MACROMOLECMACROMOLECULESULES

AKA … Sugars and FatsAKA … Sugars and Fats

Carbohydrates and LipidsCarbohydrates and Lipids

Types of CarbohydratesTypes of Carbohydrates

1.1. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

2.2. Oligosaccharides (Di’s and Tri’s)Oligosaccharides (Di’s and Tri’s)

3.3. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Carbs… MonosaccharidesCarbs… Monosaccharides

simple sugar containing 3 to 7 carbonssimple sugar containing 3 to 7 carbons examples: glucose, fructose, galactoseexamples: glucose, fructose, galactose provides instant provides instant

energyenergy

““ONE”ONE” ““SUGAR”SUGAR”

“STRAIGHTCHAIN” FORM

“RING” FORM(in water)

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars

1) An –OH group is attached to each 1) An –OH group is attached to each carbon except one; this carbon is carbon except one; this carbon is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl groupgroup

Start numbering the carbons of your sugars at the end closest to the carbonyl group!!!

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars

2) Size of carbon skeleton varies from 2) Size of carbon skeleton varies from 3 to 7 carbons.3 to 7 carbons.

ClassificationClassification Number of Number of CarbonsCarbons

ExampleExample

TrioseTriose 33 GlyceraldehydeGlyceraldehyde

PentosePentose 55 RiboseRibose

HexoseHexose 66 GlucoseGlucose

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars3) Spatial arrangements may vary. For 3) Spatial arrangements may vary. For

example, glucose and galactose are example, glucose and galactose are stereoisomers.stereoisomers.

Can you spot the only difference??? 1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

Notice how the –OH’s are on different sides. This affects the properties of these molecules & makes them chemically different

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars

4) In aqueous solutions, many 4) In aqueous solutions, many monosaccharides form rings. monosaccharides form rings. Equilibrium favours the ring structure.Equilibrium favours the ring structure.

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

3

4

5

6The #5C –OH reacts within the molecule at the terminal aldehyde group, breaking the double bond and creates a closed ring

Carbs… DissaccharidesCarbs… Dissaccharides

made up of two monosaccharidesmade up of two monosaccharides common examples: common examples:

glucose + glucose = maltose (malt sugar)glucose + glucose = maltose (malt sugar)

glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)

glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)

““SUGARS”SUGARS”““TWO”TWO”

MOO!!!

the forming of a disaccharide creates the forming of a disaccharide creates waterwater in the in the process - this is known as process - this is known as dehydation synthesis or dehydation synthesis or condensation reactioncondensation reaction

the connection between monosaccharides is called the connection between monosaccharides is called a a glycosidic linkageglycosidic linkage

Dissaccharides… cont’dDissaccharides… cont’d

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

a a complexcomplex carbohydrate consisting of carbohydrate consisting of many simple sugars linked togethermany simple sugars linked together

Functions:Functions:

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

StarchStarch - in plants - in plants

GlycogenGlycogen - in - in animalsanimals

Structural SupportStructural Support

CelluloseCellulose – – component of plant component of plant cell wallcell wall

ChitinChitin – exoskeleton – exoskeleton of arthropodsof arthropods

““MANY”MANY” ““SUGARS”SUGARS”

•Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide. This makes glycogen more loosely packed, allowing enzymes to access it easily to be broken down into glucose.

• Cellulose is tightly packed because of the lack of branches. This allows the cellulose molecules to stack themselves closer to each other, creating bonds between molecules. This causes it to be rigid and makes it difficult to break down.

Macromolecule #2Macromolecule #2LIPIDSLIPIDS

Functions:Functions: Long-term energy storage (triglycerides)Long-term energy storage (triglycerides)

Form cell membrane Form cell membrane (phospholipids)(phospholipids) Messaging (steroids act as Messaging (steroids act as hormones)hormones) InsulationInsulation

Cushioning of Internal OrgansCushioning of Internal Organs

LipidsLipids

Why are lipids well suited for Why are lipids well suited for long term energy storage?long term energy storage?

Contain many high energy bonds Contain many high energy bonds between carbon and hydrogenbetween carbon and hydrogen

Contain twice as much energy per gram Contain twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates (very concentrated)than carbohydrates (very concentrated)

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids

1.1. Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)

2.2. PhospholipidsPhospholipids

3.3. SteroidsSteroids

4.4. WaxesWaxes

FatsFats

Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

There are many kinds of fatty There are many kinds of fatty acids. They differ in two ways:acids. They differ in two ways:

1. In length1. In length

2. In the # of hydrogen atoms 2. In the # of hydrogen atoms attached to itattached to it

An Example of a Fat An Example of a Fat MoleculeMolecule

(Triglyceride)(Triglyceride)

Glycerol

Fatty acids

1

2

3

Digestion of a Fat Digestion of a Fat MoleculeMolecule

+

+ 3 H2O

triglyceride glycerol

3 fatty acids

The above is a hydrolysis reaction.

What is the reverse of this reaction called?

Fig 1.22p. 29

Types of Fatty AcidsTypes of Fatty Acids

SATURATED (palmitic acid)SATURATED (palmitic acid) No double bonds between carbonsNo double bonds between carbons

MONOUNSATURATED (oleic acid)MONOUNSATURATED (oleic acid) 1 double bond1 double bond

POLYUNSATURATED (linoleic acid)POLYUNSATURATED (linoleic acid) More than 2 double bondsMore than 2 double bonds

  Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated

# of double bonds between carbons

 

Orientation   

   

State at Room Temp.

   

    

Origin   

    

Which are better for you?

   

    

Example 

   

   

Types of FatsTypes of Fats

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

# of # of Double Double Bonds Bonds

between between carbonscarbons

nonenone

At least At least one one

double double bond bond

between between carbon carbon atomsatoms

Several Several double double bondsbonds

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

OrientatiOrientation of on of

Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids

Straight Straight chainschains

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the the double double bondsbonds

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the the double double bondsbonds

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

State at State at Room Room Temp.Temp.

Solid Solid (tightly (tightly packed)packed)

LiquidLiquid

(less (less tightly tightly

packed)packed)

LiquidLiquid

(even less (even less tightly tightly

packed)packed)

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

OriginOrigin AnimalsAnimals

(meat, (meat, dairy)dairy)

PlPlanants ts

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

Which Which are are

healthierhealthier??

Bad forBad for

Stored Stored in in

adipose adipose tissuetissue

HealthHealthierier

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded

ExamplesExamples Butter, Butter, lardlard

Olive oil, vegetable Olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil, peanut oil, canola

oil (genetically oil (genetically modified)modified)

What up with TRANS-What up with TRANS-FATS?FATS?

NOT GOOD FOR YOU!!! (FRIES, PEANUT BUTTER)NOT GOOD FOR YOU!!! (FRIES, PEANUT BUTTER) Created from oils (unsaturated) that are Created from oils (unsaturated) that are

hydrogenated (hydrogen added to double bonds) hydrogenated (hydrogen added to double bonds) Done to increase shelf life, flavour, & workability Done to increase shelf life, flavour, & workability

(eg. semi-solid for baking)(eg. semi-solid for baking) Only partial hydrogenation occurs & get a change Only partial hydrogenation occurs & get a change

in the orientation of hydrogens around some in the orientation of hydrogens around some double bondsdouble bonds

This fat is packaged by your body as LDL (aka This fat is packaged by your body as LDL (aka BAD cholesterol) leaving you @ risk for heart BAD cholesterol) leaving you @ risk for heart disease, artheriosclerosis, diabetes & obesitydisease, artheriosclerosis, diabetes & obesity

Type of Lipids #2Type of Lipids #2PHOSPHOLIPIDSPHOSPHOLIPIDS

are fat derivatives in which one fatty are fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.containing molecules.

an important part of the cell membrane an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)(phospholipid bilayer)

PhospholipidPhospholipidFigure 1.23 p. 29

PhospholipidPhospholipid

• The phospholipid can also be represented as:

Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving)

Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) - hydrophobic (water-hating)

Type of Lipids #3Type of Lipids #3STEROIDSSTEROIDS

Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings

Cholesterol•Precursor for other steroids•Component of animal cell membranes•Contributes to arteriosclerosis

Testosterone

MACROMOLECMACROMOLECULESULESProteins Proteins

ProteinsProteinsFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS Act as enzymes (to control chemical Act as enzymes (to control chemical

reactions)reactions) Provide support and help shape cellsProvide support and help shape cells Act as transporters (hemoglobin)Act as transporters (hemoglobin) Act as hormonesAct as hormones Make up structures (hair, cartilage)Make up structures (hair, cartilage) Act as antibodies (immunoglobulins)Act as antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Watch.htm

ProteinsProteinsare polymers of…are polymers of…

Amino Acids20

8 EssentialNeed to obtain via diet

12 Non-EssentialBody can make

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

CarboxylCarboxyl

GroupGroup

R – Side ChainR – Side Chain

Central CarbonCentral Carbon

R – Side Chain 20 possibilities; different R-groups give the amino acid different biological properties

Amino Group

ProteinsProteins Are often very large polymers of many Are often very large polymers of many

amino acids (monomers) linked together to amino acids (monomers) linked together to form form POLYPEPTIDESPOLYPEPTIDES

Proteins are built by condensation Proteins are built by condensation reactions forming reactions forming peptide bonds.peptide bonds.

aaaa11 – aa – aa22 dipeptidedipeptide

aaaa11 – aa – aa22 -- aa -- aa33 tripeptide tripeptide

aaaa11 – aa – aa22 -- aa -- aa33 – aa – aan n polypeptide polypeptide

Proteins are broken down through Proteins are broken down through hydrolysis reactionshydrolysis reactions

PolypeptidesPolypeptidesPolypeptide ChainPolypeptide Chain

Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid

Peptide Bonds(Amide Linkage)

This polypeptide will begin to fold over on itself until it has reached its 3-dimensional shape

The folding will be determined by the R-group interactions of the specific amino acid sequence

It is only the final shape that will determine the protein’s specific function

Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds

+ H+ H22OO

This is a …This is a … DEHYDRATION DEHYDRATION REACTION!REACTION!

Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein StructurePrimary StructurePrimary Structure Amino acid linear sequenceAmino acid linear sequence

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure Folding into a helix or pleated Folding into a helix or pleated

sheetsheet

Text: Appendix 5 p. 559-561

Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein Structurep. 559-562: Appendix 5p. 559-562: Appendix 5Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure Folding of secondary structures Folding of secondary structures

into a 3-D shapeinto a 3-D shape

Quarternary StructureQuarternary Structure 2 or more polypeptide chains 2 or more polypeptide chains

assembling togetherassembling together

Hemoglobin – A Complex Hemoglobin – A Complex ProteinProtein Found in RBCs, is responsible for Found in RBCs, is responsible for

oxygen transport to your cells for oxygen transport to your cells for respirationrespiration

Scientists believe the protein dates Scientists believe the protein dates back 4 billion years to the start of lifeback 4 billion years to the start of life

A quarternary protein consisting of 4 A quarternary protein consisting of 4 polypeptidespolypeptides

2 of the polypeptides (2 of the polypeptides (αα subunits) subunits) contain 141 amino acids while the contain 141 amino acids while the other 2 (other 2 (ββ subunits) contain 146 subunits) contain 146 amino acidsamino acids

Hemoglobin – A Complex Hemoglobin – A Complex ProteinProtein

Heme groups contain iron (II), acting as Heme groups contain iron (II), acting as sites where oxygen molecules can bindsites where oxygen molecules can bind

Heme

Hemoglobin – At the Heme Hemoglobin – At the Heme of it allof it all

These molecular cages are called porphyrins and are thought to have predated oxygen (2 billion years ago) back when single celled living things used sulfur in its metabolism

DID YOUKNOW?