Overview of Airport Terminal Buildings
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Transcript of Overview of Airport Terminal Buildings
Terminal BuildingsSite selection, Facilities, Aprons, Parking systems, Gate positions
Terminal Area The transition of passengers and goods from ground to
air and reverse occurs in terminal area using different methods
Berthing, servicing and storage of aircrafts is done in terminal area
Terminal building is the key feature of terminal area
Mainly used for passengers, staff and administrative management
May include operational activities like control tower, weather bureau etc.
Facilities Provided
Depend on class, characteristics and functional role which may be Originating-terminating station Thorough station Transfer station
The facilities vary considerably in magnitude and form for above groups
In general all facilities and services one could expect from a big city are available into terminal building
Sample List of Services
Bank with exchange facilities and 24 hr. service Bath or shower for refreshing and cleaning Newspaper and book shop in various languages Cloak rooms and lockers for temp storage General Information desk & tourists office Medical unit, first aid and medicine shop Post office, telephone booth, fax facility Rest room, restaurant, snack bar, sauna bath, massage,
beauty parlor Space for customs, immigration , checking and examination of
passengers, crew, baggage etc. Space for nursing mothers, shops for toys, gifts
Planning systems Centralized system
All the passengers, baggage and cargo are routed thru central location and then passed on to respective aircraft locations
Decentralized system Passenger facilities are
arranged in smaller unit and repeated in one or more buildings. All airline functions are carried out adjacent to the departing plane
Types of parking systemDecentralized
centralized or Unit Terminal Principal Each individual
airline operation is centralized. It is the combination of both the systems
Unit terminal principal Advantages Centralization of amenities
Amenities required by limited no of passengers are centralized in a separate building which helps in separation of domestic and international traffic
Expansion
Units can be added if need arises, without interfering the use of existing facilities
Initial cost
Kept minimum and will not be wasted when expansion takes place
Parallel runways
Fits exceptionally well for modern runway patterns for large airports
Site selection of terminal building
Should be centrally located w.r.t. runways have convenient access to highways Have enough provision for expansion Favorable orientation w.r.t. wind, topography etc Adequate space for parking of vehicles Easy and natural drainage Utilities (water, electricity, telephone) should be easily
available
Typical layout
Space Requirement
Depends on level of service desired and requirements of specific design
FAA indicates that gross terminal area requirement between 7.43 to 11.15 sq m per 1000 annual enplaned passengers
Approximate % of space for various purposes as per FAA are Airline operations . . . . 38 % Airport Administration . . . 17 % Public space . . . . 30 % Utilities, shops etc. . . . . . 15 %
Total: 100%
Parking of vehicles For large airports separate parking is provided for
passengers, visitors, employees and taxis. For small airports all may be combined at one location
3 types of parking are Short term: very near to terminal building, 3 hr or less,
trolleys for carrying baggage Long term: slightly away from main building, rents are
usually discounted Remote: faraway from main terminal, provisions made for
carrying baggage, rents are most economical Area as per FAA : 1.5 to 2.0 cars per peak hour volume of
passengers Parking type: parallel, angled (450-600), right angled
Size of Apron Depends on 3 factors
Gate position Number of gates System of aircraft parking
Gate denotes the aircraft parking space adjacent to terminal building used by a single aircraft for loading and unloading of passenger, baggage and cargo. Its size depends on Size of aircraft: physical dimensions, space for
maneuvering, size of servicing equipment Type of parking: nose in, nose out, angled, parallel
Types of parking Nose in: low noise, easy loading, small area, no blast
toward building Nose out: effective use of rear door, less power for
movement, noise and blast toward bldg. Angled: movement on own power, high noise and jet blast,
larger area required Parallel: easiest movement, both doors used, largest area,
noise and hot blast towards adjacent gates
Number of gates Depend on estimated peak hour volume
Should not exceed the runway capacity Gate occupancy time
Size of aircraft Type of operation
Gate capacity analysis Gate time demanded by aircraft should be
less than or equal to gate time supplied for each aircraft
Systems of aircraft parkingFrontal system
Easy access, short walking distance, suitable for 3 to 6 aircrafts
Systems of aircraft parkingOpen apron or
transporter system No of rows, long
distance, vehicles required for passengers, flexible, low cost, easy expansion, easy movement and servicing, delays
Systems of aircraft parking Pier or finger system
Straight, T or Y shaped piers with gates around. Economical, expansion possible, long walking distance
Satellite system Isolated in small buildings
placed around and connected, easy movement of aircrafts, common facilities for all, high cost, discomfort to passengers, lack flexibility
Hangers Function is to provide enclosure for housing and
repairing of aircraft Constructed of steel framework covered by
sheet roofing Service hangar provided with machine shop and
spare part stores Size depends on size of aircraft and its turning
radius Number of storage and service hangars depend
on demand and peak hour traffic intensity
Types of storage and service Hangars
Nose hangars Provided for large aircrafts and enclose only forward
portion of the aircraft and tail area remains uncovered Comfortable working conditions for servicing and engine
overhaul of aircraft, economically
Types of storage and service hangars
T hangars Provided for small size
aircraft Area should be large
enough to accommodate different types of aircraft with minimum clearance of 30 m
In a row layout C/C distance should be 22.5 and 37.5 for one way and two way traffic
Requirement of hangars
Should be located conveniently w.r.t. aprons and terminal building
Linked with essential facilities like water, electricity, drainage, telephone
Should have enough space for storage and working personnel
Should have adequate scope for future expansion Should have proper topography, natural drainage
and not oriented in the direction of wind storms
Protection from jet blasts Jet blast is inconvenient, discomfort able and
even injurious to passengers and moving vehicles May cause damage to building, equipment and
pavement surface To control the hazardous effects two methods are
used Blast fences: curve vane single or multiple to
divert the smoke fumes heat and Erosion control: bituminous surfacing, stone
pitching, turfing etc. to protect the areas
Blast Fence
Typical airport layouts Depends mainly on configuration of runways Other elements are correlated such that
smooth flow, minimum travel distance for vehicles, aircraft and passengers
Maximum functional efficiency with minimum space utilization
Adequate loading aprons, terminal facilities Visibility for control tower, economic in cost
and operations Scope for future expansion
Layouts Types
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