Evolution of Nursing Theories

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EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORIES


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Terminology

Metaparadigmis the most abstract level of knowledge. It

specifies the main concepts that encompass the subject

matter and the scope of a discipline.

Powers and Knapp have noted, There is generalagreement that nursing metaparadigm consists of the

central concepts of person, environment, health and

nursing.

Philosophy is the next knowledge level; it specifies the

definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the

conceptual models of nursing.


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Conceptual models are frameworks or paradigms that

provide a broad frame of reference for systematic

approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is

concerned. Conceptual models provide different views of

nursing according to the characteristics of the model.

Theoryis a groups of related concepts that propose

actions that guide practice

Nursing Theory is a group of related concepts thatderived from the nursing models. Some nursing theories

also derive from other disciplines such as Leiningers work,

which comes from anthropology, or Peplaus work, which

draws from psychiatric sources.


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Science is performing the processes of observation,

idenitification, description, experimental investigation, and

theoretical explanation of natural phenomena. It is also a

body of knowledge; both unified body of knowledge

concerned with specific subject matter and as the processesand methodologies.

Conceptis an idea or complex mental image of a

phenomenon (object, property, or event). Concepts are the

major components of theory.

Abstract concepts are independent of time or place and

they are indirectly observable. Hope is an example of an

abstract concept.


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Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types of Works

PHILOSOPHIES

NightingaleWiedenbach

Henderson

Abdellah

Hall

Watson

Benner


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Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types ofWorks

CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND GRAND THEORIES

OremLevine

Rogers

Johnson

Roy

Neuman

King

Roper, Logan, and Tierney


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Evolution of Nursing Theory within Types of Works

THEORIES AND MIDDLE-RANGE NURSNG THEORIES

Peplau BaranardOrlando Leininger

Travelbee Parse

Kolcaba Mishel

Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain NewmanMercer Adam

Pender


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Significance of Theory for Nursing As a

Discipline and Profession

Discipline-specific to academia and refers to a branch of

education, a department of learning, or a domain of

knowledge.

Profession-refers to a specialized field of practice, which

is founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or

knowledge of that discipline and the accompanying

practice abilities.


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SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR NURSING AS A

DISCIPLINE

To develop knowledge as a basis for nursing practice.

Baccalaureate programs proliferated, master programs in

nursing were developed and the curricula began to be

standardized through the accreditation process. Advocatednursing as an applied science and others proclaimed nursing

as a basic science.


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SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR NURSING AS A

PROFESSION

1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-

organized body of specialized knowledge [that] is in the

intellectual level of the higher learning.

2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses andimproves its techniques of education and service by the

use of the scientific method.

3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions

of higher education.

4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical services

[that] are vital to human and social welfare.


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5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of

professional policy and in the control of the professional

policy thereby.

6. Attracts individuals or intellectual and personal qualitieswho exalt service above personal gain and who

recognize their chosen occupation as a life work.

7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by protinuous

professional growth, and economic security.


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Nursing Theory and the Practicing Nurse

Theory assists the practicing nurse to:

Organize patient data

Understand patient data

Analyze patient data

Make decisions about nursing interventions

Plan patient carePredict outcomes of care

Evaluate patient outcomes.


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PHILOSOPHIES

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingales work is closely related to her

philosophical orientation of the patient environment

interaction and the principles and rules on which nursingpractice was founded. Nightingale believed that disease was

a reparative process. Patients surroundings-ventilation,

warmth, light, diet, cleanliness and noise-would contribute

to the reparative process and the health of the patient.Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not.


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Ernestine Wiedenbach concentrated on the art of nursing

and focused on the needs of the patient. It guides the

nurses action in the art of nursing.

Four Elements:

1. Philosophy 3. Practice

2. Purpose 4. Art

Postulated that clinical nursing is directed toward meetingthe patients perceived need-for-help. Clinical Nursing:

A Helping Art.


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Virginia Henderson viewed the patient as an individual

requiring help toward achieving independence. She

envisioned the practice of nursing as independent from the

practice of the physicians and acknowledges herinterpretation of the nurses function as a synthesis of many

influences. Henderson emphasized the art of nursing and

identified the 14 basic human needs on which nursing care is

based. Her definition of nursing first appeared in 1995 in the

fifth edition ofTextbook of the Principles and Practice of

Nursing by Harmer and Henderson.


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Henderson stated, The unique function of the nurse is to

assist the individual sick or well, in the performance of

those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or

to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if hehad the necessary strength. She identified the following

14 basic needs of patients that comprise the components

of nursing care:


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1. Breathing2. Eating and drinking3. Elimination4. Movement5. Rest and sleep6. Suitable clothing

7. Body temperature

1. Clean body and

protected integument2. Safe environment3. Communication4. Worship5. Work6. Play

7. Learning


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She identified three levels of nurse-patient relationships in

which the nurse is a:

1. Substitute for the patient

2. Helper to the patient

3. Partner with the patient.

She supports empathetic understanding and states that the

nurse must get inside the skin of each of her patientsin order to know what he needs.


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Evolution of Nursing Theories

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