SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY

ROCKSROCKS

ROCK CYCLEROCK CYCLE

Relative Percentages of Relative Percentages of Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

FromFrom Weathering & ErosionWeathering & Erosion Precipitation from saturated solutionPrecipitation from saturated solution

calcite, quartzcalcite, quartz Product of evaporationProduct of evaporation

halite, gypsumhalite, gypsum

Unconsolidated- NOT cementedUnconsolidated- NOT cemented

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

Particle sizeParticle size Pebbles, cobbles, bouldersPebbles, cobbles, boulders Gravel- > 2mmGravel- > 2mm Sand- 2mm - 0.063mmSand- 2mm - 0.063mm Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mmSilt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm Clay- < 0.004Clay- < 0.004

Deposition Deposition Clay-sizedClay-sized particle vs. particle vs. clay clay mineralmineral

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

TransportationTransportation AbrasionAbrasion RoundingRounding SortingSorting DepositionDeposition

Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific

PreservationPreservation

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

TransportationTransportation AbrasionAbrasion RoundingRounding SortingSorting DepositionDeposition

Environment of deposition- specificEnvironment of deposition- specific

PreservationPreservation

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction

Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)

CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction

Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)

CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture

SEDIMENTSEDIMENT

LithificationLithification CompactionCompaction

Decrease in Decrease in pore spacepore space for very fine grain size (clay)for very fine grain size (clay)

CementationCementation Clastic textureClastic texture Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

CrystallizationCrystallization Crystalline textureCrystalline texture

TYPES OF TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic or DetritalClastic or Detrital Chemical- inorganic precipitation Chemical- inorganic precipitation

or evaporationor evaporation Biochemical- Organic remainsBiochemical- Organic remains

shells, charcoal, plant fragmentsshells, charcoal, plant fragments

CLASTIC (Detrital) CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSROCKS

Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm) Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments

Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm) Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar) Graywacke (appreciable amounts of Graywacke (appreciable amounts of

silt/clay)silt/clay) Fine-grained Fine-grained MatrixMatrix Usually fromUsually from turbidity currents turbidity currents

CLASTIC (Detrital) CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSROCKS

Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm) Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsSedimentary Breccia- angular fragments Conglomerate- rounded fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragments

Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm) Quartz sandstoneQuartz sandstone Arkose (feldspar)Arkose (feldspar) Graywacke (appreciable amounts of Graywacke (appreciable amounts of

silt/clay)silt/clay) Fine-grained Fine-grained MatrixMatrix Usually fromUsually from turbidity currents turbidity currents

Quartz SandstoneQuartz Sandstone

CLASTIC ROCKSCLASTIC ROCKS

Fine-grained RocksFine-grained Rocks Shale- fissile (in ‘sheets’)Shale- fissile (in ‘sheets’) SiltstoneSiltstone ClaystoneClaystone Mudstone (silt and clay)Mudstone (silt and clay)

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite

Inorganic varietiesInorganic varieties micrite, oolites, travertinemicrite, oolites, travertine

DolomiteDolomite RecrystallizationRecrystallization

Chert- silicaChert- silica EvaporitesEvaporites

Rock gypsumRock gypsum Rock saltRock salt

BIOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CoalCoal Develops from peatDevelops from peat

plant fragmentsplant fragments LigniteLignite Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal

Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite

organic varietiesorganic varieties CoquinaCoquina Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone ChalkChalk

BIOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CoalCoal Develops from peatDevelops from peat

plant fragmentsplant fragments LigniteLignite Bituminous CoalBituminous Coal

Carbonate RocksCarbonate Rocks Limestone- made of calciteLimestone- made of calcite

organic varietiesorganic varieties CoquinaCoquina Fossiliferous LimestoneFossiliferous Limestone ChalkChalk

SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils

SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils

DUNESDUNES

SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils

SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils

MudcracksMudcracks

SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEDDING-BEDDING- Principle of Original HorizontalityPrinciple of Original Horizontality Bedding planeBedding plane Cross-beddingCross-bedding Graded bedGraded bed Mud cracksMud cracks Ripple marksRipple marks FossilsFossils

Body FossilsBody Fossils Trace FossilsTrace Fossils

FORMATIONSFORMATIONS

Large enough to show on a mapLarge enough to show on a map Distinctive from neighboring rock Distinctive from neighboring rock

unitsunits Named after geographic locationsNamed after geographic locations CONTACTCONTACT

separation between 2 distinct rock unitsseparation between 2 distinct rock units Sedimentary contactSedimentary contact Other contactsOther contacts

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Source AreaSource Area Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition

Glacial environmentsGlacial environments TillitesTillites

Alluvial fanAlluvial fan ArkoseArkose

River channel and flood plainRiver channel and flood plain Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded

LakeLake Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones

DeltaDelta

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Source AreaSource Area Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition

Glacial environmentsGlacial environments TillitesTillites

Alluvial fanAlluvial fan ArkoseArkose

River channel and flood plainRiver channel and flood plain Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded

LakeLake Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones

DeltaDelta

Glacial Environment & Glacial Environment & TillTill

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune

Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon

ShalesShales Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef

Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune

Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon

fine grained sedimentfine grained sediment Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef

Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

CALCAREOUS

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of DepositionEnvironment of Deposition Beach, Barrier Island, DuneBeach, Barrier Island, Dune

Very well sorted quartz sandstonesVery well sorted quartz sandstones LagoonLagoon

ShalesShales Shallow marine shelfShallow marine shelf

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed ReefReef

Skeletal LimestonesSkeletal Limestones Deep marine environmentDeep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shalesTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

INTERPRETATION OF INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK

Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary RocksPlate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks At convergent boundariesAt convergent boundaries

Uplift results in Uplift results in Very rapid rates of erosionVery rapid rates of erosion Thick accumulations of clastic sedimentThick accumulations of clastic sediment

At transform boundariesAt transform boundaries Rapid rates of erosion, deposition and burialRapid rates of erosion, deposition and burial Good basins for petroleum explorationGood basins for petroleum exploration

At divergent boundariesAt divergent boundaries Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and

coarse sedimentcoarse sediment

ResourcesResources

Non-MetallicNon-Metallic Sand and gravelSand and gravel LimestoneLimestone ClayClay GypsumGypsum

Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources Oil and gasOil and gas CoalCoal

Formation of Oil and Gas

U.S. Coal Production