Post on 05-Apr-2018
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Submitted to Mrs Alimamood
On
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DefinitionPg 1 to 3
Mohenjo Daro..Pg 4 to 8
Public BathPg 9 to 12
Civilisation..Pg 13 to 15
Conclusion.Pg 16
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The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its
contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of
well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in metallurgy and
handicraft and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside
drainage system, and multistoried houses.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed
was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now
in Pakistan). Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as
recently as 1999.There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same
area of the Harappan Civilization. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to
distinguish it from these cultures.
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Unlike many other great civilizations, no hint of its former existence came through in the later historical texts
from the Indian subcontinent. The origins of the Indus civilization are poorly known. Certainly there are some
connections with the Akkadian period in Mesopotamia, but the extent of any influence is impossible to gauge.
There does, however, appear to be a period of rapid cultural change in the Indus Valley about 2600 bc with the
emergence of major cities such as Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Ganweriwala, and perhaps also Chanhu daro, Lothal,
Dholavira, and Kalibangan. A form of writing developed, still not deciphered, and there was agricultural
intensification with concentration on barley and wheat. The peoples of the Indus were also cattle-keepers on a
grand scale, with cattle bones representing more than 50 per cent of the material in any assemblage there is also
abundant cattle imagery in art. Long-distance trade both east and west is well attested, as well as internal
commerce in artefacts and foodstuffs. Metal was worked and there was an early use of the fast wheel for potting.
The central theme of Indus religion is the combined male/female deity symbolized by animal horns and broad
curving plant motifs. There is some speculation that some of the beliefs and imagery represent a proto-Shiva or
early form of Buddhism, but this is highly speculative. There is an interest in water and cleanliness. How and why
the civilization came to an end is unknown. The major settlements were simply abandoned around 2000 bc, with no
archaeological evidence for natural disasters or invasions by other peoples.
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MOHENJO DARO
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Mohenjo Daro is an archeological site situated in what is now the province of Singh , Pakistan. Built
around 2600 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's
earliest major urban settlements, existing at the same time as the civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and
Crete. Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned in the 19th century, and was not rediscovered until 1922. The ruins of the city
were discovered in 1922 byRakhaldas Bandyopadhyay,[2]
an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was
led to the mound by a Buddhist monk, who reportedly believed it to be a stupa. In the 1930s, major excavations
were conducted at the site under the leadership of John Marshall, K. N. Dikshit and Ernest Mackay.[1]
Further
excavations were carried out in 1945 by Ahmad Hasan Dani and Mortimer Wheeler.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-18/2/2019 PrOject on Indus CivilisatiOn
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PUBLIC BATH
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The "great bath" is without doubt the earliest public water tank in the ancient world. The tank itself
measures approximately 12 meters north-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximum depth of 2.4
meters.
Two wide staircases lead down into the tank from the north and south and small sockets at the edges of
the stairs are thought to have held wooden planks or treads.
At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool
People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually stepping into the pool itself.
It may have been used for religious purification.
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CIVILISATION
The Indus Valley Civilization is a Bronze Age civilization that encompassed the area of modern-day Pakistan, as
well as parts of southeastern Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and northwestern India. Its mature period is known as the
Harappan Civilization, existing from 2600 BC to 1900 BC. The valley is the site of an advanced technological culture
with a network of more than 1,000 cities and settlements. Archaeologists have found examples of sophisticated
architecture including dockyards, granaries, warehouses, and defensive walls. The largest of the cities display the
first evidence of large-scale urban planning, as well as the world's first-known urban sanitization and water
systems. The Indus Valley Civilization went into decline for reasons that remain unexplained. Most of its cities were
deserted by 1700 BC.
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CONCLUSION
The Indus Valley civilization was one of the most ancient civilizations in history and was present in the basin of
the river Indus. It was centered in the areas of Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan and Gujrat and Rajasthan in India.
From the remains found in the areas, there are different artistic styles and symbols used each of which represents
that in those days, the people had their own technologies and their way of living and social structures varied.