Reformation Ideas Spread: The English Reformation and the Catholic

Reformation

HWH UNIT 1CHAPTER 1.4

Anabaptists

• Rejected infant baptism• Rejected violence• Advocated separating

church and state• Munster, 1534-1535

King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

“Defender of the Faith”• Defense of the Seven Sacraments– Leo X

• Devout advisors– Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1475-1530)– Thomas More (1478-1535)

Henry and His Wives

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry’s Wives…

• #1: Catherine of Aragon (m. 1509-1533)– Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella– Aunt of Charles V– Had a daughter, Mary…

• …but no son• Annulment?

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)

• Archbishop of Canterbury– Advised the split with Rome

#2: Anne Boleyn (m. 1533-1536)

• Secretly married to Henry in 1533– Already six months pregnant with Elizabeth

• The Act of Supremacy (1534)– Established the Church of England (Anglican Church)

• Henry was the head of the church• All Roman Catholic lands and monasteries were confiscated

– 25% of all land in England

• Thomas More would not convert

• Anne was executed in 1536

Anglican Doctrine Under Henry

• The Six Articles (1539)–Maintained almost all of Catholic

doctrine• Henry, not the pope, was the authority

• The doctrine of the Anglican Church will be in flux until the late 17th century

#3: Jane Seymour (m. 1536-1537)

• Had a son, Edward (VI)• Died from complications of childbirth

#4: Anne of Cleves (m. 1540)

• German• Ugly• Divorced

#5: Kathryn Howard (m. 1540-1542)

• 30 years younger than Henry• Cheated• Executed

#6: Katherine Parr (m. 1543-1547)

• Outlived Henry

King Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

Moved the Anglican church toward Calvinism

• Book of Common Prayer (1549—Cranmer) – Somewhat Calvinist

• Advisors were Protestant– Communicated directly with Calvin

• Changes:– Clergy could marry– Salvation by faith alone– Only baptism and communion– Iconic images removed from churches– Denied transubstantiation

Burial place of Edward VI, Westminster Abbey, London

Queen Mary I (r. 1553-1558)• CATHOLIC

– 1st daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon

• Married Philip II of Spain

• Executed Cranmer and other Protestants– “Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

The “Elizabethan Settlement”

• Two Extremes—Elizabeth took the middle road– Catholics– Puritans

• Undid Mary’s anti-Protestant laws• Made Elizabeth head of the Church of England• Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer

• Made moderate Protestantism the official religion

The Church of England under Elizabeth

• Two Sacraments• Clergy could not marry• Catholicism tolerated (in private)• Mandatory attendance at church• No monasteries• Mass given in English

The Counter (or Catholic) Reformation

Rome’s Response to the Reformation• Pope Paul III (r. 1534-

1549)• Ignatius of Loyola (1491-

1556)and the Jesuits– Spiritual Exercises (1522-

24)– Focus: education and

conversion

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549)

• Conclusions:– Reaffirmed Catholic

doctrine– Ended corruption

within the clergy• Pluralism• Absenteeism• Sale of indulgences• More education for

clergy

The Roman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books