Art History Essay - The Protestant & Counter-Catholic Reformation
The Counter Reformation Council of Thirty Years War....The Counter-Reformation, also called the...
Transcript of The Counter Reformation Council of Thirty Years War....The Counter-Reformation, also called the...
TheCounter-Reformation,alsocalledtheCatholicReformationortheCatholicRevival,wastheperiodofCatholicresurgenceinitiatedinresponsetotheProtestantReformation,beginningwiththeCouncilofTrent(1545–1563)andendingatthecloseoftheThirtyYearsWar.
Inspiration for the Counter Reformation • ManytheologiansandCatholicpractitionerswereengaginginself-analysisquestioningtheirownChristianity.• SecularcriticsoftheChurchalsomadetheirvoicesheardandcriticizedmanyoftheChurchespositions.• TheProtestantReformationalsodrewmanymembersawayandamajorgoaloftheCounterReformationwastobringbackthoselostmembersincountrieslikeSwedenandEngland.
The Council of Trent • WasanecumenicalcouncilorconferenceofecclesiasticaldignitariesandtheologicalexpertsconvenedtodiscussandsettlemattersofChurchdoctrineandpractice.Theymet25timesoveraperiodof18yearsbetweenDecember1545andDecember1563.• Issuesconfrontedinclude:Scripture,SacredTradition,OriginalSin,Justification,Salvation,Sacraments,MassandtheVenerationofSaints.• TheCatholicChurchaffirmedasitsofficialLatinBible,theVulgatetranslatedbySt.Jerome.• ProtestantviewswereconsideredHeresy.
Heresy • Heresyisdefinedasbelieforopinioncontrarytoorthodoxreligiousdoctrinethatisgenerallyaccepted.• IncertainhistoricalChristian,IslamicandJewishcultures,amongothers,espousingideasdeemedhereticalandinsomecasesstillissubjectednotmerelytopunishmentssuchasexcommunication,buteventothedeathpenalty.• CatholicsandProtestantsinflictedthedeathpenaltyforheresy.
The 4 Elements of the Counter Reformation
• Structuralreconfiguration• Religiousorders• Spiritualmovements• Politicaldimensions
Structural Reconfiguration
• Seminarieswereinstitutedtohelpbringunitytotheteachingandtrainingofpriests.
Religious Orders • ReligiousOrdersincludedtheFranciscans,Jesuits,Capuchins,DiscalcedCarmelites,DiscalcedAugustinians,AugustinianRecollects,CistercianFeuillants,Ursulines,Theatines,Barnabitesandyetothers.• Theseordersfocusedonahighlevelofpersonaldevotionandself-sacrifice,servicetothepoorandexactcompliancewithdoctrine.
Spiritual Movements • SpanishmysticsTeresaofAvilaandJohnoftheCrosswerereformersoftheCarmeliteOrder,• TheirministryfocusedoninteriorconversiontoChrist,thedeepeningofprayer,andcommitmenttoGod'swill.• TeresawasgiventhetaskofdevelopingandwritingaboutthewaytoperfectioninherloveandunitywithChrist.• IgnatiusofLoyolaformedtheJesuitOrderwhoactedasmissionariesthatwerecompletelyloyaltothePope.
Political Dimensions • TheCatholicChurchrejectedallcompromisewiththeProtestantsandfocusedonmissionarywork.• TheysoughttosolidifytheirrelationshipwithGovernments.
Inquisitions • TheRomanInquisitionwasasystemoftribunalsresponsibleforprosecutingindividualsaccusedofcrimesrelatingtoreligiousdoctrineoralternatereligiousdoctrine.• ItwasoneofthreedifferentmanifestationsofthewiderCatholicInquisitionalongwiththeSpanishInquisitionandPortugueseInquisition.
Penalties for Heresy in the Inquisitions • Mostsentencesconsistedofpenancelikewearingacrosssewnonone'sclothes,goingonpilgrimage,etc.• Thoseconvictedofunrepentantheresywererequiredbylawtobehandedovertosecularauthorities.Thepenaltywasusuallyburningatthestake.
Charles V • CharlesIofSpain,whobybirthalreadyheldswayovermuchofEuropeandSpanishAmerica,iselectedthesuccessorofhislategrandfather,HolyRomanEmperorMaximilianI.• Charles,whowasalsothegrandsonofFerdinandIIandIsabellaofSpain,hadbribedtheprincesofGermanytovoteforhim,defeatingsuchformidablecandidatesasKingHenryVIIIofEngland,KingFrancisIofFrance,andFredericktheWise,thedukeofSaxonyin1519.
Charles V • CrownedasEmperorCharlesV,thenewHolyRomanemperorsoughttounitethemanykingdomsunderhisruleinthehopeofcreatingavast,universalempire.• However,hishopeswerethwartedbytheProtestantReformationinGermany,alifelongdynasticstrugglewithKingFrancis,andtheadvanceoftheOttomanTurksintoEurope.• CharlesopposedtheProtestantReformationbutwasunabletodefeattheGermanprincesandGermanyremainsdividedtothisdaybetweenCatholicismandProtestantism.• In1558,afternearlyfourdecadesasHolyRomanemperor,Charlesabdicatedthethroneinfavorofhisbrother,Ferdinand.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • TheSt.Bartholomew'sDaymassacrein1572wasatargetedgroupofassassinationsandawaveofCatholicmobviolence,directedagainsttheHuguenots(FrenchCalvinistProtestants)duringtheFrenchWarsofReligion.• SparkedbyCatherinede'Medici,themotherofKingCharlesIX,themassacretookplacefivedaysaftertheweddingoftheking'ssisterMargarettotheProtestantHenryIIIofNavarre(thefutureHenryIVofFrance).ThismarriagewasanoccasionforwhichmanyofthemostwealthyandprominentHuguenotshadgatheredinlargelyCatholicParis.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • ThekingorderedthekillingofagroupofHuguenotleadersandtheslaughterspreadthroughoutParis.Lastingseveralweeks,themassacreexpandedoutwardtootherurbancentersandthecountryside.• ModernestimatesforthenumberofdeadacrossFrancevarywidely,from5,000to30,000.• ThemassacrewastheworstreligiousmassacreofthecenturyandconvincedProtestantsthatCatholicismwasabloodyandtreacherousreligion.
The Thirty Years War • TheThirtyYears’War(1618-48)beganwhenHolyRomanEmperorFerdinandIIofBohemiaattemptedtostopreligiousactivities,sparkingrebellionamongProtestants.• ThewarcametoinvolvethemajorpowersofEurope,withSweden,France,SpainandAustriaallwagingcampaignsprimarilyonGermansoil.
• Knowninpartfortheatrocitiescommittedbymercenarysoldiers,thewarendedwithaseriesoftreatiesthatmadeupthePeaceofWestphalia.• ThefalloutreshapedthereligiousandpoliticalmapofcentralEurope,settingthestagefortheoldcentralizedRomanCatholicempiretogivewaytoacommunityofsovereignstates.
The Thirty Years War