Single- or Twin- Row Crops? - American Society of Agronomy...Single- or Twin-Row Crops? Kelly Nelson...
Transcript of Single- or Twin- Row Crops? - American Society of Agronomy...Single- or Twin-Row Crops? Kelly Nelson...
SingleSingle-- or Twinor Twin--Row Crops?Row Crops?
Kelly NelsonKelly NelsonUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri
Greenley Research Center, NoveltyGreenley Research Center, Novelty
Physiological benefits of twinPhysiological benefits of twin--rowsrowsExperiences with twinExperiences with twin--row crops in MOrow crops in MO
•• Northeast MO Northeast MO –– drylanddryland•• CornCorn•• SoybeanSoybean•• GlyphosateGlyphosate application timings application timings
•• Southeast MO Southeast MO –– irrigated (irrigated (HenggelerHenggeler))•• CornCorn•• Soybean Soybean
Summary and RecommendationsSummary and Recommendations
7.5 in.7.5 in. 22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.
30 in.30 in.
What are the benefits of twinWhat are the benefits of twin--rows?rows?
Twin-row benefits• Plant with the same planter
Twin-row benefits
• No new harvest equipment required
87.3
41.9
27.3
71.5
88.6 87.3
41.9
27.3
71.5
88.6 87.3
53.9
27.8 25.1
59.3
77.2
53.9
27.8 25.1
59.3
77.2
53.9
19.1 17.6
40.6
69.7
29.2
19.1 17.6
40.6
69.7
29.2
19.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 15 0 60 45 30 15 0 60 45 30
Distance from south row (inches)
Rad
iatio
n pe
netr
atio
n (P
AR
%)
2 meter 1 meter 0 meterEast-west rows, 2004
Twin-row benefits• Increased light (PAR) interception
38 35.9
66.5
38 35.9
66.5
38
23.1
12.819.4
23.1
12.819.4
23.1
9.3 10.4
18.9
9.3 10.4
18.9
9.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
15" 0" 30" 15" 0" 30" 15"
Distance from the south row (inches)
Rad
iatio
n pe
netr
atio
n
2 meter 1 meter 0 meterEast-west rows, 2004
Twin-row benefits• Increased light (PAR) interception
Twin-row benefits• Wider in-row plant spacing
In-row spacing at 28,000 plants/acre
15 in.
10.6 in.
15 in.
7.5 in.
7.5 in.
15 in.
15 in.
15 in.Twin-rowparallel
30 in. Twin-rowalternating
Twin-row benefits• Increased seeding rates• Improved weed control• Lower grain moisture at harvest• Reduced incidence of disease• Increased grain yield• New technology
TwinTwin--row Peanut Productionrow Peanut ProductionTwo, 7 in. rows on 36 in. centersTwo, 7 in. rows on 36 in. centers
•• Increased light interceptionIncreased light interception•• Increased pod yieldIncreased pod yield•• Improved market gradeImproved market grade•• Reduced incidence of diseaseReduced incidence of disease((JaaffarJaaffar and Gardner, 1988; Jordan et al., 2002; Lanier et al., 2004)and Gardner, 1988; Jordan et al., 2002; Lanier et al., 2004)
www.soilcrop.tamu.eduwww.soilcrop.tamu.edu
Twin-row benefits• Plant with the same planter• No new harvest equipment required• Increased light interception• Wider in-row plant spacing• Increased seeding rates• Improved weed control• Lower grain moisture at harvest• Reduced incidence of disease• Increased grain yield
Physiological benefits of twinPhysiological benefits of twin--rowsrows
Experiences with twinExperiences with twin--row crops in MOrow crops in MO
•• Northern MO Northern MO –– drylanddryland
•• Southern MO Southern MO –– irrigated irrigated
Summary and RecommendationsSummary and Recommendations
Source: http://umcspace.missouri.edu/columbia/home.cfm3636OONN
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30 in PSS30 in PSS
30 in JD30 in JD
Conventional and NoConventional and No--till Corn till Corn Row Spacing and DensityRow Spacing and Density
Twin PSSTwin PSS
15 in PSS15 in PSS
22.5 in PSS22.5 in PSS
Corn Row Spacing IPAR in Corn Row Spacing IPAR in 20012001--2003 (Conventional tillage)2003 (Conventional tillage)
80
85
90
95
2001 2002 2003
IPA
R (%
)
15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD
LSD(p<0.1)=5
NS
NS
Pioneer 34B24, No interaction between RS and Plant Density. Data were averaged over 25, 30, 35, and 40K plants/acre.
Corn Grain Yield in 2001Corn Grain Yield in 2001--20032003(Conventional tillage) (Conventional tillage)
30405060708090
100110120130140150160170
2001 2002 2003
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD
LSD(p<0.1)= 5
LSD(p<0.1)= 8
LSD(p<0.1)= 24
Pioneer 34B24, No interaction between RS and Plant Density Data were averaged over 25, 30, 35, and 40K plants/acre.
Corn Row Spacing IPAR and Grain Corn Row Spacing IPAR and Grain Yield (NoYield (No--till) in 2001 and 2002till) in 2001 and 2002
80859095
100105110115120125
IPA
R (%
)
15 in. 22.5 in. Twin 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD
LSD(p<0.1)= 10
LSD(p<0.1)= 5
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
Garst 8342IT, No interaction between RS and Plant Density Data were averaged over 25 and 30K plants/acre.
NoNo--till Corn Emergence in 2001till Corn Emergence in 2001
PSSPSS JD planterJD planter2-4 inches taller 4
weeks after planting
TwinTwin--row Corn Plant Density row Corn Plant Density and Arrangementand Arrangement
TwinTwin--row Corn Plant row Corn Plant Arrangement (25,000 Arrangement (25,000
plants/acre)plants/acre)
16.4 in.
7.5 in.
22.5 in.
11.1 in.
16.4 in.
23.9 in.
Twin-row parallelplant arrangement
Twin-row alternating
plant arrangement
TwinTwin--row Corn Plant row Corn Plant Arrangement in 2001 and 2002Arrangement in 2001 and 2002
70
75
80
85
90
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
Twin-row parallel Twin-row alternating 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD
LSD(p<0.01)= NS
Burrus 671RR, No interaction between RS and plant density. Data were averaged over 25 and 35K plants/acre.
TwinTwin-- and 30 in. Wideand 30 in. Wide--row row Production in Large Contour Production in Large Contour
Plots in 2001 and 2002Plots in 2001 and 2002
30 in. JD30 in. JD
30 in. PSS30 in. PSS
Twin PSSTwin PSS
Rep #2Rep #215 x 1500 ft 15 x 1500 ft
•• 5 MPH @5 MPH @30,000 s/a30,000 s/a
•• BurrusBurrus BX65BX65•• WheatWheat--cloverclover
•• GarstGarst 8464IT8464IT•• Soybean Soybean
•• 2.5 MPH2.5 MPH
IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield in 2001in 2001
102030405060708090
100110
IPAR (%) Plantdensity *
1000(No./a)
Yield(bu/a)
IPAR (%) Plantdensity *
1000(No./a)
Yield(bu/a)
Twin-row PSS 30 in. PSS 30 in. JD
LSD = 9LSD = 9
NSNS
GarstGarst 8464IT8464IT
LSD = 15LSD = 15
LSD = 1.6LSD = 1.6
LSD = 11LSD = 11
**
LSD = 8LSD = 8
BurrusBurrus BX65BX65
IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield IPAR, Harvest Density, and Grain Yield in 2002in 2002
Cooperator Research in 2001 Cooperator Research in 2001 and 2002and 2002
Palmyra 2001Palmyra 2001 YieldYield Knox City 2002Knox City 2002 YieldYield((bubu/a)/a) ((bubu/a)/a)
30 in. 30 in. KinzieKinzie 170170 30 in. JD175030 in. JD1750 148148TwinTwin--row PSSrow PSS 159159 TwinTwin--row PSSrow PSS 140140LSD (p=0.1)LSD (p=0.1) 1010 NSNS
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--row Soybean row Soybean in 2001 and 2002in 2001 and 2002
TwinTwin 7.5 in.7.5 in.
15 in.15 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.
80
85
90
95
IPA
R (%
)
7.5 in. 15 in. 22.5 in. Twin
42
43
44
45
46
Yiel
d (b
u/a)
7.5 in. 15 in. 22.5 in. Twin
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--row Soybean row Soybean in 2001 and 2002in 2001 and 2002
LSD = 3LSD = 3LSD = 7LSD = 7
Pioneer 93B01
GlyphosateGlyphosate Application Timings Application Timings in Twinin Twin-- and Singleand Single--Row Corn Row Corn and Soybean in 2002 and 2003and Soybean in 2002 and 2003
WilcrossWilcross 3149 @ 29,000 s/a3149 @ 29,000 s/a
AsgrowAsgrow 3701 @ 180,000 s/a3701 @ 180,000 s/a
Weed-free Corn Intercepted PAR in 2002 & 2003
6065707580859095
100
9 WAP 10 WAP 11 WAP 12 WAP
Ligh
t int
erce
ptio
n (%
)
Twin-row corn 30" corn
NS
NS
NS NS
Weed-free Soybean Intercepted PAR in 2002 & 2003
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
10 WAP 11 WAP 12 WAP
Ligh
t int
erce
ptio
n (%
)
Twin-row soybean 15" soybean 7.5" soybean
NS
NS
LSD(p<0.1) = 2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500To
tal w
eed
biom
ass
(g/m
2 )
Corn 2002 Corn 2003 Soybean2002
Soybean2003
Twin-row 15 in. 7.5 in. 30 in.
Total Weed Biomass in 2002 and 2003
NS
NS
NS
NS
Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.
Summary:Summary:1.1. Intercepted PAR was Intercepted PAR was
similar in twinsimilar in twin-- and 30 in. and 30 in. widewide--row corn 9 to 12 row corn 9 to 12 weeks after planting weeks after planting (WAP).(WAP).
2.2. 7.5 in. soybean 7.5 in. soybean intercepted 3% more PAR intercepted 3% more PAR than 15 in. soybean 12 than 15 in. soybean 12 WAP.WAP.
3.3. Total weed biomass was Total weed biomass was similar in twinsimilar in twin-- and 30 in. and 30 in. widewide--row corn, and similar row corn, and similar in twinin twin--, 15 in., and 7.5 in. , 15 in., and 7.5 in. soybean.soybean.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Yiel
d (b
u/a)
Corn 2002 Corn 2003
Twin-row 30 in.
Corn Grain Yield in 2002 and 2003
LSD (p<0.05) = 14NS
Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.
05
1015202530354045
Yiel
d (b
u/a)
Soybean 2002 Soybean 2003
Twin-row 15 in. 7.5 in.
Soybean Grain Yield in 2002 and 2003
LSD (p<0.1) = 4 LSD (p<0.1) = 3
Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over Row spacing main effect. Data were averaged over glyphosateglyphosate application timing.application timing.
Summary:Summary:1.1. Corn grain yield was Corn grain yield was
15 15 bubu/a greater in 30 /a greater in 30 in. widein. wide--rows than rows than twintwin--rows in 2002 rows in 2002 while grain yields were while grain yields were similar in 2003.similar in 2003.
2.2. Soybean grain yield Soybean grain yield was 3 to 7 was 3 to 7 bubu/a greater /a greater in 7.5 and 15 in. rows in 7.5 and 15 in. rows than twinthan twin--rows.rows.
•• 2 in. 2 in. glyphosateglyphosateapplication timingapplication timing
•• 7.5 and 15 in. 7.5 and 15 in. soybean were more soybean were more tolerant of late tolerant of late emerging weedsemerging weeds
7.5 in. 7.5 in.
TwinTwin--rowrow
Source: http://umcspace.missouri.edu/columbia/home.cfm3636OONN
4040OONN
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Row Irrigated Corn in 2003Corn in 2003
Joe Henggeler, David Reinbott, John EngramIrrigation Specialist, Farm Management Specialist, and Scott Co. Farmer
MonosemMonosem and 900 Case IHand 900 Case IH
7.5 in.7.5 in. 30.5 in.30.5 in.30.5 in.30.5 in.
38 in.38 in.
Flood irrigatedFlood irrigated
y = -1E-07x2 + 0.0094x + 42.597R2 = 0.9568
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 32,000 34,000 36,000 38,000 40,000
Plant Population
Yiel
d (b
ushe
ls/a
cre)
Tw in Single
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Corn in 2003Row Irrigated Corn in 2003
11 11 bubu/a/a
1 rep.
7.5 in.7.5 in. 22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.
30 in.30 in.
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Corn on Overhead Row Corn on Overhead Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003
Joe Joe HenggelerHenggeler
9.6 in.
12 in.
6 in.
30 in. Twin-rowalternating
34,850 plants/a34,850 plants/a
30 in. rows30 in. rows
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Corn on Row Irrigated Corn on Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)
210
215
220
225
230
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
Twin-row alternating 30 in. single-row
LSD(p<0. 1)= NS
DK 64-11RR
7.5 in.7.5 in.22.5 in.22.5 in.
30 in.30 in.
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Soybean on Overhead Row Soybean on Overhead Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003Irrigated Sandy Soils in 2003
Joe Joe HenggelerHenggeler
7.8 in.
4 in.
2 in.
30 in. Twin-rowalternating
104,500 plants/a104,500 plants/a
30 in. rows30 in. rows
TwinTwin-- and Singleand Single--Row Irrigated Soybean on Row Irrigated Soybean on Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)Sandy Soils in 2003 (Hand Planted)
50
52
54
56
58
60
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
Twin-row alternating 30 in. single-row
LSD(p<0.1)= NS
Morsoy RT4480N
Summary: TwinSummary: Twin--Row Corn IPAR and Row Corn IPAR and Grain YieldGrain Yield
< = >IPAR (%)
Yield (bu/a)
Site/years (average)
Irrigated Yield (bu/a)30 in. planter 1 of 1 (-2)
30 in. planter 3 of 15 (20) 12 of 15 (-1) 0ECB harvest loss 2 contour sitesPlant density was greater at 1 site
30 in. PSS 3 of 15 (21) 12 of 15 (-3)ECB harvest loss 2 contour sitesWeed interference was greater 1 site
0
30 in. planter 4 of 9 (12) 5 of 9 (0)Plant density was greater at 2 sites
030 in. PSS 3 of 11 (9) 8 of 11 (0) 0
Summary: TwinSummary: Twin--Row Soybean IPAR Row Soybean IPAR and Grain Yieldand Grain Yield
< = >IPAR (%)
Yield (bu/a)
Site/years (average)
Irrigated Yield (bu/a)30 in. 1 of 1 (5)
7.5 in. 4 of 4 (4)15 in. 2 of 4 (4) 2 of 4 (0)
Weed interference
15 in. 4 of 4 (1)7.5 in. 4 of 4 (-2)
2 of 2 (8)22.5 in.
2 of 2 (0)22.5 in.
Risks Associated with Twin-row Crops• Banded insecticide cost – coated
seed and rootworm resistant hybrids• Increased risk of lodging in corn• Increased insect management (ECB)• Ability to compete with weeds• Incidence of disease in corn• Side-dress fertilizer applications• Cultivation• Reduced soybean grain yield
Twin-rowCorn
7.5 in. and 11.25 in. soybean
DepthDepthcontrol control gaugegaugewheelswheels