THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION or COUNTER-REFORMATION Catholic response(s) to the Protestant movements
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THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION or COUNTER-REFORMATION
Catholic response(s) to the Protestant movements
New religious orders
Ignatius of Loyola – founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Devoted to spreading Catholicism by
1. Missionary work in foreign lands
2. Establishing schools and universities
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Teresa of Avila – reformed Carmelite order of nuns
Called for stricter following of original Catholic teaching
1. focus on prayer and meditation
2. vows of poverty and seclusion
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Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books)
Created in 1559 , lasted until 1966
Eventually included 4000 titles
Some works/authors were banned for religious differences…
Martin Luther John Calvin
…but scientists and philosophers were also on the list
Machiavelli Bacon Locke Voltaire
Thomas Hobbes – Eng. author; all of his works were banned
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Revival of the Inquisition
Special Church courts set up to
punish heretics, enforce Church teachings
Most famous Inquisition was in Spain, 1478-1834
1550-1700 3000-5000 put to death
1676 Inquisition collected property worth 700,000 ducats (1 ducat=$44)
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Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Series of meetings of various Catholic leaders
Originally called to discuss issues with Protestants, ended up mostly reinforcing traditional Catholic ideas:
~ salvation = faith + works (not “faith alone”)
~ Church as the ultimate interpreter of Scripture
~ Sacraments and most traditional practices were reaffirmed
Some changes were made by the Council:
~ Sale of indulgences was banned
~ Bishops must live in their dioceses (did away with pluralism)
~ Condemned practice of clergy having mistresses
~ created the Index of forbidden books
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REFORMATION MAPUsing colored pencils, show where each of the listed religions had influence in Europe and
North Africa. Make a key!
Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Lutheran Islam
Calvinist Anglican