Terminal BuildingsSite selection, Facilities, Aprons, Parking systems, Gate positions

Terminal Area The transition of passengers and goods from ground to

air and reverse occurs in terminal area using different methods

Berthing, servicing and storage of aircrafts is done in terminal area

Terminal building is the key feature of terminal area

Mainly used for passengers, staff and administrative management

May include operational activities like control tower, weather bureau etc.

Facilities Provided

Depend on class, characteristics and functional role which may be Originating-terminating station Thorough station Transfer station

The facilities vary considerably in magnitude and form for above groups

In general all facilities and services one could expect from a big city are available into terminal building

Sample List of Services

Bank with exchange facilities and 24 hr. service Bath or shower for refreshing and cleaning Newspaper and book shop in various languages Cloak rooms and lockers for temp storage General Information desk & tourists office Medical unit, first aid and medicine shop Post office, telephone booth, fax facility Rest room, restaurant, snack bar, sauna bath, massage,

beauty parlor Space for customs, immigration , checking and examination of

passengers, crew, baggage etc. Space for nursing mothers, shops for toys, gifts

Planning systems Centralized system

All the passengers, baggage and cargo are routed thru central location and then passed on to respective aircraft locations

Decentralized system Passenger facilities are

arranged in smaller unit and repeated in one or more buildings. All airline functions are carried out adjacent to the departing plane

Types of parking systemDecentralized

centralized or Unit Terminal Principal Each individual

airline operation is centralized. It is the combination of both the systems

Unit terminal principal Advantages Centralization of amenities

Amenities required by limited no of passengers are centralized in a separate building which helps in separation of domestic and international traffic

Expansion

Units can be added if need arises, without interfering the use of existing facilities

Initial cost

Kept minimum and will not be wasted when expansion takes place

Parallel runways

Fits exceptionally well for modern runway patterns for large airports

Site selection of terminal building

Should be centrally located w.r.t. runways have convenient access to highways Have enough provision for expansion Favorable orientation w.r.t. wind, topography etc Adequate space for parking of vehicles Easy and natural drainage Utilities (water, electricity, telephone) should be easily

available

Typical layout

Space Requirement

Depends on level of service desired and requirements of specific design

FAA indicates that gross terminal area requirement between 7.43 to 11.15 sq m per 1000 annual enplaned passengers

Approximate % of space for various purposes as per FAA are Airline operations . . . . 38 % Airport Administration . . . 17 % Public space . . . . 30 % Utilities, shops etc. . . . . . 15 %

Total: 100%

Parking of vehicles For large airports separate parking is provided for

passengers, visitors, employees and taxis. For small airports all may be combined at one location

3 types of parking are Short term: very near to terminal building, 3 hr or less,

trolleys for carrying baggage Long term: slightly away from main building, rents are

usually discounted Remote: faraway from main terminal, provisions made for

carrying baggage, rents are most economical Area as per FAA : 1.5 to 2.0 cars per peak hour volume of

passengers Parking type: parallel, angled (450-600), right angled

Size of Apron Depends on 3 factors

Gate position Number of gates System of aircraft parking

Gate denotes the aircraft parking space adjacent to terminal building used by a single aircraft for loading and unloading of passenger, baggage and cargo. Its size depends on Size of aircraft: physical dimensions, space for

maneuvering, size of servicing equipment Type of parking: nose in, nose out, angled, parallel

Types of parking Nose in: low noise, easy loading, small area, no blast

toward building Nose out: effective use of rear door, less power for

movement, noise and blast toward bldg. Angled: movement on own power, high noise and jet blast,

larger area required Parallel: easiest movement, both doors used, largest area,

noise and hot blast towards adjacent gates

Number of gates Depend on estimated peak hour volume

Should not exceed the runway capacity Gate occupancy time

Size of aircraft Type of operation

Gate capacity analysis Gate time demanded by aircraft should be

less than or equal to gate time supplied for each aircraft

Systems of aircraft parkingFrontal system

Easy access, short walking distance, suitable for 3 to 6 aircrafts

Systems of aircraft parkingOpen apron or

transporter system No of rows, long

distance, vehicles required for passengers, flexible, low cost, easy expansion, easy movement and servicing, delays

Systems of aircraft parking Pier or finger system

Straight, T or Y shaped piers with gates around. Economical, expansion possible, long walking distance

Satellite system Isolated in small buildings

placed around and connected, easy movement of aircrafts, common facilities for all, high cost, discomfort to passengers, lack flexibility

Hangers Function is to provide enclosure for housing and

repairing of aircraft Constructed of steel framework covered by

sheet roofing Service hangar provided with machine shop and

spare part stores Size depends on size of aircraft and its turning

radius Number of storage and service hangars depend

on demand and peak hour traffic intensity

Types of storage and service Hangars

Nose hangars Provided for large aircrafts and enclose only forward

portion of the aircraft and tail area remains uncovered Comfortable working conditions for servicing and engine

overhaul of aircraft, economically

Types of storage and service hangars

T hangars Provided for small size

aircraft Area should be large

enough to accommodate different types of aircraft with minimum clearance of 30 m

In a row layout C/C distance should be 22.5 and 37.5 for one way and two way traffic

Requirement of hangars

Should be located conveniently w.r.t. aprons and terminal building

Linked with essential facilities like water, electricity, drainage, telephone

Should have enough space for storage and working personnel

Should have adequate scope for future expansion Should have proper topography, natural drainage

and not oriented in the direction of wind storms

Protection from jet blasts Jet blast is inconvenient, discomfort able and

even injurious to passengers and moving vehicles May cause damage to building, equipment and

pavement surface To control the hazardous effects two methods are

used Blast fences: curve vane single or multiple to

divert the smoke fumes heat and Erosion control: bituminous surfacing, stone

pitching, turfing etc. to protect the areas

Blast Fence

Typical airport layouts Depends mainly on configuration of runways Other elements are correlated such that

smooth flow, minimum travel distance for vehicles, aircraft and passengers

Maximum functional efficiency with minimum space utilization

Adequate loading aprons, terminal facilities Visibility for control tower, economic in cost

and operations Scope for future expansion

Layouts Types

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