CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks...

61
CEE 437 CEE 437 Rocks! Rocks! Thomas Doe Thomas Doe

Transcript of CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks...

Page 1: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

CEE 437 CEE 437 Rocks!Rocks!

Thomas DoeThomas Doe

Page 2: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

OutlineOutline

Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks Rock Identification LabRock Identification Lab

Page 3: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Rock CycleRock Cycle

Metamorphic Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks

Sediments

Lithification

Magma

Weathering, Erosion

Burial, metamorphism, recrystallization

Melting

Crystallization at depth or extrusion at surface

Burial, metamorphism, recrystallization

Page 4: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Northwest Igneous and Northwest Igneous and Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

Columbia River Basalts

(miocene)

Snake River Basalts

(pliocene)

Yellowstone Region Acidic Volcanics (Pleistocene to

recent)

Cascade Volcanoes (recent)

Recent Basaltic Volcanism (Newberry Crater)

Cascade Batholiths (Felsic, Cret-Miocene)

Page 5: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Geologic Settings for Geologic Settings for Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks

OceanicOceanic Hi Fe, Mg, Ca, low SiHi Fe, Mg, Ca, low Si basalt, gabbrobasalt, gabbro

Continental Continental Hi Si, Na, KHi Si, Na, K granite, rhyolite, andesitegranite, rhyolite, andesite

Page 6: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Igneous OriginsIgneous Origins

IntrusiveIntrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneriticBatholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphaniticDikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic

ExtrusiveExtrusive deposition as melt (lava)deposition as melt (lava) pyroclasticpyroclastic

tufftuff tephratephra pyroclastic flowspyroclastic flows

Page 7: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Identifying Igneous Identifying Igneous RocksRocks

ChemistryChemistry Acidic: Basic (more Si, less Si)Acidic: Basic (more Si, less Si)

TextureTexture Aphanitic: crystals not visibleAphanitic: crystals not visible Phaneritic: made of visible crystal Phaneritic: made of visible crystal

componentscomponents Porphyritic: Larger crustals in aphanitic Porphyritic: Larger crustals in aphanitic

or phaneritic ground massor phaneritic ground mass

Page 8: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Igneous Rock Igneous Rock ClassificationClassification

SERPENTINITE

Acidic, Felsic Basic, Mafic Ultramafic

Page 9: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.
Page 10: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Magma Generation on Magma Generation on Continental MarginsContinental Margins

Page 11: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Magma Generation in Magma Generation in Convergent Continental Convergent Continental

Plate MarginsPlate Margins

Page 12: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

ExtrusivesExtrusives

Viscosity varies with Si and water Viscosity varies with Si and water contentcontent Basalt — low viscosityBasalt — low viscosity Rhyolite — high viscosityRhyolite — high viscosity

Rhyolite flows relatively unusual as Rhyolite flows relatively unusual as rhyolite does not flow wellrhyolite does not flow well ExplosiveExplosive Tuffs, pyroclasticsTuffs, pyroclastics

Page 13: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Volcano TypesVolcano Types

Basaltic: low viscosity — Hawaii, Columbia Plateau

Andesitic/Rhyolitic

Page 14: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Structures of Basalt Structures of Basalt FlowsFlows

Lava TubesLava Tubes Flow StratigraphyFlow Stratigraphy

collonadecollonade entablatureentablature flow top breccia/scoriaflow top breccia/scoria

Page 15: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Hawaii Basalt FlowsHawaii Basalt Flows

Page 16: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Basalt Flow StructuresBasalt Flow Structures

Page 17: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Eruptions of Acid-Rock Eruptions of Acid-Rock VolcanoesVolcanoes

Page 18: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Rhyolite DomeRhyolite Dome

Page 19: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

CalderaCaldera

Page 20: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Mt. St. Helen’s Blast Mt. St. Helen’s Blast ZoneZone

Page 21: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Mt. Mazama Ash Mt. Mazama Ash DistributionDistribution

Page 22: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

Clastics, Siliciclastics, and Clastics, Siliciclastics, and EvaporitesEvaporites

Clastic rocks, depositional medium, Clastic rocks, depositional medium, and energyand energy

Diagenesis — chemical changes Diagenesis — chemical changes after depositionafter deposition

Page 23: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Rock CycleRock Cycle

Metamorphic Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks

Sediments

Lithification

Magma

Weathering, Erosion

Burial, metamorphism, recrystallization

Melting

Crystallization at depth or extrusion at surface

Burial, metamorphism, recrystallization

Page 24: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Sediment SourcesSediment Sources

Page 25: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clastic Sedimentary Clastic Sedimentary RocksRocks

Clastic — broken like iconoclast)Clastic — broken like iconoclast) Often referred to as Siliciclastics as Often referred to as Siliciclastics as

having Si based rock forming mineralshaving Si based rock forming minerals Based on grain size and to a lesser Based on grain size and to a lesser

extent compositionextent composition Grain size related to energy of Grain size related to energy of

depositional environmentdepositional environment Relationship of medium velocity to Relationship of medium velocity to

maximum grain size)maximum grain size)

Page 26: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clastic Sedimentary Clastic Sedimentary RocksRocks

Clay, muds Clay, muds shales, mudstones, shales, mudstones, claystones (difference based on claystones (difference based on fissility)fissility)

Silts Silts siltstones siltstones Sands Sands sandstones sandstones Gravels Gravels Conglomerates (Breccia if Conglomerates (Breccia if

angular, breccia may also be a term angular, breccia may also be a term for tectonically fragmented rock) for tectonically fragmented rock)

Page 27: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Weathering CycleWeathering Cycle

Page 28: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clastic SedimentsClastic Sediments

Page 29: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clay MineralsClay Minerals

Sheets of linked silica tetrahedra sandwiching Sheets of linked silica tetrahedra sandwiching octahedral layers of gibbsite composition, octahedral layers of gibbsite composition, AlAl22(OH)(OH)66, or brucite Mg, or brucite Mg33(OH)(OH)66

Major Clay GroupsMajor Clay Groups kaolinite: single gibbsite layerkaolinite: single gibbsite layer montmorillonite:weak water bonding between montmorillonite:weak water bonding between

layers, moderated by Ca, Na, or K (near-shore layers, moderated by Ca, Na, or K (near-shore environments)environments)

illite: K bonds between layers (off-shore illite: K bonds between layers (off-shore environments)environments)

bentonite: highly expansive, volcanic-derived, Na-bentonite: highly expansive, volcanic-derived, Na-rich montmorilloniterich montmorillonite

Page 30: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clay StructureClay Structure

Page 31: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Clay Structure Cont’d.Clay Structure Cont’d.

Kaolinite

Illite

Montmorillonite

Page 32: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

LithificationLithification

CementationCementation deposition of a material different from clastsdeposition of a material different from clasts

CrystallizationCrystallization crystal growth on clasts to fill pore spacecrystal growth on clasts to fill pore space

CompactionCompaction DiagenesisDiagenesis

Early post-depositional chemical Early post-depositional chemical transformation of sediments, e.g. calcite to transformation of sediments, e.g. calcite to dolomitedolomite

Page 33: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

CarbonatesCarbonates

Generally like siliciclastics — Generally like siliciclastics — carbonate muds, sands, etc.carbonate muds, sands, etc.

Often deposited in reefsOften deposited in reefs Major portion of world oil depositsMajor portion of world oil deposits Properties depend strongly on post-Properties depend strongly on post-

depositional pore chemistrydepositional pore chemistry CementationCementation DissolutionDissolution

Page 34: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Carbonate EnvironmentsCarbonate Environments

Page 35: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

EvaporitesEvaporites

Rock salt (NaCl), Gypsum-Anhydrite Rock salt (NaCl), Gypsum-Anhydrite (CaSO(CaSO44), Sylvite (KCl)), Sylvite (KCl)

Deposition in regions where Deposition in regions where evaporation exceeds rechargeevaporation exceeds recharge desert lakesdesert lakes restricted seas (Mediterranean)restricted seas (Mediterranean) lagoons, back-reef areaslagoons, back-reef areas

Subject to flow and diapirismSubject to flow and diapirism

Page 36: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Other Sedimentary RocksOther Sedimentary Rocks

Chert: finely crystalline silicaChert: finely crystalline silica as replacement/diagenetic nodulesas replacement/diagenetic nodules as bedded material from silica-shelled as bedded material from silica-shelled

biotabiota CoalCoal

Derived from vegetationDerived from vegetation Banded Iron FormationBanded Iron Formation

Likely bacteria derived, mainly Pre-Likely bacteria derived, mainly Pre-CambrianCambrian

Page 37: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Sedimentary Rocks and Sedimentary Rocks and Rock PropertiesRock Properties

Properties for a given geologic Properties for a given geologic description vary wildly based on description vary wildly based on cementation, porosity and other cementation, porosity and other diagenetic factors.diagenetic factors.

Properties can be strong anisotropic Properties can be strong anisotropic and heterogeneous based on and heterogeneous based on beddingbedding

Page 38: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Depositional Depositional EnvironmentsEnvironments

Synchroneity of deposition of different Synchroneity of deposition of different rock typesrock types

Sedimentary faciesSedimentary facies A rock unit is not everywhere the same age: A rock unit is not everywhere the same age:

Bright Angel ShaleBright Angel Shale Related to energy of environmentRelated to energy of environment

(example channels and banks in fluvial (example channels and banks in fluvial systems)systems)

Energy related to topography, climate, Energy related to topography, climate, and tectonic activityand tectonic activity

Page 39: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Sediment SortingSediment Sorting

Page 40: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Sedimentary Structure — Sedimentary Structure — Cross BeddingCross Bedding

Page 41: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Fluvial and Lacustrine Fluvial and Lacustrine EnvironmentsEnvironments

FluvialFluvial ChannelizationChannelization Complex and close interrelationship of fine Complex and close interrelationship of fine

and course sedimentsand course sediments Challenge for characterization due to high Challenge for characterization due to high

variabilityvariability Special examples: glacial environmentsSpecial examples: glacial environments

LacustrineLacustrine Deltaic deposits at margins, finer materials in Deltaic deposits at margins, finer materials in

lake bedslake beds

Page 42: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Deltaic EnvironmentsDeltaic Environments

Variability based on proximity to Variability based on proximity to sourcesource

Stratigraphy effected by Stratigraphy effected by progradationprogradation

Page 43: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Deltaic Development and Deltaic Development and Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies

Page 44: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Continental Slope Continental Slope EnvironmentsEnvironments

Turbidites and turbidity currentsTurbidites and turbidity currents Graded beddingGraded bedding

poor sortingpoor sorting vertical zonation with fining upwardsvertical zonation with fining upwards

Page 45: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Turbidites and Turbidity Turbidites and Turbidity CurrentsCurrents

Page 46: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Metamorphic Metamorphic ClassificationClassification

Original MaterialOriginal Material sandstone, limestone, shale, basalt)sandstone, limestone, shale, basalt)

Metamorphic Grade (Temperature, Metamorphic Grade (Temperature, Pressure)Pressure)

Source of Metamorphism (Regional, Source of Metamorphism (Regional, Contact)Contact)

Page 47: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Basic Metamorphic Basic Metamorphic TypesTypes

Quartz Sandstone Quartz Sandstone Quartzite Quartzite Limestone, Dolomite Limestone, Dolomite Marble Marble Shale Shale

Slate — cleavage, no visible xl’sSlate — cleavage, no visible xl’s Phyllite — foliation, mica sheen but xl’s not Phyllite — foliation, mica sheen but xl’s not

visiblevisible Schist — clear foliation, visible micaSchist — clear foliation, visible mica Gneiss — like granite but with Gneiss — like granite but with

foliation/gneissosityfoliation/gneissosity Basalt Basalt greenschist, amphibolite greenschist, amphibolite

Page 48: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Non-foliated Non-foliated Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

Sandstone —> QuartziteSandstone —> Quartzite Limestone —> MarbleLimestone —> Marble Dolomite —> Dolomitic MarbleDolomite —> Dolomitic Marble

Page 49: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Foliated Metamorphic Foliated Metamorphic RocksRocks

Shale/MudstoneShale/Mudstone SlateSlate Phyllite (Greek for leaves e.g. phyllo Phyllite (Greek for leaves e.g. phyllo

dough)dough) SchistSchist GneissGneiss

Page 50: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Origin of Foliation Origin of Foliation (gneissosity, schistosity)(gneissosity, schistosity)

Page 51: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Engineering PropertiesEngineering Properties

Anisotropy of strength and elastic Anisotropy of strength and elastic propertiesproperties

Preferred failure on foliationPreferred failure on foliation

Page 52: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

SlateSlate

Page 53: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

PhyllitePhyllite

Page 54: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

SchistSchist

Page 55: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Chlorite SchistChlorite Schist

Page 56: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

GneissGneiss

Page 57: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Banded GneissBanded Gneiss

Page 58: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Metamorphic GradeMetamorphic Grade

Page 59: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Subduction-Zone Subduction-Zone MetamorphismMetamorphism

Page 60: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Metamorphism at Metamorphism at Continental CollisionsContinental Collisions

Page 61: CEE 437 Rocks! Thomas Doe. Outline Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Rock Identification.

Contact MetamorphismContact Metamorphism