-- and 30 in. and 30 in. widewide--row corn, and similar row corn, and similar in twinin twin--, 15 in., and 7.5 in. , 15 in., and 7.5 in. soybean.soybean.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Yiel

d (b

u/a)

Corn 2002 Corn 2003

Twin-row 30 in.

Corn Grain Yield in 2002 and 2003

LSD (p<0.05) = 14NS

Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.

05

1015202530354045

Yiel

d (b

u/a)

Soybean 2002 Soybean 2003

Twin-row 15 in. 7.5 in.

Soybean Grain Yield in 2002 and 2003

LSD (p<0.1) = 4 LSD (p<0.1) = 3

Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.

Summary:Summary:1.1. Corn grain yield was Corn grain yield was

15 15 bubu/a greater in 30 /a greater in 30 in. widein. wide--rows than rows than twintwin--rows in 2002 rows in 2002 while grain yields were while grain yields were similar in 2003.similar in 2003.

2.2. Soybean grain yield Soybean grain yield was 3 to 7 was 3 to 7 bubu/a greater /a greater in 7.5 and 15 in. rows in 7.5 and 15 in. rows than twinthan twin--rows.rows.

•• 2 in. 2 in. glyphosateglyphosateapplication timingapplication timing

•• 7.5 and 15 in. 7.5 and 15 in. soybean were more soybean were more tolerant of late tolerant of late emerging weedsemerging weeds

7.5 in. 7.5 in.

TwinTwin--rowrow

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4040OONN

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Row Irrigated Corn in 2003Corn in 2003

Joe Henggeler, David Reinbott, John EngramIrrigation Specialist, Farm Management Specialist, and Scott Co. Farmer

MonosemMonosem and 900 Case IHand 900 Case IH

7.5 in.7.5 in. 30.5 in.30.5 in.30.5 in.30.5 in.

38 in.38 in.

Flood irrigatedFlood irrigated

y = -1E-07x2 + 0.0094x + 42.597R2 = 0.9568

195

200

205

210

215

220

225

24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 32,000 34,000 36,000 38,000 40,000

Plant Population

Yiel

d (b

ushe

ls/a

cre)

Tw in Single

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Corn in 2003Row Irrigated Corn in 2003

11 11 bubu/a/a

1 rep.

7.5 in.7.5 in. 22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.

30 in.30 in.

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Corn on Overhead Row Corn on Overhead Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003

Joe Joe HenggelerHenggeler

9.6 in.

12 in.

6 in.

30 in. Twin-rowalternating

34,850 plants/a34,850 plants/a

30 in. rows30 in. rows

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Corn on Row Irrigated Corn on Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)

210

215

220

225

230

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

Twin-row alternating 30 in. single-row

LSD(p<0. 1)= NS

DK 64-11RR

7.5 in.7.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.

30 in.30 in.

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Soybean on Overhead Row Soybean on Overhead Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003

Joe Joe HenggelerHenggeler

7.8 in.

4 in.

2 in.

30 in. Twin-rowalternating

104,500 plants/a104,500 plants/a

30 in. rows30 in. rows

TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Soybean on Row Irrigated Soybean on Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)

50

52

54

56

58

60

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

Twin-row alternating 30 in. single-row

LSD(p<0.1)= NS

Morsoy RT4480N

Summary: TwinSummary: Twin--Row Corn IPAR and Row Corn IPAR and Grain YieldGrain Yield

< = >IPAR (%)

Yield (bu/a)

Site/years (average)

Irrigated Yield (bu/a)30 in. planter 1 of 1 (-2)

30 in. planter 3 of 15 (20) 12 of 15 (-1) 0ECB harvest loss 2 contour sitesPlant density was greater at 1 site

30 in. PSS 3 of 15 (21) 12 of 15 (-3)ECB harvest loss 2 contour sitesWeed interference was greater 1 site

0

30 in. planter 4 of 9 (12) 5 of 9 (0)Plant density was greater at 2 sites

030 in. PSS 3 of 11 (9) 8 of 11 (0) 0

Summary: TwinSummary: Twin--Row Soybean IPAR Row Soybean IPAR and Grain Yieldand Grain Yield

< = >IPAR (%)

Yield (bu/a)

Site/years (average)

Irrigated Yield (bu/a)30 in. 1 of 1 (5)

7.5 in. 4 of 4 (4)15 in. 2 of 4 (4) 2 of 4 (0)

Weed interference

15 in. 4 of 4 (1)7.5 in. 4 of 4 (-2)

2 of 2 (8)22.5 in.

2 of 2 (0)22.5 in.

Risks Associated with Twin-row Crops• Banded insecticide cost – coated

seed and rootworm resistant hybrids• Increased risk of lodging in corn• Increased insect management (ECB)• Ability to compete with weeds• Incidence of disease in corn• Side-dress fertilizer applications• Cultivation• Reduced soybean grain yield

Twin-rowCorn

7.5 in. and 11.25 in. soybean

DepthDepthcontrol control gaugegaugewheelswheels