Non-nursing theories

Ed Kieper G. Sacdal

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Human Needs Theory

“Human needs are a powerful source of explanation of human behaviour and social interaction. All individuals have needs that they strive to satisfy, either by using the system acting on the fringes or acting as a reformist or revolutionary. Given this condition, social systems must be responsive to individual needs, or be subject to instability and forced change (possibly through violence or conflict).”

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Maslow Burton Rosenberg Max NeefFood, water, shelter (1)

Distributive justice Physical Nurturance

Subsistence

Safety and security (2)

Safety, Security Interdependence Protection

Belonging or love (3)

Belongingness Love Integrity Affection

Self-esteem (4) Self-esteem Autonomy Understanding

Personal fulfilment (5)

Personal fulfilment Play Creation

Identity Celebration and mourning

Identity

Cultural security Spiritual Communion

Leisure, Idleness

Freedom Freedom

Participation Participation4

Human Needs, as presented by various theorists

 

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Maslow’s Need Hierarchy

Maslow’s theory assumes that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behavior toward satisfying upper-level needs.

Lower-order needs must be satisfied before a higher-order need begins to control a person’s behavior.

A satisfied need ceases to motivate.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

CHANGE THEORY

This theory depends on the

presence of driving and resistant

forces. The driving forces are the

change agents who push employees

in the direction of change. The

resistant forces are employees or

nurses who do not want the

proposed change. For this theory to

be successful, the driving force must

dominate the resistant force.

Force Field Analysis: Driving

ForcesDriving Forces are forces that

push in a direction that

causes change to occur.

They cause a shift in the

equilibrium towards change.

Force Field Analysis:

Restraining ForcesRestraining forces are forces that

counter driving forces. They oppose change.

Restraining forces cause a shift in the equilibrium which opposes change

Force Field Analysis: Equilibrium

Equilibrium is a state of being where driving forces equal restraining forces and no change occurs

Equilibrium can be raised or lowered by changes that occur between the driving and restraining forces

Kurt Lewin’s Change TheoryConsists of three distinct and vital

stages:

Unfreezing

Moving to a new level or Changing

Refreezing

Systems

Theory

System• A group of interacting, interrelated,

or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.

• Large systems contain many sub-systems

Systems TheorySynergyInterdependenceInterconnections

◦within the organization ◦between the organization and the

environmentOrganization as ORGANISM“A set of elements standing in

inter-relations”

Two Assumptions

1. All phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements.

2. All systems have common patterns, behaviors, and properties that can be understood and used to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena.