PrOject on Indus CivilisatiOn

8/2/2019 PrOject on Indus CivilisatiOn

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Submitted to Mrs Alimamood

On


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DefinitionPg 1 to 3

Mohenjo Daro..Pg 4 to 8

Public BathPg 9 to 12

Civilisation..Pg 13 to 15

Conclusion.Pg 16


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The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its

contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of

well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in metallurgy and

handicraft and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside

drainage system, and multistoried houses.

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed

was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now

in Pakistan). Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as

recently as 1999.There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same

area of the Harappan Civilization. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to

distinguish it from these cultures.


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Unlike many other great civilizations, no hint of its former existence came through in the later historical texts

from the Indian subcontinent. The origins of the Indus civilization are poorly known. Certainly there are some

connections with the Akkadian period in Mesopotamia, but the extent of any influence is impossible to gauge.

There does, however, appear to be a period of rapid cultural change in the Indus Valley about 2600 bc with the

emergence of major cities such as Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Ganweriwala, and perhaps also Chanhu daro, Lothal,

Dholavira, and Kalibangan. A form of writing developed, still not deciphered, and there was agricultural

intensification with concentration on barley and wheat. The peoples of the Indus were also cattle-keepers on a

grand scale, with cattle bones representing more than 50 per cent of the material in any assemblage there is also

abundant cattle imagery in art. Long-distance trade both east and west is well attested, as well as internal

commerce in artefacts and foodstuffs. Metal was worked and there was an early use of the fast wheel for potting.

The central theme of Indus religion is the combined male/female deity symbolized by animal horns and broad

curving plant motifs. There is some speculation that some of the beliefs and imagery represent a proto-Shiva or

early form of Buddhism, but this is highly speculative. There is an interest in water and cleanliness. How and why

the civilization came to an end is unknown. The major settlements were simply abandoned around 2000 bc, with no

archaeological evidence for natural disasters or invasions by other peoples.


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MOHENJO DARO


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Mohenjo Daro is an archeological site situated in what is now the province of Singh , Pakistan. Built

around 2600 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's

earliest major urban settlements, existing at the same time as the civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and

Crete. Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned in the 19th century, and was not rediscovered until 1922. The ruins of the city

were discovered in 1922 byRakhaldas Bandyopadhyay,[2]

an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India. He was

led to the mound by a Buddhist monk, who reportedly believed it to be a stupa. In the 1930s, major excavations

were conducted at the site under the leadership of John Marshall, K. N. Dikshit and Ernest Mackay.[1]

Further

excavations were carried out in 1945 by Ahmad Hasan Dani and Mortimer Wheeler.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1


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PUBLIC BATH


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The "great bath" is without doubt the earliest public water tank in the ancient world. The tank itself

measures approximately 12 meters north-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximum depth of 2.4

meters.

Two wide staircases lead down into the tank from the north and south and small sockets at the edges of

the stairs are thought to have held wooden planks or treads.

At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool

People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually stepping into the pool itself.

It may have been used for religious purification.


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CIVILISATION

The Indus Valley Civilization is a Bronze Age civilization that encompassed the area of modern-day Pakistan, as

well as parts of southeastern Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and northwestern India. Its mature period is known as the

Harappan Civilization, existing from 2600 BC to 1900 BC. The valley is the site of an advanced technological culture

with a network of more than 1,000 cities and settlements. Archaeologists have found examples of sophisticated

architecture including dockyards, granaries, warehouses, and defensive walls. The largest of the cities display the

first evidence of large-scale urban planning, as well as the world's first-known urban sanitization and water

systems. The Indus Valley Civilization went into decline for reasons that remain unexplained. Most of its cities were

deserted by 1700 BC.


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CONCLUSION

The Indus Valley civilization was one of the most ancient civilizations in history and was present in the basin of

the river Indus. It was centered in the areas of Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan and Gujrat and Rajasthan in India.

From the remains found in the areas, there are different artistic styles and symbols used each of which represents

that in those days, the people had their own technologies and their way of living and social structures varied.

PrOject on Indus CivilisatiOn

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